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Article: Comparison of different substances for subureteric injection in the management of vesicoureteric reflux in children.

Pelletier, A K / Anderson, P A M / Schwarz, R D

2005 Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 2774–2777

Abstract: Introduction: Endoscopic techniques are becoming increasingly accepted for treatment of vesicoureteric reflux as alternatives to open surgical reimplantation. However, there is some debate about the ideal injectable material. Since we have accumulated ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Endoscopic techniques are becoming increasingly accepted for treatment of vesicoureteric reflux as alternatives to open surgical reimplantation. However, there is some debate about the ideal injectable material. Since we have accumulated experience with several substances, an opportunity existed to compare them. Materials and methods: From 1991 to 2003, 101 children with vesicoureteric reflux were treated by endoscopic subureteric injection either once (74) or twice (27) by either of two pediatric urologists. There were a total of 165 ureteral injections, 83 with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), 73 with polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique), and 9 with collagen. Each child was evaluated pre-operatively and 3 months post-operatively with a nuclear cystogram and renal ultrasonography. Results: The polytetrafluoroethylene and polydimethylsiloxane groups were not significantly different with respect to sex, age, indication for surgery, severity of reflux or prior surgeries. The collagen group overall did very poorly with only 3 of 9 refluxing ureters cured. The other two substances had much more success with 61% of ureters in the polytetrafluoroethylene group cured on first injection and 75% with polydimethylsiloxane, plus another 19% and 11% cured on second attempt, respectively (total 80% and 86%). Conclusions: Subureteric injections of polytetrafluoroethylene and polydimethylsiloxane are very effective at curing vesicoureteric reflux in children with little morbidity. When comparing individual cases, ureters, and all grades of reflux, polytetrafluoroethylene and polydimethylsiloxane have similar success rates. Collagen injections were less successful, and patients with neurogenic bladders had poor results.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Collagen/administration & dosage ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Injections/methods ; Male ; Polytetrafluoroethylene/administration & dosage ; Ureter ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Polytetrafluoroethylene (9002-84-0) ; Collagen (9007-34-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-08
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2064475-9
ISSN	1195-9479
ISSN	1195-9479
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Article: Circumcision questions.

Anderson, P A / Schwarz, R D

Pediatrics

1994 Volume 94, Issue 3, Page(s) 407; author reply 407–8

MeSH term(s)	Child, Preschool ; Circumcision, Male/adverse effects ; Circumcision, Male/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
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Article: A structure-activity relationship study of novel phenylacetamides which are sodium channel blockers.

Roufos, I / Hays, S / Schwarz, R D

Journal of medicinal chemistry

1996 Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 1514–1520

Abstract: A structure-activity relationship study of a series of novel Na(+) channel blockers, structurally related to N-[3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-alpha-phenylbenzeneacetamide (1, PD85639) is described. The diphenylacetic acid portion of the molecule ... ...

Abstract	A structure-activity relationship study of a series of novel Na(+) channel blockers, structurally related to N-[3-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-alpha-phenylbenzeneacetamide (1, PD85639) is described. The diphenylacetic acid portion of the molecule was left unchanged throughout the study, while structural features in the amine portion and the amide alkyl linkage of the molecule were modified. The compounds were tested for inhibition of veratridine-stimulated Na(+) influx in CHO cells expressing type IIA Na(+) channels. Several derivatives show a trend toward more potent Na+ channel blockade activity with increasing lipophilicity of the amine portion of the molecule. The presence of a phenyl ring near the amine increases inhibitory potency. A three-carbon spacer between the amide and amine is optimal, and a secondary amide linkage is preferred.
MeSH term(s)	Acetamides/chemical synthesis ; Acetamides/chemistry ; Acetamides/pharmacology ; Animals ; Benzeneacetamides ; CHO Cells ; Cricetinae ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Piperidines/chemistry ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Sodium/metabolism ; Sodium Channel Blockers ; Sodium Channels/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Veratridine/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Acetamides ; Benzeneacetamides ; Piperidines ; Sodium Channel Blockers ; Sodium Channels ; PD 85639 (150034-24-5) ; Veratridine (71-62-5) ; Sodium (9NEZ333N27)
Language	English
Publishing date	1996-03-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218133-2
ISSN	1520-4804 ; 0022-2623
ISSN (online)	1520-4804
ISSN	0022-2623
DOI	10.1021/jm950467y
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Article: Preclinical and phase 1 clinical characterization of CI-979/RU35926, a novel muscarinic agonist for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Sedman, A J / Bockbrader, H / Schwarz, R D

Life sciences

1995 Volume 56, Issue 11-12, Page(s) 877–882

Abstract: In vitro and in vivo characterization in rodents and monkeys shows that CI-979/RU35926 is a partial muscarinic agonist with equal affinity for the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors. It activates central cholinergic receptors as shown by its ability ... ...

Abstract	In vitro and in vivo characterization in rodents and monkeys shows that CI-979/RU35926 is a partial muscarinic agonist with equal affinity for the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors. It activates central cholinergic receptors as shown by its ability to decrease body temperature, enhance local cortical blood flow and increase cortical arousal measured by QEEG. Further, it reverses spatial memory deficits in rats with ibotenic acid-induced lesions of forebrain cholinergic neurons. Signs of peripheral cholinergic stimulation appear at doses higher or equal to those necessary to produce central activity. In a single-dose tolerance study in young, healthy human volunteers, CI-979/RU35926 was well tolerated at doses of 0.002-1.0 mg with cholinergic symptoms such as hypersalivation and sweating, observed at 2-4 mg. It demonstrated linear pharmacokinetic behavior over a dose range of 0.1 to 4 mg and elimination half-life varied from 2-5 hours. Measurement of unchanged drug in urine suggests that the drug was extensively metabolized. Thus, the safety profile supported further clinical evaluation and CI-979/RU35926 is currently in Phase II clinical trials.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Brain/drug effects ; CHO Cells/drug effects ; CHO Cells/metabolism ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects ; Cricetinae ; Cross-Over Studies ; Denervation ; Dihydropyridines/pharmacokinetics ; Dihydropyridines/pharmacology ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Electroencephalography ; Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects ; Humans ; Ibotenic Acid ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Maze Learning/drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacokinetics ; Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Oximes/pharmacokinetics ; Oximes/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Muscarinic/metabolism ; Swimming
Chemical Substances	Dihydropyridines ; Muscarinic Agonists ; Oximes ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Ibotenic Acid (2552-55-8) ; milameline (R9X77R42FN)
Language	English
Publishing date	1995
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Clinical Trial, Phase I ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	3378-9
ISSN	1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
ISSN (online)	1879-0631
ISSN	0024-3205
DOI	10.1016/0024-3205(95)00023-y
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Article: Acute epididymitis in boys: are antibiotics indicated?

Lau, P / Anderson, P A / Giacomantonio, J M / Schwarz, R D

British journal of urology

1997 Volume 79, Issue 5, Page(s) 797–800

Abstract: Objectives: To report the results of using supportive therapy only, rather than antibiotics, in managing boys with acute sterile epididymitis.: Patients and methods: From 1991 to 1995, 48 boys presented with acute epididymitis. The diagnosis was ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To report the results of using supportive therapy only, rather than antibiotics, in managing boys with acute sterile epididymitis. Patients and methods: From 1991 to 1995, 48 boys presented with acute epididymitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by radionuclide scan in 43 cases, ultrasonography in one, surgical exploration in one and physical examination in three. Urine was collected for microscopy and culture: if pyuria was detected, antibiotics were prescribed. If the urine analysis was normal, the patient was advised to minimize physical activity and analgesics were prescribed. Results: Of the 48 boys, five (10%) had pyuria; seven patients with either no urine tested or negative urine culture were given antibiotics. The remaining 36 were managed with supportive therapy only. The mean follow-up was 87 days (with three patients lost to follow-up). No boys showed any evidence of testicular atrophy or other complications. Conclusion: Only a minority of boys with acute epididymitis, as defined by increased flow on radionuclide scanning of the scrotum, have a bacterial aetiology. For those without pyuria or positive urine culture, the condition is self-limiting and does not lead to testicular atrophy. We recommend that for boys with acute epididymitis who have no urinary abnormalities, antibiotics are not indicated. The aetiology of acute sterile epididymitis in boys remains obscure.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Disease ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epididymitis/diagnostic imaging ; Epididymitis/drug therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Ultrasonography
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	1997-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2986-5
ISSN	1365-2176 ; 0007-1331 ; 1358-8672
ISSN (online)	1365-2176
ISSN	0007-1331 ; 1358-8672
DOI	10.1046/j.1464-410x.1997.00129.x
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Article: An in-vivo method for testing drugs that influence striatal dopaminergic functions.

Fung, Y K / Schwarz, R D

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior

1983 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 231–234

Abstract: A procedure is described for evaluating the effects of drugs on dopaminergic function in the striatum of mice. Mice, anesthetized with chloral hydrate are injected with 6-hydroxydopamine into one striatum to destroy dopamine nerve terminals at this site. ...

Abstract	A procedure is described for evaluating the effects of drugs on dopaminergic function in the striatum of mice. Mice, anesthetized with chloral hydrate are injected with 6-hydroxydopamine into one striatum to destroy dopamine nerve terminals at this site. Several days later, the mice are anesthetized with halothane, and test drugs or saline are injected into the intact striatum either before or after the systemic administration of amphetamine. The effect of these drugs on amphetamine-induced circling behavior is evaluated. Using this model, we have found that pilocarpine and muscimol can inhibit amphetamine-induced circling and their effects are blocked by the systemic administration of scopolamine and picrotoxin, respectively. In addition, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelating agent, inhibited amphetamine-induced circling behavior and this effect is prevented by adding calcium to the EGTA solution. Finally, the intrastriatal administration of prostaglandin E2 but not its metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 inhibited amphetamine-induced circling suggesting a selective effect of the active prostaglandin. These results suggest that this procedure could be used for evaluating both the mechanism of action of drugs in the striatum as well as screening drugs for their therapeutic potential.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Calcium Chloride/pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects ; Corpus Striatum/physiology ; Dinoprostone ; Dopamine/physiology ; Egtazic Acid/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydroxydopamines/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Oxidopamine ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Pilocarpine/pharmacology ; Prostaglandins E/pharmacology ; Scopolamine/pharmacology ; Stereotyped Behavior/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Hydroxydopamines ; Prostaglandins E ; Pilocarpine (01MI4Q9DI3) ; Picrotoxin (124-87-8) ; Muscimol (2763-96-4) ; Egtazic Acid (526U7A2651) ; Oxidopamine (8HW4YBZ748) ; Scopolamine (DL48G20X8X) ; Dinoprostone (K7Q1JQR04M) ; Calcium Chloride (M4I0D6VV5M) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	1983-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	191042-5
ISSN	1873-5177 ; 0091-3057
ISSN (online)	1873-5177
ISSN	0091-3057
DOI	10.1016/0091-3057(83)90044-8
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Article ; Online: The M1 muscarinic agonist CI-1017 facilitates trace eyeblink conditioning in aging rabbits and increases the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Weiss, C / Preston, A R / Oh, M M / Schwarz, R D / Welty, D / Disterhoft, J F

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2000 Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 783–790

Abstract: The M1 muscarinic agonist CI-1017 was administered intravenously to aging rabbits on a daily basis before and during hippocampally dependent trace eyeblink conditioning sessions. Circulating levels of CI-1017 were significantly related to the drug dose. ... ...

Abstract	The M1 muscarinic agonist CI-1017 was administered intravenously to aging rabbits on a daily basis before and during hippocampally dependent trace eyeblink conditioning sessions. Circulating levels of CI-1017 were significantly related to the drug dose. The drug was found to significantly increase the rate and amount of learning in a dose-dependent manner with no significant effects on the amplitude, area, or latency of conditioned responses. There was no evidence of pseudoconditioning at the highest drug concentration, and the minimally effective dose produced only mild and temporary hypersalivation as a side effect. CI-1017 (10 microM) was also found to increase the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons recorded from hippocampal slices from young and aging naive rabbits as measured by changes in spike-frequency adaptation and the postburst afterhyperpolarization. These biophysical changes were reversed with either atropine (1 microM) or pirenzepine (1 microM). These results suggest that M1 agonists ameliorate age-related learning and memory impairments at least in part by reducing the afterhyperpolarization and spike-frequency adaptation of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and that M1 agonists may be an effective therapy for reducing the cognitive deficits that accompany normal aging and/or Alzheimer's disease.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials/drug effects ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Blinking/drug effects ; Blinking/physiology ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Conditioning, Classical ; Female ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/growth & development ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Oximes/pharmacology ; Pirenzepine/pharmacology ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Rabbits ; Receptor, Muscarinic M1 ; Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic ; Muscarinic Agonists ; Oximes ; Receptor, Muscarinic M1 ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; PD 142505-0028 (161774-09-0) ; Pirenzepine (3G0285N20N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-01-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
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Zs.A 1668: Show issues

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Article: Acute scrotal pain in children: prospective study of diagnosis and management.

Anderson, P A / Giacomantonio, J M / Schwarz, R D

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie

1989 Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 29–32

Abstract: Forty-eight boys were assessed for an acutely painful scrotum. Thirty-six (75%) of them underwent radionuclide scanning of the scrotum; the average age of this group was 11 years. The scan revealed epididymitis in 19 cases, spermatic cord torsion in 9, ... ...

Abstract	Forty-eight boys were assessed for an acutely painful scrotum. Thirty-six (75%) of them underwent radionuclide scanning of the scrotum; the average age of this group was 11 years. The scan revealed epididymitis in 19 cases, spermatic cord torsion in 9, appendix testis torsion in 7 and acute hernia-hydrocele in 1. The diagnosis was confirmed at operation in all nine cases of spermatic cord torsion. Boys who had epididymitis received antibiotics only; all were available for short-term follow-up, and 16 were also assessed at a mean of 6 months after infection. Only one boy had testicular atrophy; he had undergone repair of an inguinal hernia, which could not be ruled out as a cause. Bacteriuric epididymitis occurred in three boys; two had known predisposing genitourinary anomalies, the third had no abnormalities. Boys who had nonbacteriuric epididymitis were investigated by renal and pelvic ultrasonography or voiding cystourethrography; no important abnormalities were detected. This prospective study indicates that radionuclide scanning can reliably differentiate spermatic cord torsion from other acute scrotal disease.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections/diagnostic imaging ; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epididymitis/diagnostic imaging ; Epididymitis/drug therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Pain/etiology ; Pain Management ; Prospective Studies ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Scrotum/diagnostic imaging ; Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnostic imaging ; Spermatic Cord Torsion/surgery ; Testicular Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Torsion Abnormality/diagnostic imaging
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	1989-01
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	410651-9
ISSN	0008-428X
ISSN	0008-428X
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Article: Differential expression of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12: role of nerve growth factor and ras.

Kane, M D / Vanden Heuvel, J P / Isom, G E / Schwarz, R D

Neuroscience letters

1998 Volume 252, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–4

Abstract: Glutamate treatment of PC12 cells has been shown to result in the accumulation of intracellular inositol phosphates suggesting the presence of glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) positively coupled to phospholipase C. The present study examined the ...

Abstract	Glutamate treatment of PC12 cells has been shown to result in the accumulation of intracellular inositol phosphates suggesting the presence of glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) positively coupled to phospholipase C. The present study examined the expression of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in PC12 cells. Undifferentiated PC12 cells were found to express both mGluR5 mRNA and receptor protein by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot techniques. However, mGluR1 mRNA was not detected in these cells and western blot analysis showed only faint mGluR1alpha immunoreactivity suggesting a very low level of mGluR1 expression. Nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells resulted in the induction of mGluR1alpha and mGluR1beta mRNA and mGluR1alpha protein. PC12 cells overexpressing dominant negative ras revealed that NGF-induced mGluR1 induction, but not mGluR5 expression, is dependent on ras pathway activation in these cells. These results suggest PC12 cells may be a useful model for investigating the regulation and expression of group I mGluR isoforms and their role in neuronal processes in vitro.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Gene Expression/physiology ; Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Neurons/chemistry ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/physiology ; PC12 Cells ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/analysis ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Up-Regulation/drug effects ; Up-Regulation/physiology ; ras Proteins/physiology
Chemical Substances	Grm5 protein, rat ; Nerve Growth Factors ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 ; ras Proteins (EC 3.6.5.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	1998-08-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	194929-9
ISSN	1872-7972 ; 0304-3940
ISSN (online)	1872-7972
ISSN	0304-3940
DOI	10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00484-4
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Article: Loss of muscarinic M1 receptors with aging in the cerebral cortex of Fisher 344 rats.

Schwarz, R D / Bernabei, A A / Spencer, C J / Pugsley, T A

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior

1990 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 589–593

Abstract: Age-related changes in central cholinergic muscarinic receptors were measured in young (3-6 month), middle-aged (15-17 month), and aged (22-26 month) male Fisher 344 rats by receptor binding techniques. Using [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate as the ligand, a ...

Abstract	Age-related changes in central cholinergic muscarinic receptors were measured in young (3-6 month), middle-aged (15-17 month), and aged (22-26 month) male Fisher 344 rats by receptor binding techniques. Using [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate as the ligand, a significant decrease (14-19%) in the number of muscarinic cortical receptors was measured in aged rats compared to both young and middle-aged rats. With the selective M1 antagonist, [3H]-pirenzepine, a 17% decrease in receptor density was observed in the cortex of aged animals compared to young rats. For both ligands no differences were observed in the striatum or hippocampus between any age group and there was no change in affinity (Kd) in any of the three brain regions for the three age groups. Additionally, there was no difference in choline acetyltransferase activity measured in cortex, hippocampus, or striatum of young and aged rats. Thus, there is a loss of M1 muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex of aged male Fisher 344 rats.
MeSH term(s)	Aging/metabolism ; Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/growth & development ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Male ; Pirenzepine/metabolism ; Quinuclidinyl Benzilate/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Receptors, Muscarinic/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Muscarinic ; Pirenzepine (3G0285N20N) ; Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (6581-06-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	1990-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	191042-5
ISSN	1873-5177 ; 0091-3057
ISSN (online)	1873-5177
ISSN	0091-3057
DOI	10.1016/0091-3057(90)90295-s
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