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  1. Article ; Online: Structural definition of HLA class II-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals a mechanism to escape pre-existing CD4

    Chen, Yuan / Mason, Georgina H / Scourfield, D Oliver / Greenshields-Watson, Alexander / Haigh, Tracey A / Sewell, Andrew K / Long, Heather M / Gallimore, Awen M / Rizkallah, Pierre / MacLachlan, Bruce J / Godkin, Andrew

    Cell reports

    2023  Volume 42, Issue 8, Page(s) 112827

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract CD4
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; HLA-DR1 Antigen ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Peptides ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
    Chemical Substances HLA-DR1 Antigen ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Peptides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112827
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review.

    Scourfield, D Oliver / Reed, Sophie G / Quastel, Max / Alderson, Jennifer / Bart, Valentina M T / Teijeira Crespo, Alicia / Jones, Ruth / Pring, Ellie / Richter, Felix Clemens / Burnell, Stephanie E A

    Oxford open immunology

    2021  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) iqab003

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2633-6960
    ISSN (online) 2633-6960
    DOI 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Neutrophilia, lymphopenia and myeloid dysfunction: a living review of the quantitative changes to innate and adaptive immune cells which define COVID-19 pathology.

    Codd, Amy S / Hanna, Stephanie J / Compeer, Ewoud B / Richter, Felix C / Pring, Eleanor J / Gea-Mallorquí, Ester / Borsa, Mariana / Moon, Owen R / Scourfield, D Oliver / Gallimore, Awen M / Milicic, Anita

    Oxford open immunology

    2021  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) iqab016

    Abstract: Destabilization of balanced immune cell numbers and frequencies is a common feature of viral infections. This occurs due to, and further enhances, viral immune evasion and survival. Since the discovery of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus ...

    Abstract Destabilization of balanced immune cell numbers and frequencies is a common feature of viral infections. This occurs due to, and further enhances, viral immune evasion and survival. Since the discovery of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which manifests in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a great number of studies have described the association between this virus and pathologically increased or decreased immune cell counts. In this review, we consider the absolute and relative changes to innate and adaptive immune cell numbers, in COVID-19. In severe disease particularly, neutrophils are increased, which can lead to inflammation and tissue damage. Dysregulation of other granulocytes, basophils and eosinophils represents an unusual COVID-19 phenomenon. Contrastingly, the impact on the different types of monocytes leans more strongly to an altered phenotype, e.g. HLA-DR expression, rather than numerical changes. However, it is the adaptive immune response that bears the most profound impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T cell lymphopenia correlates with increased risk of intensive care unit admission and death; therefore, this parameter is particularly important for clinical decision-making. Mild and severe diseases differ in the rate of immune cell counts returning to normal levels post disease. Tracking the recovery trajectories of various immune cell counts may also have implications for long-term COVID-19 monitoring. This review represents a snapshot of our current knowledge, showing that much has been achieved in a short period of time. Alterations in counts of distinct immune cells represent an accessible metric to inform patient care decisions or predict disease outcomes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2633-6960
    ISSN (online) 2633-6960
    DOI 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Innate immunology in COVID-19-a living review. Part II: dysregulated inflammation drives immunopathology.

    Rodrigues, Patrícia R S / Alrubayyi, Aljawharah / Pring, Ellie / Bart, Valentina M T / Jones, Ruth / Coveney, Clarissa / Lu, Fangfang / Tellier, Michael / Maleki-Toyserkani, Shayda / Richter, Felix C / Scourfield, D Oliver / Gea-Mallorquí, Ester / Davies, Luke C

    Oxford open immunology

    2020  Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) iqaa005

    Abstract: The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global health crisis and will likely continue to impact public health for years. As the effectiveness of the innate ...

    Abstract The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global health crisis and will likely continue to impact public health for years. As the effectiveness of the innate immune response is crucial to patient outcome, huge efforts have been made to understand how dysregulated immune responses may contribute to disease progression. Here we have reviewed current knowledge of cellular innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting areas for further investigation and suggesting potential strategies for intervention. We conclude that in severe COVID-19 initial innate responses, primarily type I interferon, are suppressed or sabotaged which results in an early interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-1β-enhanced hyperinflammation. This inflammatory environment is driven by aberrant function of innate immune cells: monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells dispersing viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns into tissues. This results in primarily neutrophil-driven pathology including fibrosis that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome. Activated leukocytes and neutrophil extracellular traps also promote immunothrombotic clots that embed into the lungs and kidneys of severe COVID-19 patients, are worsened by immobility in the intensive care unit and are perhaps responsible for the high mortality. Therefore, treatments that target inflammation and coagulation are promising strategies for reducing mortality in COVID-19.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2633-6960
    ISSN (online) 2633-6960
    DOI 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Innate immunology in COVID-19-a living review. Part I: viral entry, sensing and evasion.

    Coveney, Clarissa / Tellier, Michel / Lu, Fangfang / Maleki-Toyserkani, Shayda / Jones, Ruth / Bart, Valentina M T / Pring, Ellie / Alrubayyi, Aljawharah / Richter, Felix C / Scourfield, D Oliver / Rehwinkel, Jan / Rodrigues, Patrícia R S / Davies, Luke C / Gea-Mallorquí, Ester

    Oxford open immunology

    2020  Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) iqaa004

    Abstract: The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a world health concern and can cause severe disease and high mortality in susceptible groups. While vaccines offer ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a world health concern and can cause severe disease and high mortality in susceptible groups. While vaccines offer a chance to treat disease, prophylactic and anti-viral treatments are still of vital importance, especially in context of the mutative ability of this group of viruses. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of viral entry, innate sensing and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2, which control the triggers of the subsequent excessive inflammatory response. Viral evasion strategies directly target anti-viral immunity, counteracting host restriction factors and hijacking signalling pathways to interfere with interferon production. In Part I of this review, we examine SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and the described immune evasion mechanisms to provide a perspective on how the failure in initial viral sensing by infected cells can lead to immune dysregulation causing fatal COVID-19, discussed in Part II.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2633-6960
    ISSN (online) 2633-6960
    DOI 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review.

    Hanna, Stephanie J / Codd, Amy S / Gea-Mallorqui, Ester / Scourfield, D Oliver / Richter, Felix C / Ladell, Kristin / Borsa, Mariana / Compeer, Ewoud B / Moon, Owen R / Galloway, Sarah A E / Dimonte, Sandra / Capitani, Lorenzo / Shepherd, Freya R / Wilson, Joseph D / Uhl, Lion F K / Gallimore, Awen M / Milicic, Anita

    Oxford open immunology

    2020  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) iqaa007

    Abstract: COVID-19 is characterized by profound lymphopenia in the peripheral blood, and the remaining T cells display altered phenotypes, characterized by a spectrum of activation and exhaustion. However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 is characterized by profound lymphopenia in the peripheral blood, and the remaining T cells display altered phenotypes, characterized by a spectrum of activation and exhaustion. However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a crucial mechanism for both clearance of the virus and as the most likely route to long-lasting immune memory that would protect against re-infection. Therefore, T cell responses are also of considerable interest in vaccine development. Furthermore, persistent alterations in T cell subset composition and function post-infection have important implications for patients' long-term immune function. In this review, we examine T cell phenotypes, including those of innate T cells, in both peripheral blood and lungs, and consider how key markers of activation and exhaustion correlate with, and may be able to predict, disease severity. We focus on SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells to elucidate markers that may indicate formation of antigen-specific T cell memory. We also examine peripheral T cell phenotypes in recovery and the likelihood of long-lasting immune disruption. Finally, we discuss T cell phenotypes in the lung as important drivers of both virus clearance and tissue damage. As our knowledge of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 rapidly evolves, it has become clear that while some areas of the T cell response have been investigated in some detail, others, such as the T cell response in children remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review will also highlight areas where T cell phenotypes require urgent characterisation.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2633-6960
    ISSN (online) 2633-6960
    DOI 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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