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Article: Volume reduction of water samples to increase sensitivity for radioassay of lead contamination

Applied water science. 2022 July, v. 12, no. 7

2022

Abstract: The World Health Organisation (WHO) presents an upper limit for lead in drinking water of 10 parts per billion ppb. Typically, to reach this level of sensitivity, expensive metrology is required. To increase the sensitivity range of low-cost devices, ... ...

Abstract	The World Health Organisation (WHO) presents an upper limit for lead in drinking water of 10 parts per billion ppb. Typically, to reach this level of sensitivity, expensive metrology is required. To increase the sensitivity range of low-cost devices, this paper explores the prospects of using a volume reduction technique of a boiled water sample doped with Lead-210 ([Formula: see text] Pb), as a means to increase the solute’s concentration. [Formula: see text]Pb is a radioactive lead isotope and its concentration in a water sample can be measured with e.g. High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors at the Boulby Underground Germanium Suite. Concentrations close to the WHO limit have not been examined. This paper presents a measurement of the volume reduction technique retaining [Formula: see text]% of [Formula: see text]Pb starting from a concentration of [Formula: see text] ppb before reduction and resulting in [Formula: see text] ppb after reduction. This work also applies the volume reduction technique to London tap water and reports the radioassay results from gamma counting in HPGe detectors. Among other radio-isotopes, [Formula: see text]K, [Formula: see text]Pb, [Formula: see text]I and [Formula: see text]Lu were identified at measured concentrations of [Formula: see text] ppb, [Formula: see text] ppb, [Formula: see text] ppb and [Formula: see text] ppb in the London tap water sample. This technique retained [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]K. Stable lead was inferred from the same water sample at a measured concentration of 0.012 ppb, prior to reduction.
Keywords	World Health Organization ; germanium ; isotopes ; metrology ; radionuclides ; solutes ; tap water ; water
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. 151.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2594789-8
ISSN	2190-5495 ; 2190-5487
ISSN (online)	2190-5495
ISSN	2190-5487
DOI	10.1007/s13201-022-01669-5
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: Acceptance tests of Hamamatsu R7081 photomultiplier tubes

Akindele, O. A. / Bernstein, A. / Boyd, S. / Burns, J. / Calle, M. / Coleman, J. / Collins, R. / Ezeribe, A. / He, J. / Holt, G. / Jewkes, K. / Jones, R. / Kneale, L. / Lewis, P. / Malek, M. / Mauger, C. / Mitra, A. / Muheim, F. / Needham, M. /

Paling, S. / Pickard, L. / Quillin, S. / Rex, J. / Scovell, P. R. / Shaw, T. / Smith, G. D. / Soos, G. / Toth, C. / Valder, S. / Wade, B. / Willett, H. / Wilson, S.

2023

Abstract: Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are traditionally an integral part of large underground experiments as they measure the light emission from particle interactions within the enclosed detection media. The BUTTON experiment will utilise around 100 PMTs to ... ...

Abstract	Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are traditionally an integral part of large underground experiments as they measure the light emission from particle interactions within the enclosed detection media. The BUTTON experiment will utilise around 100 PMTs to measure the response of different media suitable for rare event searches. A subset of low-radioactivity 10-inch Hamamatsu R7081 PMTs were tested, characterised, and compared to manufacture certification. This manuscript describes the laboratory tests and analysis of gain, peak-to-valley ratio and dark rate of the PMTs to give an understanding of the charge response, signal-to-noise ratio and dark noise background as an acceptance test of the suitability of these PMTs for water-based detectors. Following the evaluation of these tests, the PMT performance agreed with the manufacturer specifications. These results are imperative for modeling the PMT response in detector simulations and providing confidence in the performance of the devices once installed in the detector underground. Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; High Energy Physics - Experiment
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2023-06-16
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Directionally Accelerated Detection of an Unknown Second Reactor with Antineutrinos for Mid-Field Nonproliferation Monitoring

Danielson, D. L. / Akindele, O. A. / Askins, M. / Bergevin, M. / Bernstein, A. / Burns, J. / Carroll, A. / Coleman, J. / Collins, R. / Connor, C. / Cowen, D. F. / Dalnoki-Veress, F. / Dazeley, S. / Diwan, M. V. / Duron, J. / Dye, S. T. / Eisch, J. / Ezeribe, A. / Fischer, V. /

Foster, R. / Frankiewicz, K. / Grant, C. / Gribble, J. / He, J. / Holligan, C. / Holt, G. / Huang, W. / Jovanovic, I. / Kneale, L. / Korkeila, L. / Kudryavtsev, V. A. / Kunkle, P. / Mak, R. Lap Keung / Learned, J. G. / Lewis, P. / Li, V. A. / Liu, X. / Malek, M. / Maricic, J. / Mauger, C. / McCauley, N. / Metelko, C. / Mills, R. / Muheim, F. / Murphy, A. St. J / Needham, M. / Nishimura, K. / Gann, G. D. Orebi / Paling, S. M. / Pershing, T. / Pickard, L. / Pinheiro, B. / Quillin, S. / Rogers, S. / Scarff, A. / Schnellbach, Y. / Scovell, P. R. / Shaw, T. / Shebalin, V. / Smith, G. D. / Smy, M. B. / Spooner, N. / Sutanto, F. / Svoboda, R. / Thompson, L. F. / Toth, C. / Vagins, M. R. / Ventura, S. / Wetstein, M. J. / Yeh, M.

2019

Abstract: When monitoring a reactor site for nuclear nonproliferation purposes, the presence of an unknown or hidden nuclear reactor could be obscured by the activities of a known reactor of much greater power nearby. Thus when monitoring reactor activities by the ...

Abstract	When monitoring a reactor site for nuclear nonproliferation purposes, the presence of an unknown or hidden nuclear reactor could be obscured by the activities of a known reactor of much greater power nearby. Thus when monitoring reactor activities by the observation of antineutrino emissions, one must discriminate known background reactor fluxes from possible unknown reactor signals under investigation. To quantify this discrimination, we find the confidence to reject the (null) hypothesis of a single proximal reactor, by exploiting directional antineutrino signals in the presence of a second, unknown reactor. In particular, we simulate the inverse beta decay (IBD) response of a detector filled with a 1 kT fiducial mass of Gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator in mineral oil. We base the detector geometry on that of WATCHMAN, an upcoming antineutrino monitoring experiment soon to be deployed at the Boulby mine in the United Kingdom whose design and deployment will be detailed in a forthcoming white paper. From this simulation, we construct an analytical model of the IBD event distribution for the case of one $4\mathrm{\ GWt}\pm2\%$ reactor 25 km away from the detector site, and for an additional, unknown, 35 MWt reactor 3 to 5 km away. The effects of natural-background rejection cuts are approximated. Applying the model, we predict $3\sigma$ confidence to detect the presence of an unknown reactor within five weeks, at standoffs of 3 km or nearer. For more distant unknown reactors, the $3\sigma$ detection time increases significantly. However, the relative significance of directional sensitivity also increases, providing up to an eight week speedup to detect an unknown reactor at 5 km away. Therefore, directionally sensitive antineutrino monitoring can accelerate the mid-field detection of unknown reactors whose operation might otherwise be masked by more powerful reactors in the vicinity. Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; High Energy Physics - Experiment ; High Energy Physics - Phenomenology ; Physics - Applied Physics
Subject code	660
Publishing date	2019-09-10
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment.

Aalbers, J / Akerib, D S / Akerlof, C W / Al Musalhi, A K / Alder, F / Alqahtani, A / Alsum, S K / Amarasinghe, C S / Ames, A / Anderson, T J / Angelides, N / Araújo, H M / Armstrong, J E / Arthurs, M / Azadi, S / Bailey, A J / Baker, A / Balajthy, J / Balashov, S /

Bang, J / Bargemann, J W / Barry, M J / Barthel, J / Bauer, D / Baxter, A / Beattie, K / Belle, J / Beltrame, P / Bensinger, J / Benson, T / Bernard, E P / Bhatti, A / Biekert, A / Biesiadzinski, T P / Birch, H J / Birrittella, B / Blockinger, G M / Boast, K E / Boxer, B / Bramante, R / Brew, C A J / Brás, P / Buckley, J H / Bugaev, V V / Burdin, S / Busenitz, J K / Buuck, M / Cabrita, R / Carels, C / Carlsmith, D L / Carlson, B / Carmona-Benitez, M C / Cascella, M / Chan, C / Chawla, A / Chen, H / Cherwinka, J J / Chott, N I / Cole, A / Coleman, J / Converse, M V / Cottle, A / Cox, G / Craddock, W W / Creaner, O / Curran, D / Currie, A / Cutter, J E / Dahl, C E / David, A / Davis, J / Davison, T J R / Delgaudio, J / Dey, S / de Viveiros, L / Dobi, A / Dobson, J E Y / Druszkiewicz, E / Dushkin, A / Edberg, T K / Edwards, W R / Elnimr, M M / Emmet, W T / Eriksen, S R / Faham, C H / Fan, A / Fayer, S / Fearon, N M / Fiorucci, S / Flaecher, H / Ford, P / Francis, V B / Fraser, E D / Fruth, T / Gaitskell, R J / Gantos, N J / Garcia, D / Geffre, A / Gehman, V M / Genovesi, J / Ghag, C / Gibbons, R / Gibson, E / Gilchriese, M G D / Gokhale, S / Gomber, B / Green, J / Greenall, A / Greenwood, S / van der Grinten, M G D / Gwilliam, C B / Hall, C R / Hans, S / Hanzel, K / Harrison, A / Hartigan-O'Connor, E / Haselschwardt, S J / Hernandez, M A / Hertel, S A / Heuermann, G / Hjemfelt, C / Hoff, M D / Holtom, E / Hor, J Y-K / Horn, M / Huang, D Q / Hunt, D / Ignarra, C M / Jacobsen, R G / Jahangir, O / James, R S / Jeffery, S N / Ji, W / Johnson, J / Kaboth, A C / Kamaha, A C / Kamdin, K / Kasey, V / Kazkaz, K / Keefner, J / Khaitan, D / Khaleeq, M / Khazov, A / Khurana, I / Kim, Y D / Kocher, C D / Kodroff, D / Korley, L / Korolkova, E V / Kras, J / Kraus, H / Kravitz, S / Krebs, H J / Kreczko, L / Krikler, B / Kudryavtsev, V A / Kyre, S / Landerud, B / Leason, E A / Lee, C / Lee, J / Leonard, D S / Leonard, R / Lesko, K T / Levy, C / Li, J / Liao, F-T / Liao, J / Lin, J / Lindote, A / Linehan, R / Lippincott, W H / Liu, R / Liu, X / Liu, Y / Loniewski, C / Lopes, M I / Lopez Asamar, E / López Paredes, B / Lorenzon, W / Lucero, D / Luitz, S / Lyle, J M / Majewski, P A / Makkinje, J / Malling, D C / Manalaysay, A / Manenti, L / Mannino, R L / Marangou, N / Marzioni, M F / Maupin, C / McCarthy, M E / McConnell, C T / McKinsey, D N / McLaughlin, J / Meng, Y / Migneault, J / Miller, E H / Mizrachi, E / Mock, J A / Monte, A / Monzani, M E / Morad, J A / Morales Mendoza, J D / Morrison, E / Mount, B J / Murdy, M / Murphy, A St J / Naim, D / Naylor, A / Nedlik, C / Nehrkorn, C / Neves, F / Nguyen, A / Nikoleyczik, J A / Nilima, A / O'Dell, J / O'Neill, F G / O'Sullivan, K / Olcina, I / Olevitch, M A / Oliver-Mallory, K C / Orpwood, J / Pagenkopf, D / Pal, S / Palladino, K J / Palmer, J / Pangilinan, M / Parveen, N / Patton, S J / Pease, E K / Penning, B / Pereira, C / Pereira, G / Perry, E / Pershing, T / Peterson, I B / Piepke, A / Podczerwinski, J / Porzio, D / Powell, S / Preece, R M / Pushkin, K / Qie, Y / Ratcliff, B N / Reichenbacher, J / Reichhart, L / Rhyne, C A / Richards, A / Riffard, Q / Rischbieter, G R C / Rodrigues, J P / Rodriguez, A / Rose, H J / Rosero, R / Rossiter, P / Rushton, T / Rutherford, G / Rynders, D / Saba, J S / Santone, D / Sazzad, A B M R / Schnee, R W / Scovell, P R / Seymour, D / Shaw, S / Shutt, T / Silk, J J / Silva, C / Sinev, G / Skarpaas, K / Skulski, W / Smith, R / Solmaz, M / Solovov, V N / Sorensen, P / Soria, J / Stancu, I / Stark, M R / Stevens, A / Stiegler, T M / Stifter, K / Studley, R / Suerfu, B / Sumner, T J / Sutcliffe, P / Swanson, N / Szydagis, M / Tan, M / Taylor, D J / Taylor, R / Taylor, W C / Temples, D J / Tennyson, B P / Terman, P A / Thomas, K J / Tiedt, D R / Timalsina, M / To, W H / Tomás, A / Tong, Z / Tovey, D R / Tranter, J / Trask, M / Tripathi, M / Tronstad, D R / Tull, C E / Turner, W / Tvrznikova, L / Utku, U / Va'vra, J / Vacheret, A / Vaitkus, A C / Verbus, J R / Voirin, E / Waldron, W L / Wang, A / Wang, B / Wang, J J / Wang, W / Wang, Y / Watson, J R / Webb, R C / White, A / White, D T / White, J T / White, R G / Whitis, T J / Williams, M / Wisniewski, W J / Witherell, M S / Wolfs, F L H / Wolfs, J D / Woodford, S / Woodward, D / Worm, S D / Wright, C J / Xia, Q / Xiang, X / Xiao, Q / Xu, J / Yeh, M / Yin, J / Young, I / Zarzhitsky, P / Zuckerman, A / Zweig, E A

Physical review letters

2023 Volume 131, Issue 4, Page(s) 41002

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for ... ...

Abstract	The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60 live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c^{2}. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c^{2}, rejecting cross sections above 9.2×10^{-48} cm at the 90% confidence level.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041002
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data.

Aprile, E / Alfonsi, M / Arisaka, K / Arneodo, F / Balan, C / Baudis, L / Bauermeister, B / Behrens, A / Beltrame, P / Bokeloh, K / Brown, E / Bruno, G / Budnik, R / Cardoso, J M R / Chen, W-T / Choi, B / Cline, D / Colijn, A P / Contreras, H /

Cussonneau, J P / Decowski, M P / Duchovni, E / Fattori, S / Ferella, A D / Fulgione, W / Gao, F / Garbini, M / Ghag, C / Giboni, K-L / Goetzke, L W / Grignon, C / Gross, E / Hampel, W / Kaether, F / Kish, A / Lamblin, J / Landsman, H / Lang, R F / Le Calloch, M / Levy, C / Lim, K E / Lin, Q / Lindemann, S / Lindner, M / Lopes, J A M / Lung, K / Marrodán Undagoitia, T / Massoli, F V / Melgarejo Fernandez, A J / Meng, Y / Molinario, A / Nativ, E / Ni, K / Oberlack, U / Orrigo, S E A / Pantic, E / Persiani, R / Plante, G / Priel, N / Rizzo, A / Rosendahl, S / dos Santos, J M F / Sartorelli, G / Schreiner, J / Schumann, M / Scotto Lavina, L / Scovell, P R / Selvi, M / Shagin, P / Simgen, H / Teymourian, A / Thers, D / Vitells, O / Wang, H / Weber, M / Weinheimer, C

Physical review letters

2012 Volume 109, Issue 18, Page(s) 181301

Abstract: We report on a search for particle dark matter with the XENON100 experiment, operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso for 13 months during 2011 and 2012. XENON100 features an ultralow electromagnetic background of (5.3 ± 0.6) × 10(-3) events/( ... ...

Abstract	We report on a search for particle dark matter with the XENON100 experiment, operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso for 13 months during 2011 and 2012. XENON100 features an ultralow electromagnetic background of (5.3 ± 0.6) × 10(-3) events/(keV(ee) × kg × day) in the energy region of interest. A blind analysis of 224.6 live days × 34 kg exposure has yielded no evidence for dark matter interactions. The two candidate events observed in the predefined nuclear recoil energy range of 6.6-30.5 keV(nr) are consistent with the background expectation of (1.0 ± 0.2) events. A profile likelihood analysis using a 6.6-43.3 keV(nr) energy range sets the most stringent limit on the spin-independent elastic weakly interacting massive particle-nucleon scattering cross section for weakly interacting massive particle masses above 8 GeV/c(2), with a minimum of 2 × 10(-45) cm(2) at 55 GeV/c(2) and 90% confidence level.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.181301
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Article ; Online: Limits on the spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from the first science run of the ZEPLIN-III experiment.

Lebedenko, V N / Araújo, H M / Barnes, E J / Bewick, A / Cashmore, R / Chepel, V / Currie, A / Davidge, D / Dawson, J / Durkin, T / Edwards, B / Ghag, C / Horn, M / Howard, A S / Hughes, A J / Jones, W G / Joshi, M / Kalmus, G E / Kovalenko, A G /

Lindote, A / Liubarsky, I / Lopes, M I / Lüscher, R / Lyons, K / Majewski, P / Murphy, A St J / Neves, F / da Cunha, J Pinto / Preece, R / Quenby, J J / Scovell, P R / Silva, C / Solovov, V N / Smith, N J T / Smith, P F / Stekhanov, V N / Sumner, T J / Thorne, C / Walker, R J

Physical review letters

2009 Volume 103, Issue 15, Page(s) 151302

Abstract: We present new experimental constraints on the WIMP-nucleon spin-dependent elastic cross sections using data from the first science run of ZEPLIN-III, a two-phase xenon experiment searching for galactic dark matter weakly interacting massive particles ... ...

Abstract	We present new experimental constraints on the WIMP-nucleon spin-dependent elastic cross sections using data from the first science run of ZEPLIN-III, a two-phase xenon experiment searching for galactic dark matter weakly interacting massive particles based at the Boulby mine. Analysis of approximately 450 kg x days fiducial exposure allow us to place a 90%-confidence upper limit on the pure WIMP-neutron cross section of sigma(n)=1.9x10(-2) pb at 55 GeV/c(2) WIMP mass. Recent calculations of the nuclear spin structure based on the Bonn charge-dependent nucleon-nucleon potential were used for the odd-neutron isotopes 129Xe and 131Xe. These indicate that the sensitivity of xenon targets to the spin-dependent WIMP-proton interaction could be much lower than implied by previous calculations, whereas the WIMP-neutron sensitivity is impaired only by a factor of approximately 2.
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-10-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.151302
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data.

Aprile, E / Alfonsi, M / Arisaka, K / Arneodo, F / Balan, C / Baudis, L / Bauermeister, B / Behrens, A / Beltrame, P / Bokeloh, K / Brown, A / Brown, E / Bruno, G / Budnik, R / Cardoso, J M R / Chen, W-T / Choi, B / Colijn, A P / Contreras, H /

Cussonneau, J P / Decowski, M P / Duchovni, E / Fattori, S / Ferella, A D / Fulgione, W / Gao, F / Garbini, M / Ghag, C / Giboni, K-L / Goetzke, L W / Grignon, C / Gross, E / Hampel, W / Kaether, F / Kish, A / Lamblin, J / Landsman, H / Lang, R F / Le Calloch, M / Lellouch, D / Levy, C / Lim, K E / Lin, Q / Lindemann, S / Lindner, M / Lopes, J A M / Lung, K / Marrodán Undagoitia, T / Massoli, F V / Melgarejo Fernandez, A J / Meng, Y / Messina, M / Molinario, A / Ni, K / Oberlack, U / Orrigo, S E A / Pantic, E / Persiani, R / Plante, G / Priel, N / Rizzo, A / Rosendahl, S / dos Santos, J M F / Sartorelli, G / Schreiner, J / Schumann, M / Scotto Lavina, L / Scovell, P R / Selvi, M / Shagin, P / Simgen, H / Teymourian, A / Thers, D / Vitells, O / Wang, H / Weber, M / Weinheimer, C

Physical review letters

2013 Volume 111, Issue 2, Page(s) 21301

Abstract: We present new experimental constraints on the elastic, spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross section using recent data from the XENON100 experiment, operated in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. An analysis of 224.6 live days×34 kg of ... ...

Abstract	We present new experimental constraints on the elastic, spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross section using recent data from the XENON100 experiment, operated in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. An analysis of 224.6 live days×34 kg of exposure acquired during 2011 and 2012 revealed no excess signal due to axial-vector WIMP interactions with 129Xe and 131Xe nuclei. This leads to the most stringent upper limits on WIMP-neutron cross sections for WIMP masses above 6 GeV/c², with a minimum cross section of 3.5×10(-40) cm² at a WIMP mass of 45 GeV/c², at 90% confidence level.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021301
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Quenching Factor for Low Energy Nuclear Recoils in a Plastic Scintillator

Reichhart, L. / Akimov, D. Yu. / Araujo, H. M. / Barnes, E. J. / Belov, V. A. / Burenkov, A. A. / Chepel, V. / Currie, A. / DeViveiros, L. / Edwards, B. / Francis, V. / Ghag, C. / Hollingsworth, A. / Horn, M. / Kalmus, G. E. / Kobyakin, A. S. / Kovalenko, A. G. / Lebedenko, V. N. / Lindote, A. /

Lopes, M. I. / Luscher, R. / Majewski, P. / Murphy, A. St J. / Neves, F. / Paling, S. M. / da Cunha, J. Pinto / Preece, R. / Quenby, J. J. / Scovell, P. R. / Silva, C. / Solovov, V. N. / Smith, N. J. T. / Smith, P. F. / Stekhanov, V. N. / Sumner, T. J. / Thorne, C. / Walker, R. J.

2011

Abstract: Plastic scintillators are widely used in industry, medicine and scientific research, including nuclear and particle physics. Although one of their most common applications is in neutron detection, experimental data on their response to low-energy nuclear ...

Abstract	Plastic scintillators are widely used in industry, medicine and scientific research, including nuclear and particle physics. Although one of their most common applications is in neutron detection, experimental data on their response to low-energy nuclear recoils are scarce. Here, the relative scintillation efficiency for neutron-induced nuclear recoils in a polystyrene-based plastic scintillator (UPS-923A) is presented, exploring recoil energies between 125 keV and 850 keV. Monte Carlo simulations, incorporating light collection efficiency and energy resolution effects, are used to generate neutron scattering spectra which are matched to observed distributions of scintillation signals to parameterise the energy-dependent quenching factor. At energies above 300 keV the dependence is reasonably described using the semi-empirical formulation of Birks and a kB factor of (0.014+/-0.002) g/MeVcm^2 has been determined. Below that energy the measured quenching factor falls more steeply than predicted by the Birks formalism. Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures
Keywords	Nuclear Experiment ; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Subject code	306 ; 541
Publishing date	2011-11-09
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: The ZEPLIN-III Anti-Coincidence Veto Detector

Akimov, D. Yu. / Araujo, H. M. / Barnes, E. J. / Belov, V. A. / Burenkov, A. A. / Chepel, V. / Currie, A. / Edwards, B. / Francis, V. / Ghag, C. / Hollingsworth, A. / Horn, M. / Kalmus, G. E. / Kobyakin, A. S. / Kovalenko, A. G. / Lebedenko, V. N. / Lindote, A. / Lopes, M. I. / Luscher, R. /

Lyons, K. / Majewski, P. / Murphy, A. StJ. / Neves, F. / Paling, S. M. / da Cunha, J. Pinto / Preece, R. / Quenby, J. J. / Reichhart, L. / Scovell, P. R. / Solovov, V. N. / Smith, N. J. T. / Smith, P. F. / Stekhanov, V. N. / Sumner, T. J. / Taylor, R. / Thorne, C. / Walker, R. J.

2010

Abstract: The design, optimisation and construction of an anti-coincidence veto detector to complement the ZEPLIN-III direct dark matter search instrument is described. One tonne of plastic scintillator is arranged into 52 bars individually read out by ... ...

Abstract	The design, optimisation and construction of an anti-coincidence veto detector to complement the ZEPLIN-III direct dark matter search instrument is described. One tonne of plastic scintillator is arranged into 52 bars individually read out by photomultipliers and coupled to a gadolinium-loaded passive polypropylene shield. Particular attention has been paid to radiological content. The overall aim has been to achieve a veto detector of low threshold and high efficiency without the creation of additional background in ZEPLIN-III, all at a reasonable cost. Extensive experimental measurements of the components have been made, including radioactivity levels and performance characteristics. These have been used to inform a complete end-to-end Monte Carlo simulation that has then been used to calculate the expected performance of the new instrument, both operating alone and as an anti-coincidence detector for ZEPLIN-III. The veto device will be capable of rejecting over 65% of coincident nuclear recoil events from neutron background in the energy range of interest in ZEPLIN-III. This will reduce the background in ZEPLIN-III from ~0.4 to ~0.14 events per year in the WIMP acceptance region, a significant factor in the event of a non-zero observation. Furthermore, in addition to providing valuable diagnostic capabilities, the veto is capable of tagging over 15% for gamma-ray rejection, all whilst contributing no significant additional background. In conjunction with the replacement of the internal ZEPLIN-III photomultiplier array, the new veto is expected to improve significantly the sensitivity of the ZEPLIN-III instrument to dark matter, allowing spin independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections below 1E-8 pb to be probed.
Keywords	High Energy Physics - Experiment ; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2010-04-23
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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