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  1. Article: Risky choice: Probability weighting explains independence axiom violations in monkeys.

    Ferrari-Toniolo, Simone / Seak, Leo Chi U / Schultz, Wolfram

    Journal of risk and uncertainty

    2022  Volume 65, Issue 3, Page(s) 319–351

    Abstract: Expected Utility Theory (EUT) provides axioms for maximizing utility in risky choice. The Independence Axiom (IA) is its most demanding axiom: preferences between two options should not change when altering both options equally by mixing them with a ... ...

    Abstract Expected Utility Theory (EUT) provides axioms for maximizing utility in risky choice. The Independence Axiom (IA) is its most demanding axiom: preferences between two options should not change when altering both options equally by mixing them with a common gamble. We tested common consequence (CC) and common ratio (CR) violations of the IA over several months in thousands of stochastic choices using a large variety of binary option sets. Three monkeys showed consistently few outright
    Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11166-022-09388-7.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1478894-9
    ISSN 1573-0476 ; 0895-5646
    ISSN (online) 1573-0476
    ISSN 0895-5646
    DOI 10.1007/s11166-022-09388-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Systematic comparison of risky choices in humans and monkeys.

    Seak, Leo Chi U / Ferrari-Toniolo, Simone / Jain, Ritesh / Nielsen, Kirby / Schultz, Wolfram

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: The past decades have seen tremendous progress in fundamental studies on economic choice in humans. However, elucidation of the underlying neuronal processes requires invasive neurophysiological studies that are met with difficulties in humans. Monkeys ... ...

    Abstract The past decades have seen tremendous progress in fundamental studies on economic choice in humans. However, elucidation of the underlying neuronal processes requires invasive neurophysiological studies that are met with difficulties in humans. Monkeys as evolutionary closest relatives offer a solution. The animals display sophisticated and well-controllable behavior that allows to implement key constructs of proven economic choice theories. However, the similarity of economic choice between the two species has never been systematically investigated. We investigated compliance with the independence axiom (IA) of expected utility theory as one of the most demanding choice tests and compared IA violations between humans and monkeys. Using generalized linear modeling and cumulative prospect theory (CPT), we found that humans and monkeys made comparable risky choices, although their subjective values (utilities) differed. These results suggest similar fundamental choice mechanism across these primate species and encourage to study their underlying neurophysiological mechanisms.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.02.07.527517
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Using recombinant adhesive proteins as durable and green flame-retardant coatings.

    Leong, Weng I / Lo, Owen Lok In / Cheng, Fong Tin / Cheong, Wai Man / Seak, Leo Chi U

    Synthetic and systems biotechnology

    2021  Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) 369–376

    Abstract: Current fire retardants are known to be toxic to humans and our environment. As environmental-friendly flame retardants (FRs), protein-based flame retardants have been studied extensively recently, even though they are not durable. In this study, we ... ...

    Abstract Current fire retardants are known to be toxic to humans and our environment. As environmental-friendly flame retardants (FRs), protein-based flame retardants have been studied extensively recently, even though they are not durable. In this study, we designed, synthesized and tested a durable protein-based FR through the fusion of the adhesion domain from either mussel foot protein-5 (mfp-5) or cellulose-binding domain (CBD) with flame retardant protein (SR protein and alpha casein). We first verified the expression of the recombinant proteins in
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-05
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2405-805X
    ISSN (online) 2405-805X
    DOI 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.10.005
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  4. Article ; Online: Comparing utility functions between risky and riskless choice in rhesus monkeys.

    Bujold, Philipe M / Seak, Leo Chi U / Schultz, Wolfram / Ferrari-Toniolo, Simone

    Animal cognition

    2021  Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 385–399

    Abstract: Decisions can be risky or riskless, depending on the outcomes of the choice. Expected utility theory describes risky choices as a utility maximization process: we choose the option with the highest subjective value (utility), which we compute considering ...

    Abstract Decisions can be risky or riskless, depending on the outcomes of the choice. Expected utility theory describes risky choices as a utility maximization process: we choose the option with the highest subjective value (utility), which we compute considering both the option's value and its associated risk. According to the random utility maximization framework, riskless choices could also be based on a utility measure. Neuronal mechanisms of utility-based choice may thus be common to both risky and riskless choices. This assumption would require the existence of a utility function that accounts for both risky and riskless decisions. Here, we investigated whether the choice behavior of two macaque monkeys in risky and riskless decisions could be described by a common underlying utility function. We found that the utility functions elicited in the two choice scenarios were different from each other, even after taking into account the contribution of subjective probability weighting. Our results suggest that distinct utility representations exist for risky and riskless choices, which could reflect distinct neuronal representations of the utility quantities, or distinct brain mechanisms for risky and riskless choices. The different utility functions should be taken into account in neuronal investigations of utility-based choice.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Decision Making ; Macaca mulatta ; Probability ; Risk-Taking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-27
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1466332-6
    ISSN 1435-9456 ; 1435-9448
    ISSN (online) 1435-9456
    ISSN 1435-9448
    DOI 10.1007/s10071-021-01560-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Single-Dimensional Human Brain Signals for Two-Dimensional Economic Choice Options.

    Seak, Leo Chi U / Volkmann, Konstantin / Pastor-Bernier, Alexandre / Grabenhorst, Fabian / Schultz, Wolfram

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2021  Volume 41, Issue 13, Page(s) 3000–3013

    Abstract: Rewarding choice options typically contain multiple components, but neural signals in single brain voxels are scalar and primarily vary up or down. In a previous study, we had designed reward bundles that contained the same two milkshakes with ... ...

    Abstract Rewarding choice options typically contain multiple components, but neural signals in single brain voxels are scalar and primarily vary up or down. In a previous study, we had designed reward bundles that contained the same two milkshakes with independently set amounts; we had used psychophysics and rigorous economic concepts to estimate two-dimensional choice indifference curves (ICs) that represented revealed stochastic preferences for these bundles in a systematic, integrated manner. All bundles on the same ICs were equally revealed preferred (and thus had same utility, as inferred from choice indifference); bundles on higher ICs (higher utility) were preferred to bundles on lower ICs (lower utility). In the current study, we used the established behavior for testing with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We now demonstrate neural responses in reward-related brain structures of human female and male participants, including striatum, midbrain, and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mid-OFC) that followed the characteristic pattern of ICs: similar responses along ICs (same utility despite different bundle composition), but monotonic change across ICs (different utility). Thus, these brain structures integrated multiple reward components into a scalar signal, well beyond the known subjective value coding of single-component rewards.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Economics, Behavioral ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Reward ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1555-20.2020
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  6. Article ; Online: Expression, secretion and functional characterization of three laccases in

    Mo, Yating / Lao, Hou Ip / Au, Sau Wa / Li, Ieng Chon / Hu, Jeremy / Yuen, Hoi Man / Cheong, Wai Man / Lo, Owen Lok In / Seak, Leo Chi U

    Synthetic and systems biotechnology

    2021  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 474–480

    Abstract: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are a group of molecules that can influence hormonal balance, causing disturbance of the reproductive system and other health problems. Despite the efforts to eliminate EDC in the environment, all current approaches ... ...

    Abstract Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are a group of molecules that can influence hormonal balance, causing disturbance of the reproductive system and other health problems. Despite the efforts to eliminate EDC in the environment, all current approaches are inefficient and expensive. In previous research, studies revealed that laccase-producing microorganisms may be a potential candidate for EDC degradation, as laccases have been found to be able to degrade many kinds of EDCs effectively and steadily. Here, we created two recombinant laccases, each fused with secretion peptide, Novel Signal Peptide 4 (NSP4), and expressed them in
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-07
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2405-805X
    ISSN (online) 2405-805X
    DOI 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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