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  1. Article ; Online: Distinct spatiotemporal patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease-type cognitive impairment and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment.

    Kim, Jinhee / Kim, Jonghoon / Park, Yu-Hyun / Yoo, Heejin / Kim, Jun Pyo / Jang, Hyemin / Park, Hyunjin / Seo, Sang Won

    Communications biology

    2024  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 198

    Abstract: Previous studies on Alzheimer's disease-type cognitive impairment (ADCI) and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) has rarely explored spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This study aims to identify distinct spatiotemporal cortical atrophy patterns ... ...

    Abstract Previous studies on Alzheimer's disease-type cognitive impairment (ADCI) and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) has rarely explored spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This study aims to identify distinct spatiotemporal cortical atrophy patterns in ADCI and SVCI. 1,338 participants (713 ADCI, 208 SVCI, and 417 cognitively unimpaired elders) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), amyloid positron emission tomography, and neuropsychological tests. Using MRI, this study measures cortical thickness in five brain regions (medial temporal, inferior temporal, posterior medial parietal, lateral parietal, and frontal areas) and utilizes the Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn) model to predict the most probable subtype and stage for each participant. SuStaIn identifies two distinct cortical thinning patterns in ADCI (medial temporal: 65.8%, diffuse: 34.2%) and SVCI (frontotemporal: 47.1%, parietal: 52.9%) patients. The medial temporal subtype of ADCI shows a faster decline in attention, visuospatial, visual memory, and frontal/executive domains than the diffuse subtype (p-value < 0.01). However, there are no significant differences in longitudinal cognitive outcomes between the two subtypes of SVCI. Our study provides valuable insights into the distinct spatiotemporal patterns of cortical thinning in patients with ADCI and SVCI, suggesting the potential for individualized therapeutic and preventive strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Cerebral Cortical Thinning/pathology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Dizocilpine Maleate/analogs & derivatives
    Chemical Substances 5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine (124070-15-1) ; Dizocilpine Maleate (6LR8C1B66Q)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2399-3642
    ISSN (online) 2399-3642
    DOI 10.1038/s42003-024-05787-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The effects of imaging markers on clinical trajectory in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a longitudinal study in a memory clinic.

    Jang, Hyemin / Chun, Min Young / Kim, Hee Jin / Na, Duk L / Seo, Sang Won

    Alzheimer's research & therapy

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 14

    Abstract: Background: We investigated the relevance of various imaging markers for the clinical trajectory of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) patients in a memory clinic.: Methods: A total of 226 patients with probable CAA were included in this study with a ... ...

    Abstract Background: We investigated the relevance of various imaging markers for the clinical trajectory of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) patients in a memory clinic.
    Methods: A total of 226 patients with probable CAA were included in this study with a mean follow-up period of 3.5 ± 2.7 years. Although all had more than one follow-up visit, 173 underwent follow-up Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) ranging from 2 to 15 time points. Among 226, 122 patients underwent amyloid-β (Aβ) PET imaging. The prevalence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its imaging predictors was investigated. The effects of CAA imaging markers and Aβ PET positivity on longitudinal cognition based on the MMSE and CDR-SB were evaluated using mixed effects models.
    Results: During the follow-up, 10 (4.4%) patients developed ICH: cortical superficial siderosis (cSS; hazard ratio [HR], 6.45) and previous lobar ICH (HR, 4.9), but lobar cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) were not predictors of ICH development. The presence of CMIs (p = 0.045) and Aβ positivity (p = 0.002) were associated with worse MMSE trajectory in CAA patients. Regarding CDR-SB trajectory, only Aβ positivity was marginally associated with worse longitudinal change (p = 0.050).
    Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that various imaging markers in CAA patients have different clinical relevance and predictive values for further clinical courses.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/complications ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications ; Amyloid beta-Peptides
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2506521-X
    ISSN 1758-9193 ; 1758-9193
    ISSN (online) 1758-9193
    ISSN 1758-9193
    DOI 10.1186/s13195-023-01161-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Correlation analysis between subtest scores of CERAD-K and a newly developed tablet computer-based digital cognitive test (Inbrain CST).

    Na, Seunghee / Seo, Sang Won / Kim, Young Ju / Yoo, Heejin / Lee, Eek-Sung

    Frontiers in aging neuroscience

    2023  Volume 15, Page(s) 1178324

    Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias is increasing; therefore, identifying individuals at risk for dementia is crucial. Traditional neuropsychological assessments are expensive and time-consuming; however, ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias is increasing; therefore, identifying individuals at risk for dementia is crucial. Traditional neuropsychological assessments are expensive and time-consuming; however, computerized cognitive testing is becoming popular in clinical and research settings, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the computerized cognitive test, Inbrain cognitive screening test (CST), and the traditional neuropsychological battery, the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease assessment packet (CERAD-K).
    Methods: We enrolled 166 participants from five districts in Republic of Korea, including cognitively unimpaired individuals and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosed by experienced neurologists. We used the Inbrain CST and CERAD-K to evaluate the cognitive function of the participants, and the scores of each subtest of the Inbrain CST and CERAD-K were compared.
    Results: A significant correlation was found between the Inbrain CST and CERAD-K subtests. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the Inbrain CST and the CERAD-K test pairs after adjusting for age, educational level, and sex.
    Discussion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the Inbrain CST is a reliable tool for detecting cognitive impairment in cognitively unimpaired individuals and patients with MCI, because it has a high correlation and agreement with CERAD-K. Therefore, the Inbrain CST can be a useful, time-efficient, and cost-effective computer-based cognitive test for individuals at risk for cognitive impairment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-29
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2558898-9
    ISSN 1663-4365
    ISSN 1663-4365
    DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1178324
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Longitudinal amyloid cognitive composite in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

    Kim, Young Ju / Hahn, Alice / Park, Yu Hyun / Na, Duk L / Chin, Juhee / Seo, Sang Won

    European journal of neurology

    2022  Volume 29, Issue 4, Page(s) 980–989

    Abstract: Background and purpose: Previous studies have developed several cognitive composites in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). However, more sensitive measures to track cognitive changes and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical AD are needed considering the ...

    Abstract Background and purpose: Previous studies have developed several cognitive composites in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). However, more sensitive measures to track cognitive changes and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical AD are needed considering the diverse sociocultural and linguistic backgrounds. This study developed a composite score that can sensitively detect the amyloid-β (Aβ)-related cognitive trajectory of preclinical AD using Korean data.
    Methods: A total of 196 cognitively normal participants who underwent amyloid positron emission tomography were followed-up with neuropsychological assessments. We developed the Longitudinal Amyloid Cognitive Composite in Preclinical AD (LACPA) using the linear mixed-effects model (LMM) and z scores. The LMM was also used to investigate the longitudinal sensitivity of the LACPA and the association between time-varying brain atrophy and the LACPA.
    Results: Considering the group-time interaction effects of each subtest, the Seoul Verbal Learning Test-Elderly version immediate recall/delayed recall/recognition, the Korean Trail Making Test B Time, and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination were selected as components of the LACPA. The LACPA exhibited a significant group-time interaction effect between the Aβ+ and Aβ- groups (t = -3.288, p = 0.001). Associations between time-varying LACPA and brain atrophy were found in the bilateral medial temporal, right lateral parietal, and right lateral frontal regions, and hippocampal volume.
    Conclusions: The LACPA may contribute to reduction in time and financial burden when monitoring Aβ-related cognitive decline and therapeutic efficacy of the disease-modifying agents specifically targeting Aβ in secondary prevention trials.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/complications ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/metabolism ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Positron-Emission Tomography
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1280785-0
    ISSN 1468-1331 ; 1351-5101 ; 1471-0552
    ISSN (online) 1468-1331
    ISSN 1351-5101 ; 1471-0552
    DOI 10.1111/ene.15241
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: The Effect of Cataract Surgery on the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

    Lee, Chaeyeon / Shin, Eunhae / Kim, Mina / Bae, Yoonjong / Chung, Tae-Young / Seo, Sang Won / Jang, Hyemin / Lim, Dong Hui

    Journal of clinical medicine

    2023  Volume 12, Issue 20

    Abstract: Background: An advanced age and the female sex are widely recognized risk factors for both cataract and dementia. We investigated the effect of cataract surgery on the incidence of dementia in a Korean population aged ≥ 45 years with a previous ... ...

    Abstract Background: An advanced age and the female sex are widely recognized risk factors for both cataract and dementia. We investigated the effect of cataract surgery on the incidence of dementia in a Korean population aged ≥ 45 years with a previous diagnosis of cataract.
    Methods: This nationwide cohort study was performed using Korean National Health Insurance Service data collected from 2006 to 2017. A total of 300,327 subjects aged ≥ 45 years with a history of cataract diagnosis but no previous diagnosis of dementia were analyzed. The relationship between cataract surgery and dementia was evaluated, applying a time-varying analysis to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values according to dementia. It was calculated via a multivariable Cox regression model, with adjustments for age, sex, visual acuity (VA), ocular and systemic comorbidities, and social factors (including body mass index, income, smoking, and drinking).
    Results: In the multivariate analysis, the cataract surgery group showed a marginal difference in dementia development (HR 1.10 [95% CI 1.02-1.19]) because both cataract and dementia share common risk factors. However, in the subgroup analysis, men (HR 0.49 [95% CI 0.26-0.90]) and patients under 65 years of age (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.79-0.99]) in the group with cataract surgery and good VA showed a significantly lower incidence of dementia.
    Conclusion: Through visual improvement, together with timely surgical intervention, the procedure can alleviate the risk of dementia in visually impaired patients, especially in younger and male patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662592-1
    ISSN 2077-0383
    ISSN 2077-0383
    DOI 10.3390/jcm12206441
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  6. Article ; Online: Real-world prediction of preclinical Alzheimer's disease with a deep generative model.

    Hwang, Uiwon / Kim, Sung-Woo / Jung, Dahuin / Kim, SeungWook / Lee, Hyejoo / Seo, Sang Won / Seong, Joon-Kyung / Yoon, Sungroh

    Artificial intelligence in medicine

    2023  Volume 144, Page(s) 102654

    Abstract: Amyloid positivity is an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease and is necessary to determine the disease. In this study, a deep generative model is utilized to predict the amyloid positivity of cognitively normal individuals using proxy measures, such ... ...

    Abstract Amyloid positivity is an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease and is necessary to determine the disease. In this study, a deep generative model is utilized to predict the amyloid positivity of cognitively normal individuals using proxy measures, such as structural MRI scans, demographic variables, and cognitive scores, instead of invasive direct measurements. Through its remarkable efficacy in handling imperfect datasets caused by missing data or labels, and imbalanced classes, the model outperforms previous studies and widely used machine learning approaches with an AUROC of 0.8609. Furthermore, this study illuminates the model's adaptability to diverse clinical scenarios, even when feature sets or diagnostic criteria differ from the training data. We identify the brain regions and variables that contribute most to classification, including the lateral occipital lobes, posterior temporal lobe, and APOE ϵ4 allele. Taking advantage of deep generative models, our approach can not only provide inexpensive, non-invasive, and accurate diagnostics for preclinical Alzheimer's disease, but also meet real-world requirements for clinical translation of a deep learning model, including transferability and interpretability.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Machine Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-04
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 645179-2
    ISSN 1873-2860 ; 0933-3657
    ISSN (online) 1873-2860
    ISSN 0933-3657
    DOI 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102654
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  7. Article: Sex differences in the structural rich-club connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

    Kim, Soo-Jong / Bae, Youn Jung / Park, Yu Hyun / Jang, Hyemin / Kim, Jun Pyo / Seo, Sang Won / Seong, Joon-Kyung / Kim, Geon Ha

    Frontiers in aging neuroscience

    2023  Volume 15, Page(s) 1209027

    Abstract: Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is more prevalent in women than in men; however, there is a discrepancy in research on sex differences in AD. The human brain is a large-scale network with hub regions forming a central core, the rich- ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is more prevalent in women than in men; however, there is a discrepancy in research on sex differences in AD. The human brain is a large-scale network with hub regions forming a central core, the rich-club, which is vital to cognitive functions. However, it is unknown whether alterations in the rich-clubs in AD differ between men and women. We aimed to investigate sex differences in the rich-club organization in the brains of patients with AD.
    Methods: In total, 260 cognitively unimpaired individuals with negative amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 281 with prodromal AD (mild cognitive impairment due to AD) and 285 with AD dementia who confirmed with positive amyloid PET scans participated in the study. We obtained high-resolution T1-weighted and diffusion tensor images and performed network analysis.
    Results: We observed sex differences in the rich-club and feeder connections in patients with AD, suggesting lower structural connectivity strength in women than in men. We observed a significant group-by-sex interaction in the feeder connections, particularly in the thalamus. In addition, the connectivity strength of the thalamus in the feeder connections was significantly correlated with general cognitive function in only men with prodromal AD and women with AD dementia.
    Conclusion: Our findings provide important evidence for sex-specific alterations in the structural brain network related to AD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2558898-9
    ISSN 1663-4365
    ISSN 1663-4365
    DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1209027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Comparison of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease-related Cognitive Impairment: A Single Clinic-based Study in South Korea.

    Jung, Na-Yeon / Je, Yuri / Ham, Hong-Gi / Park, Yu Hyun / Kim, Tae-Yun / Go, Min-Su / Lee, Hye-In / Kim, Da Eun / Lee, Myung Jun / Seo, Sang Won / Kim, Eun-Joo

    Alzheimer disease and associated disorders

    2024  

    Abstract: We examined whether there were differences in the presence of centrum semiovale-enlarged perivascular spaces (CSO-ePVS) and basal ganglia-ePVS (BG-ePVS) among patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI) based on their age of onset. ...

    Abstract We examined whether there were differences in the presence of centrum semiovale-enlarged perivascular spaces (CSO-ePVS) and basal ganglia-ePVS (BG-ePVS) among patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI) based on their age of onset. Out of a total of 239 patients with cognitive impairment, 155 with positive amyloid-PET results were included. Among these, 43 had early-onset ADCI (EOADCI) and 112 had late-onset ADCI (LOADCI). Patients with LOADCI exhibited a higher prevalence of hypertension, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and BG-ePVS than those with EOADCI. BG-ePVS showed a significant correlation with age at the onset and the number of lacunes, whereas CSO-ePVS did not exhibit any association. The higher prevalence of BG-ePVS in patients with LOADCI might be attributable to vascular risk factors (hypertension) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). These findings support the hypothesis that BG-ePVS is associated with CSVD and vascular risk factors, whereas CSO-ePVS is associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1002700-2
    ISSN 1546-4156 ; 0893-0341
    ISSN (online) 1546-4156
    ISSN 0893-0341
    DOI 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000614
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  9. Article ; Online: Comprehensive risk factor evaluation of postoperative delirium following major surgery: clinical data warehouse analysis.

    Kang, Suk Yun / Seo, Sang Won / Kim, Joo Yong

    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

    2019  Volume 40, Issue 4, Page(s) 793–800

    Abstract: Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) in older adults is a very serious complication. Due to the complexity of too many risk factors (RFs), an overall assessment of RFs may be needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate comprehensively the RFs of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) in older adults is a very serious complication. Due to the complexity of too many risk factors (RFs), an overall assessment of RFs may be needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate comprehensively the RFs of POD regardless of the organ undergoing operation, efficiently incorporating the concept of comprehensive big data using a smart clinical data warehouse (CDW).
    Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical data of inpatients aged 65 years or older who underwent major surgery between January 2010 and June 2016 at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. The following six major operation types were selected: cardiac, stomach, colorectal, hip, knee, and spine. Clinical features, laboratory findings, perioperative variables, and medication history were compared between patients without POD and with POD.
    Results: Six hundred eighty-six of 3634 patients (18.9%) developed POD. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, common, independent RFs of POD were as follows (descending order of odds ratio): operation type ([hip] OR 8.858, 95%CI 3.432-22.863; p = 0.000; [knee] OR 7.492, 95%CI 2.739-20.487; p = 0.000; [spine] OR 6.919, 95%CI 2.687-17.815; p = 0.000; [colorectal] OR 2.037, 95%CI 0.784-5.291; p = 0.144; [stomach] OR 1.500, 95%CI 0.532-4.230; p = 0.443; [cardiac] reference), parkinsonism (OR 2.945, 95%CI 1.564-5.547; p = 0.001), intensive care unit stay (OR 1.675, 95%CI 1.354-2.072; p = 0.000), stroke history (OR 1.591, 95%CI 1.112-2.276; p = 0.011), use of hypnotics and sedatives (OR 1.307, 95%CI 1.072-1.594; p = 0.008), higher creatinine (OR 1.107, 95%CI 1.004-1.219; p = 0.040), lower hematocrit (OR 0.910, 95%CI 0.836-0.991; p = 0.031), older age (OR 1.053, 95%CI 1.037-1.069; p = 0.000), and lower body mass index (OR 0.967, 95%CI 0.942-0.993; p = 0.013). The use of analgesics (OR 0.644, 95%CI 0.467-0.887; p = 0.007) and antihistamines/antiallergics (OR 0.764, 95%CI 0.622-0.937; p = 0.010) were risk-reducing factors. Operation type with the highest odds ratio for POD was orthopedic surgery.
    Conclusions: Big data analytics could be applied to evaluate RFs in electronic medical records. We identified common RFs of POD, regardless of operation type. Big data analytics may be helpful for the comprehensive understanding of POD RFs, which can help physicians develop a general plan to prevent POD.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Data Warehousing/statistics & numerical data ; Delirium/epidemiology ; Delirium/etiology ; Electronic Health Records/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology ; Postoperative Complications/etiology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects ; Surgical Procedures, Operative/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-24
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2016546-8
    ISSN 1590-3478 ; 1590-1874
    ISSN (online) 1590-3478
    ISSN 1590-1874
    DOI 10.1007/s10072-019-3730-1
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  10. Article: Fasting glucose variability and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a 9-year longitudinal follow-up study of a nationwide cohort.

    Kang, Sung Hoon / Choi, Yunjin / Chung, Su Jin / Moon, Seok-Joo / Kim, Chi Kyung / Kim, Ji Hyun / Oh, Kyungmi / Yoon, Joon Shik / Seo, Sang Won / Cho, Geum Joon / Koh, Seong-Beom

    Frontiers in aging neuroscience

    2024  Volume 15, Page(s) 1292524

    Abstract: Background: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD); however, it is unknown whether this association is dependent on continuous hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic events, or glycemic variability. We aimed to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD); however, it is unknown whether this association is dependent on continuous hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic events, or glycemic variability. We aimed to investigate the relationship between visit-to-visit fasting glucose variability and PDD development in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
    Methods: Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we examined 9,264 patients aged ≥40 years with
    Results: During the 9.5-year follow-up period, 1,757 of 9,264 (19.0%) patients developed PDD. Patients with a higher visit-to-visit glucose variability had a higher risk of future PDD. In the multivariable adjusted model, patients with PD in the highest quartile (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.50, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.88), quartile 3 (SHR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.62), and quartile 2 (SHR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.63) were independently associated with a higher risk of PDD than those in the lowest quartile.
    Conclusion: We highlighted the effect of long-term glucose variability on the development of PDD in patients with PD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that preventive measures for constant glucose control may be necessary to prevent PDD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2558898-9
    ISSN 1663-4365
    ISSN 1663-4365
    DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1292524
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