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Article: Comparative avifaunal richness and diversity in invasive Acacia dealbata patches and adjacent montane grasslands

Seath, Jessica / Shackleton, Charlie

African zoology. 2022 Jan. 02, v. 57, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Invasive alien species are regarded as the second greatest threat to biodiversity globally. Yet, at a local scale their effects may vary, underlying the requirement for more local-scale studies across taxa and settings. Here we consider the effects of an ...

Abstract	Invasive alien species are regarded as the second greatest threat to biodiversity globally. Yet, at a local scale their effects may vary, underlying the requirement for more local-scale studies across taxa and settings. Here we consider the effects of an alien invasive tree (Acacia dealbata, 5–8 m tall) on avifaunal numbers, richness and diversity in A. dealbata patches of three sizes relative to adjacent montane grasslands. Analysis of historical aerial photographs showed that A. dealbata first occurred in the area in the late 1930s/early 1940s and has continued to spread, despite some efforts by the landowner to keep it in check. It now covers approximately 11% of the site. This has provided habitat for a number of bird species more characteristic of wooded vegetation types. The number, richness and diversity of birds were greater in A. dealbata patches than the adjacent grasslands of equivalent size. These measures increased with increasing patch size, but more rapidly for A. dealbata patches than grassland ones. Only six of the 48 species of birds recorded were common between the two vegetation types. The most common feeding guild in the A. dealbata patches was insectivores, whereas in the grasslands it was omnivores. Although the invasion of A. dealbata has added to the habitat diversity of the area, thereby facilitating increased avifaunal diversity, if it continues to spread, then the populations and perhaps richness of grassland birds are likely to be negatively affected.
Keywords	Acacia dealbata ; biodiversity ; birds ; grasslands ; habitats ; invasive species ; zoology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0102
Size	p. 12-19.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2070936-5
ISSN	2224-073X ; 1562-7020
ISSN (online)	2224-073X
ISSN	1562-7020
DOI	10.1080/15627020.2022.2047104
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The concurrent impacts of drought and leaf harvesting on two traditional African vegetable non-timber forest product species.

Sinasson S, Gisele K / Shackleton, Charlie M

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0283900

Abstract: Investigating the concurrent impacts with harvesting on wild vegetables can guide their sustainable management while contributing to the understanding of such impacts on NTFP species. This study investigated leaf production, morphological and growth ... ...

Abstract	Investigating the concurrent impacts with harvesting on wild vegetables can guide their sustainable management while contributing to the understanding of such impacts on NTFP species. This study investigated leaf production, morphological and growth responses to the concurrent impacts of drought and leaf harvesting between two wild vegetables. A randomized greenhouse experiment was implemented with 1,334 plants of Amaranthus sp. and 391 of B. pilosa. A drought treatment was first implemented through six levels of drought stress and a control treatment. The harvesting treatment consisted of four harvesting levels and was implemented twice. Measurements were recorded before first and second harvests and at end of experiment. Data were separated into two periods (after first and second harvests) and analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance and log-linear analysis. The results showed significant effects of drought on both species. However, Amaranthus sp. appeared more resilient to reduction in the daily amount of water than reduction in the frequency, while B. pilosa was resilient under both facets of drought stress. For Amaranthus sp., basal diameter, its growth, leaf production and survival increased with increase in the harvesting level (with some exceptions) after first harvest. After second harvest, there was decrease in plant height and leaf production. In B. pilosa, the impact was only significant on survival and leaf production (after first harvest). The effect of the interaction of the two drivers was significant for Amaranthus sp., but not for B. pilosa. The results also highlighted the possible negative impact of a prolonged high rate harvesting on the species performance, especially under severe drought. Basal diameter, its growth, survival and leaf production appeared more resilient to reduced amounts of watering in Amaranthus sp., and under both types of drought stress for B. pilosa. This suggests that both species could be sustained under medium drought stress.
MeSH term(s)	Vegetables ; Droughts ; Forests ; Plant Leaves ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0283900
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Urban street names: An opportunity to examine biocultural relationships?

Shackleton, Charlie M

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 7, Page(s) e0200891

Abstract: With increasing urbanisation there is concern regarding loss of experience and knowledge of biodiversity amongst urban populations. Yet biodiversity representations are retained in many art and functional forms, including names of places, buildings, ... ...

Abstract	With increasing urbanisation there is concern regarding loss of experience and knowledge of biodiversity amongst urban populations. Yet biodiversity representations are retained in many art and functional forms, including names of places, buildings, institutions and streets. These manifestations offer a window to examine the relationship between humans and their experienced or imagined environment using a biocultural lens. I quantified the current prevalence of urban streets named after animals or plant species, the diversity of species represented, whether they are native or non-native, whether representative of the biome in which the town was situated and the change in prevalence through time. The street names of 48 towns in a one degree wide south-north belt across seven of South African's biomes were captured and analysed. Of the 4,359 street names, 11.1% were named after plants (218 species) and 5.3% after animals (131 species), although some towns had none and others more than 40%. Approximately half of the plants were native to South Africa, whereas over 80% of the animals were. There was no correspondence between the species composition reflected in street names and the biome in which towns were located. The proportion of streets named after plants or animals has generally increased over the last two hundred years. These results provide insights into the bioculturally defined plants and animals that are valued by past and present urban communities, showing that they are generally from a wider array than can be found or experienced in the local setting.
MeSH term(s)	Biodiversity ; Cities ; Culture
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0200891
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Knowledge of Formal and Informal Regulations Affecting Wild Plant Foraging Practices in Urban Spaces in South Africa

Garekae, Hesekia / Shackleton, Charlie M.

Society & natural resources. 2021 Dec. 2, v. 34, no. 12

2021

Abstract: Although foraging wild plants is commonly perceived to be synonymous with rural areas, it is now increasingly recognized in urban areas. Notwithstanding, the regulations conditioning access to and rights to foraging in urban green spaces have seldom been ...

Abstract	Although foraging wild plants is commonly perceived to be synonymous with rural areas, it is now increasingly recognized in urban areas. Notwithstanding, the regulations conditioning access to and rights to foraging in urban green spaces have seldom been examined. This study explored the formal and informal regulations governing access to and defining rights to forageable plant resources in the towns of Potchefstroom and Thabazimbi, South Africa. A random sample of 374 households was considered for the survey, complemented by in-depth interviews with 26 participants. Foraging occurred in a variety of public and private spaces, with the frequency of access differing with the type of space. The majority of the respondents were unaware of formal and informal regulations governing access to and use of urban landscapes. Recognizing foraging activities in urban landscapes is a fundamental step toward fostering active community involvement in the management and production of urban green spaces.
Keywords	community service ; surveys ; wild plants ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1202
Size	p. 1546-1565.
Publishing place	Routledge
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2018099-8
ISSN	1521-0723 ; 0894-1920
ISSN (online)	1521-0723
ISSN	0894-1920
DOI	10.1080/08941920.2021.1977446
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Does the absence of community involvement underpin the demise of urban neighbourhood parks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa?

Shackleton, Charlie M / Njwaxu, Afika

Landscape and urban planning. 2021 Mar., v. 207

2021

Abstract: Public urban green spaces are essential for urban sustainability and the physical and mental wellbeing of urban residents. Yet in some settings they may face a number of threats, ranging from land transformation and development, through to poor ... ...

Abstract	Public urban green spaces are essential for urban sustainability and the physical and mental wellbeing of urban residents. Yet in some settings they may face a number of threats, ranging from land transformation and development, through to poor maintenance and vandalism. It has been posited that community engagement is a crucial strategy in addressing or minimising many of these threats. Here we report on the condition of 11 newly created or renovated parks in poorer neighbourhoods of six towns over a three year period, along with in-depth interviews regarding the sentiments of local residents and officials to the (re)creation of the parks and their subsequent deterioration. The opportunistic monitoring showed a steady degeneration in all the parks evidenced through limited maintenance and extensive damage to or removal of trees, fencing, amenities and infrastructure, representing a significant loss of public amenity and investment. The damage was wrought by both humans and livestock. Local residents attributed the decline to several reasons, of which a lack of community engagement was prominent, including on what the site should have been used for, their official opening ceremony, and care. The park in the best condition for the longest was the one with the most community consultation, but that too suffered extensive damage once an opening was inadvertently made through which cattle could subsequently enter. This paper emphasises that the creation and provision of urban recreational parks is only one part of the process, which alone is not sufficient to ensure their use and appreciation, but rather that the process requires deep, meaningful and respectful engagement with local communities.
Keywords	cattle ; community service ; land use change ; landscapes ; urban areas ; vandalism ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-03
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	742504-1
ISSN	1872-6062 ; 0169-2046
ISSN (online)	1872-6062
ISSN	0169-2046
DOI	10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The potential influence of commercial plant nurseries in shaping the urban forest in South Africa

Arnoldi, Marco / Shackleton, Charlie M.

Urban forestry & urban greening. 2021 Sept., v. 64

2021

Abstract: A substantial portion of urban green infrastructure is under private tenure in residents’ and business/corporate gardens. Therefore, the ways that urban residents manage their gardens can influence the type, quantity and quality of ecosystem services and ...

Abstract	A substantial portion of urban green infrastructure is under private tenure in residents’ and business/corporate gardens. Therefore, the ways that urban residents manage their gardens can influence the type, quantity and quality of ecosystem services and disservices in urban areas. Plant nurseries are a major source of trees for urban residents, and so the types of trees and species that nurseries stock influence the composition of private gardens. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the roles that plant nurseries play in shaping the urban forest in South Africa. To do so, an online and direct questionnaire was used to gather data from 30 nurseries across 19 urban centres in South Africa. The main questions included species selection criteria, customer tree inquiries, best-selling tree species, attitudes towards increasing urban tree cover and diversity and whether they think climate change will affect the selection of species to stock. The results show that there is a strong preference for indigenous trees, which were also most commonly listed as best-sellers. Non-native species that were commonly sold were ones that provided provisioning services, particularly edible fruits. Drought tolerance influenced selection criteria and customer demand. Vachellia spp. and Olea europaea were commonly inquired about and most commonly listed amongst the best-sellers. Nursery owners valued the importance of increasing tree cover and diversity in urban areas, listing many perceived benefits for doing so. We conclude that there is a clear preference for indigenous tree species by customers and nursery owners, which in time could increase the proportion and cover of native species.
Keywords	Olea europaea ; Vachellia ; climate change ; drought tolerance ; ecosystems ; green infrastructure ; indigenous species ; introduced species ; questionnaires ; trees ; urban forestry ; urban forests ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-09
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
ISSN	1618-8667
DOI	10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127254
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The prevalence, composition and distribution of forageable plant species in different urban spaces in two medium-sized towns in South Africa

Garekae, Hesekia / Shackleton, Charlie M. / Tsheboeng, Gaolathe

Global ecology and conservation. 2022 Jan., v. 33

2022

Abstract: Globally, the importance of urban vegetation in the quality and maintenance of life in urban areas is increasingly recognized. As the basis of urban green infrastructure, urban vegetation provides a diversity of ecosystem services, including provisioning ...

Abstract	Globally, the importance of urban vegetation in the quality and maintenance of life in urban areas is increasingly recognized. As the basis of urban green infrastructure, urban vegetation provides a diversity of ecosystem services, including provisioning services. However, there is limited understanding of the potential of urban vegetation as a supply of forageable resources within urban landscapes. This study examined the prevalence and distribution of forageable plant species across different spaces in the towns of Potchefstroom and Thabazimbi, South Africa. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed for selecting study sites, with a total of 136 plots sampled. In total, 88 plant species (foraged and forageable) were encountered across the sample plots, with almost three-quarters (70%) being indigenous to South Africa. Most of the species had multiple uses, with medicine, food and firewood being the most common uses, in order of frequency. Species cover and richness significantly differed across the urban spaces, being markedly higher in protected areas as compared to other spaces. Moreover, five plant communities were identified, resembling various species uses. Overall, the findings show that the fragmented urban spaces are endowed with a diversity of forageable plant species, with many valuable to particular sectors of urban society, such as foragers. Moreover, the notable number of forageable plant species encountered across the different spaces demonstrates the potential of urban green infrastructure as a supply of provisioning and cultural ecosystem services. This provides the basis for the selection of a diversity of species in urban greening programs for enhancing liveability and overall well-being in urban areas.
Keywords	ecosystems ; fuelwood ; green infrastructure ; medicine ; species diversity ; urban society ; vegetation ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2814786-8
ISSN	2351-9894
ISSN	2351-9894
DOI	10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01972
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: How many people globally actually use non-timber forest products?

Shackleton, Charlie M. / de Vos, Alta

Forest policy and economics. 2022 Feb., v. 135

2022

Abstract: Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are widely used wild, biological products harvested from rural and urban landscapes for household subsistence, income and culture, thereby contributing to human wellbeing. Estimates of the numbers of people making use ... ...

Abstract	Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are widely used wild, biological products harvested from rural and urban landscapes for household subsistence, income and culture, thereby contributing to human wellbeing. Estimates of the numbers of people making use of, or being dependent on, NTFPs vary widely, and global estimates to date have excluded urban populations and also NTFP users in the Global North. Additionally, most global or continental estimates are two or more decades old, and hence do not account for significant worldwide changes in societies, cultures, economies and landscapes since the estimates were made. Here we collate more recent empirical studies reporting the number of NTFP users at fine scales that we extrapolate up for three broad regions, viz. rural areas of the Global South, urban areas of the Global South, and the Global North, as the basis for estimating the number of NTFP users globally. We calculate the lower and upper bounds, as well a median estimate. We find the lowest and median approximations to be 3.5 billion and 5.76 billion users globally, respectively, based on conservative approaches. This is more than double and triple, respectively, the oft cited and dated figure of 1.6 billion. Moreover, we find that only half of the global NTFP users are located in rural regions of the Global South, and that the other half are in urban areas and the Global North, showing that NTFPs are of importance across socio-economic and geographic regions, not just in remote and underdeveloped villages of the Global South. With such large numbers of users around the world, it is imperative that the supply, management, conservation and safeguarding of the values of NTFPs take a more central place in sectoral and development policies.
Keywords	forest policy ; forests ; income ; people ; social welfare ; socioeconomics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1389-9341
DOI	10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102659
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The contribution of wild palms to the livelihoods and diversification of rural households in southern Mozambique

Martins, Angelina R.O. / Shackleton, Charlie M.

Forest policy and economics. 2022 Sept., v. 142

2022

Abstract: In most low-income countries, rural households combine a range of economic activities to generate income, achieve food and nutritional security and fulfill other livelihood objectives, including: small-scale farming, fishing, hunting, livestock and ... ...

Abstract	In most low-income countries, rural households combine a range of economic activities to generate income, achieve food and nutritional security and fulfill other livelihood objectives, including: small-scale farming, fishing, hunting, livestock and timber production, and non-timber forest products gathering, as well as off-farm activities such as wage labour and informal trading. This work examines the role of diversification, including palm products income, on rural livelihoods in the Zitundo area, southern Mozambique. Seven livelihood strategies were identified, with every strategy combining cash income from several sources. Most households adopt a wage-based strategy to some degree, although this strategy shows low potential for reducing poverty in the area. Households adopting a palm-based strategy show between 23% and 60% lower poverty incidence than those adopting alternatives strategies. Yet, a palm-based livelihood strategy was adopted by only 11% of households. Traders of palm products earn approximately double the annual income and per capita income than non-traders. Village of residency and some household socio-economic and demographic characteristics correlate with a households' choice of livelihood strategy and palm income dependency. The adherence of many households to a less remunerative wage strategy indicates other factors also influence the choice of livelihood strategies. The study shows that future development plans and policy interventions to mitigate poverty in the area should go beyond the usual agricultural sector and recognize the role of non-timber forest products, especially palm products, for people's livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
Keywords	agricultural industry ; food security ; forest policy ; forests ; labor ; livelihood ; livestock ; poverty ; socioeconomics ; timber production ; villages ; Mozambique
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1389-9341
DOI	10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102793
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Trees stocks in domestic gardens and willingness to participate in tree planting initiatives in low-cost housing areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Gwedla, Nanamhla / Shackleton, Charlie M. / Olvitt, Lausanne

Urban forestry & urban greening. 2022 Feb., v. 68

2022

Abstract: Increasing human populations and rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa have prompted the development and maintenance of urban green infrastructure, including urban trees for sustainability, human wellbeing, liveability and climate resilience. However, ...

Abstract	Increasing human populations and rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa have prompted the development and maintenance of urban green infrastructure, including urban trees for sustainability, human wellbeing, liveability and climate resilience. However, there are still insufficient amounts and large inequities in the distribution of trees between and within towns and cities of the Global North and South. In South Africa, urban green space planning and planting are encoded in several policies at national level. However, these policies are rarely translated into specific guides, standards or actions, and consequently disparities in urban trees and green space distribution persist. This study assessed the prevalence of urban trees in domestic gardens in low-cost housing areas (LCHAs) of eight small to medium-sized towns in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa and examined residents’ perceptions in this regard. This was done via surveys with 800 households in old and recently developed LCHAs. The results revealed that most households (52 %) had at least one tree in their yard, with more households in the older neighbourhoods (60 %) reporting having trees than in the newer ones (44 %). Most of the trees (66 %) had been deliberately planted as opposed to natural regeneration. Experience of formal urban tree planting programs was low, but 75 % of residents expressed willingness to participate in the future, preferably in tree planting and maintenance. Urban green spaces and trees cannot be an afterthought in the development of sustainable human settlements, and municipal plans should reflect tangible commitments in this regard. Meeting goals for greener LCHAs requires the involvement of local residents, and for municipal authorities to be receptive to the wishes of residents and willingness to green their residential areas.
Keywords	climate ; green infrastructure ; humans ; natural regeneration ; social welfare ; trees ; urban forestry ; urbanization ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
ISSN	1618-8667
DOI	10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127484
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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