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  1. Article ; Online: Combined protection of vaccination and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir against hospitalization in adults with COVID-19.

    Shah, Melisa M / Joyce, Brendan / Plumb, Ian D / Sahakian, Sam / Feldstein, Leora R / Barkley, Eric / Paccione, Mason / Deckert, Joseph / Sandmann, Danessa / Hagen, Melissa Briggs / Gerhart, Jacqueline L

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

    2024  

    Abstract: Among U.S. adults at risk for severe COVID-19 in Epic Cosmos, the lowest rate of hospitalization was among those receiving three or more mRNA vaccine doses and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (aHR 0.22, 95%CI: 0.19-0.24). Adults who are at high-risk of severe ... ...

    Abstract Among U.S. adults at risk for severe COVID-19 in Epic Cosmos, the lowest rate of hospitalization was among those receiving three or more mRNA vaccine doses and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (aHR 0.22, 95%CI: 0.19-0.24). Adults who are at high-risk of severe COVID-19 disease, including vaccinated persons, should be considered for antiviral treatment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1099781-7
    ISSN 1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
    ISSN (online) 1537-6591
    ISSN 1058-4838
    DOI 10.1093/cid/ciae105
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Long-Term Symptoms Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Blood Donors.

    Shah, Melisa M / Spencer, Bryan R / James-Gist, Jade / Haynes, James M / Feldstein, Leora R / Stramer, Susan L / Jones, Jefferson M / Saydah, Sharon H

    JAMA network open

    2024  Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) e245611

    Abstract: Importance: Long-term symptoms, lasting more than 4 consecutive weeks after acute COVID-19 disease, are an important consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Many prior studies have lacked a non-SARS-CoV-2-infected control population to distinguish ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Long-term symptoms, lasting more than 4 consecutive weeks after acute COVID-19 disease, are an important consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Many prior studies have lacked a non-SARS-CoV-2-infected control population to distinguish background prevalence of symptoms from the direct impact of COVID-19 disease.
    Objective: To examine the prevalence of long-term physical and mental health symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large population of blood donors based on self-report and serologic test results.
    Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study included American Red Cross blood donors (aged ≥18 years) who were surveyed between February 22 and April 21, 2022, about new long-term symptoms arising after March 2020 and their SARS-CoV-2 infection status. All participants underwent at least 1 serologic test for antinucleocapsid antibodies between June 15, 2020, and December 31, 2021.
    Exposures: SARS-CoV-2 infection as defined by a self-reported, confirmed acute infection or antinucleocapsid antibody positivity.
    Main outcomes and measures: New long-term symptoms since March 2020, including 5 symptom categories (neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiac, mental health, and other).
    Results: Among 818 361 individuals who received the survey, 272 965 (33.4%) responded, with 238 828 meeting the inclusion criteria (138 576 [58.0%] female; median [IQR] age, 59.0 [47.0-67.0] years). Of the 83 015 individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 43.3% reported new long-term symptoms compared with 22.1% of those without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. After controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and number of underlying conditions, those with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection had an increased odds of new long-term symptoms compared with those without (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.55; 95% CI, 2.51-2.61). Female sex and a history of chronic conditions were associated with new long-term symptoms. Long-term symptoms in the other category (AOR, 4.14; 95% CI, 4.03-4.25), which included changes in taste or smell, and the respiratory and cardiac symptom categories (AOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 3.12-3.31) were most associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mental health long-term symptoms were also associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (AOR, 1.05; 95%, CI, 1.02-1.08).
    Conclusions and relevance: This study's findings suggest that long-term symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks are common in the adult population, but there is a significantly higher prevalence among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Continued efforts to define and track long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 using a control group without infection and serologic information to include those who had asymptomatic or unidentified infections are needed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Male ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Blood Donors ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Control Groups
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5611
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Quantitative comparison of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test and antigen testing algorithms: a decision analysis simulation model.

    Salvatore, Phillip P / Shah, Melisa M / Ford, Laura / Delaney, Augustina / Hsu, Christopher H / Tate, Jacqueline E / Kirking, Hannah L

    BMC public health

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 82

    Abstract: Background: Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 offer advantages over nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as RT-PCR), including lower cost and rapid return of results, but show reduced sensitivity. Public health organizations recommend different ... ...

    Abstract Background: Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 offer advantages over nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as RT-PCR), including lower cost and rapid return of results, but show reduced sensitivity. Public health organizations recommend different strategies for utilizing NAATs and antigen tests. We sought to create a framework for the quantitative comparison of these recommended strategies based on their expected performance.
    Methods: We utilized a decision analysis approach to simulate the expected outcomes of six testing algorithms analogous to strategies recommended by public health organizations. Each algorithm was simulated 50,000 times in a population of 100,000 persons seeking testing. Primary outcomes were number of missed cases, number of false-positive diagnoses, and total test volumes. Outcome medians and 95% uncertainty ranges (URs) were reported.
    Results: Algorithms that use NAATs to confirm all negative antigen results minimized missed cases but required high NAAT capacity: 92,200 (95% UR: 91,200-93,200) tests (in addition to 100,000 antigen tests) at 10% prevalence. Selective use of NAATs to confirm antigen results when discordant with symptom status (e.g., symptomatic persons with negative antigen results) resulted in the most efficient use of NAATs, with 25 NAATs (95% UR: 13-57) needed to detect one additional case compared to exclusive use of antigen tests.
    Conclusions: No single SARS-CoV-2 testing algorithm is likely to be optimal across settings with different levels of prevalence and for all programmatic priorities. This analysis provides a framework for selecting setting-specific strategies to achieve acceptable balances and trade-offs between programmatic priorities and resource constraints.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Decision Support Techniques ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-021-12489-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Seasonality of Common Human Coronaviruses, United States, 2014-2021

    Shah, Melisa M / Winn, Amber / Dahl, Rebecca M / Kniss, Krista L / Silk, Benjamin J / Killerby, Marie E

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 10, Page(s) 1970–1976

    Abstract: The 4 common types of human coronaviruses (HCoVs)-2 alpha (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E) and 2 beta (HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43)-generally cause mild upper respiratory illness. Seasonal patterns and annual variation in predominant types of HCoVs are known, but ... ...

    Abstract The 4 common types of human coronaviruses (HCoVs)-2 alpha (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E) and 2 beta (HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43)-generally cause mild upper respiratory illness. Seasonal patterns and annual variation in predominant types of HCoVs are known, but parameters of expected seasonality have not been defined. We defined seasonality of HCoVs during July 2014-November 2021 in the United States by using a retrospective method applied to National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System data. In the 6 HCoV seasons before 2020-21, season onsets occurred October 21-November 12, peaks January 6-February 13, and offsets April 18-June 27; most (>93%) HCoV detection was within the defined seasonal onsets and offsets. The 2020-21 HCoV season onset was 11 weeks later than in prior seasons, probably associated with COVID-19 mitigation efforts. Better definitions of HCoV seasonality can be used for clinical preparedness and for determining expected patterns of emerging coronaviruses.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Coronavirus NL63, Human ; Coronavirus OC43, Human ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2810.220396
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Climate change could shift disease burden from malaria to arboviruses in Africa.

    Mordecai, Erin A / Ryan, Sadie J / Caldwell, Jamie M / Shah, Melisa M / LaBeaud, A Desiree

    The Lancet. Planetary health

    2020  Volume 4, Issue 9, Page(s) e416–e423

    Abstract: Malaria is a long-standing public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue and chikungunya cause an under-recognised burden of disease. Many human and environmental drivers affect the dynamics of ... ...

    Abstract Malaria is a long-standing public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue and chikungunya cause an under-recognised burden of disease. Many human and environmental drivers affect the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. In this Personal View, we argue that the direct effects of warming temperatures are likely to promote greater environmental suitability for dengue and other arbovirus transmission by Aedes aegypti and reduce suitability for malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae. Environmentally driven changes in disease dynamics will be complex and multifaceted, but given that current public efforts are targeted to malaria control, we highlight Ae aegypti and dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviruses as potential emerging public health threats in sub-Saharan Africa.
    MeSH term(s) Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology ; Arbovirus Infections/transmission ; Arthropod Vectors/physiology ; Climate Change ; Cost of Illness ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Malaria/transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Prevalence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-11
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ISSN 2542-5196
    ISSN (online) 2542-5196
    DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30178-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Paxlovid associated with decreased hospitalization rate among adults with COVID-19 - United States, April-September 2022.

    Shah, Melisa M / Joyce, Brendan / Plumb, Ian D / Sahakian, Sam / Feldstein, Leora R / Barkley, Eric / Paccione, Mason / Deckert, Joseph / Sandmann, Danessa / Gerhart, Jacqueline L / Hagen, Melissa Briggs

    American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 150–155

    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Hospitalization
    Chemical Substances nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2060594-8
    ISSN 1600-6143 ; 1600-6135
    ISSN (online) 1600-6143
    ISSN 1600-6135
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.004
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  7. Article ; Online: Primary and Secondary Attack Rates by Vaccination Status after a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Outbreak at a Youth Summer Camp-Texas, June 2021.

    Baker, Julia M / Shah, Melisa M / O'Hegarty, Michelle / Pomeroy, Mary / Keiser, Philip / Ren, Ping / Weaver, Scott C / Maknojia, Sara / Machado, Rafael R G / Mitchell, Brooke M / McConnell, Allan / Tate, Jacqueline E / Kirking, Hannah L

    Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) 550–556

    Abstract: Children are capable of initiating COVID-19 transmission into households, but many questions remain about the impact of vaccination on transmission. Data from a COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at an overnight camp in Texas during June 23-27, 2021, were ... ...

    Abstract Children are capable of initiating COVID-19 transmission into households, but many questions remain about the impact of vaccination on transmission. Data from a COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at an overnight camp in Texas during June 23-27, 2021, were analyzed. The camp had 451 attendees, including 364 youths aged  < 18 years and 87 adults. Detailed interviews were conducted with 92 (20.4%) of consenting attendees and 117 household members of interviewed attendees with COVID-19. Among 450 attendees with known case status, the attack rate was 41%, including 42% among youths; attack rates were lower among vaccinated (13%) than among unvaccinated youths (48%). The secondary attack rate was 51% among 115 household contacts of 55 interviewed index patients. Secondary infections occurred in 67% of unvaccinated household members and 33% of fully or partially vaccinated household members. Analyses suggested that household member vaccination and camp attendee masking at home protected against household transmission.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Aged ; Incidence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Texas/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks ; Vaccination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2668791-4
    ISSN 2048-7207 ; 2048-7193
    ISSN (online) 2048-7207
    ISSN 2048-7193
    DOI 10.1093/jpids/piac086
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  8. Article ; Online: Occupations Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Vaccination, US Blood Donors, May 2021-December 2021.

    Shah, Melisa M / Spencer, Bryan R / Feldstein, Leora R / Haynes, James M / Benoit, Tina J / Saydah, Sharon H / Groenewold, Matthew R / Stramer, Susan L / Jones, Jefferson M

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

    2022  Volume 76, Issue 7, Page(s) 1285–1294

    Abstract: Background: There are limited data on the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the United States by occupation. We identified occupations at higher risk for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection as defined by the ... ...

    Abstract Background: There are limited data on the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the United States by occupation. We identified occupations at higher risk for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection as defined by the presence of infection-induced antibodies among US blood donors.
    Methods: Using a nested case-control study design, blood donors during May-December 2021 with anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) testing were sent an electronic survey on employment status, vaccination, and occupation. The association between previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and occupation-specific in-person work was estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for sex, age, month of donation, race and ethnicity, education, vaccination, and telework.
    Results: Among 85 986 included survey respondents, 9504 (11.1%) were anti-N reactive. Healthcare support (20.3%), protective service (19.9%), and food preparation and serving related occupations (19.7%) had the highest proportion of prior infection. After adjustment, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with healthcare practitioners (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-2.54) and healthcare support (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.39-2.40) occupations compared with computer and mathematical occupations as the referent group. Lack of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination (aOR, 16.13; 95% CI, 15.01-17.34) and never teleworking (aOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) were also independently associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Construction and extraction occupations had the highest proportion of unvaccinated workers (30.5%).
    Conclusions: Workers in healthcare, protective services, and food preparation had the highest prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Occupational risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection remained after adjusting for vaccination, telework, and demographic factors. These findings underscore the need for mitigation measures and personal protection in healthcare settings and other workplaces.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Blood Donors/statistics & numerical data ; Case-Control Studies ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Occupations/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Food Industry/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1099781-7
    ISSN 1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
    ISSN (online) 1537-6591
    ISSN 1058-4838
    DOI 10.1093/cid/ciac883
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Paxlovid Associated with Decreased Hospitalization Rate Among Adults with COVID-19 - United States, April-September 2022.

    Shah, Melisa M / Joyce, Brendan / Plumb, Ian D / Sahakian, Sam / Feldstein, Leora R / Barkley, Eric / Paccione, Mason / Deckert, Joseph / Sandmann, Danessa / Gerhart, Jacqueline L / Hagen, Melissa Briggs

    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

    2022  Volume 71, Issue 48, Page(s) 1531–1537

    Abstract: Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid), an oral antiviral treatment, is authorized for adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk for progression to severe illness. However, real-world evidence on the benefit of Paxlovid, according to ... ...

    Abstract Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid), an oral antiviral treatment, is authorized for adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk for progression to severe illness. However, real-world evidence on the benefit of Paxlovid, according to vaccination status, age group, and underlying health conditions, is limited. To examine the benefit of Paxlovid in adults aged ≥18 years in the United States, a large electronic health record (EHR) data set (Cosmos
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; United States/epidemiology ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19 Testing ; Hospitalization
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412775-4
    ISSN 1545-861X ; 0149-2195
    ISSN (online) 1545-861X
    ISSN 0149-2195
    DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm7148e2
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  10. Article ; Online: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and influenza co-infection in immunocompetent hosts: case reports and review of the literature.

    Shah, Melisa M / Hsiao, Eric I / Kirsch, Carl M / Gohil, Amit / Narasimhan, Supriya / Stevens, David A

    Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease

    2018  Volume 91, Issue 2, Page(s) 147–152

    Abstract: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is classically considered an illness of severely immunocompromised patients with limited host defenses. However, IPA has been reported in immunocompetent but critically ill patients. This report describes two fatal ... ...

    Abstract Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is classically considered an illness of severely immunocompromised patients with limited host defenses. However, IPA has been reported in immunocompetent but critically ill patients. This report describes two fatal cases of pathologically confirmed IPA in patients with influenza in the intensive care unit. One patient had influenza B infection, whereas the other had influenza A H1N1. Both patients died despite broad-spectrum antimicrobials, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Microscopic and histologic postmortem examination confirmed IPA. Review of the English language and foreign literature indicates that galactomannan antigen testing and classic radiologic findings for IPA may not be reliable in immunocompetent patients. Respiratory cultures which grow Aspergillus species in critically ill patients, particularly those with underlying influenza infection, should not necessarily be disregarded as contaminants or colonizers. Further research is needed to better understand the immunological relationship between influenza and IPA for improved prevention and treatment of influenza and Aspergillus co-infections.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Coinfection ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604920-5
    ISSN 1879-0070 ; 0732-8893
    ISSN (online) 1879-0070
    ISSN 0732-8893
    DOI 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.01.014
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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