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Article ; Online: The effect of trait self-control on dyspnoea and tolerance to a CO2 rebreathing challenge in healthy males and females

Brown, J.C. / Boat, R. / Williams, N.C. / Johnson, M.A. / Sharpe, G.R.

Physiology & Behavior. 2022 Oct., v. 255 p.113944-

2022

Abstract: High trait self-control is associated with greater tolerance of unpleasant sensations including effort and pain. Dyspnoea and pain have several commonalities and this study aimed to investigate for the first time whether trait self-control influences ... ...

Abstract	High trait self-control is associated with greater tolerance of unpleasant sensations including effort and pain. Dyspnoea and pain have several commonalities and this study aimed to investigate for the first time whether trait self-control influences responses to a hypercapnic rebreathing challenge designed to induce dyspnoea. As sex also influences tolerance to dyspnoea, we also sought to investigate whether this moderated the role of trait self-control. Participants (n = 65, 32 females) scoring high or low for trait self-control, performed a standardised rebreathing challenge, in which inspired carbon dioxide (CO₂) gradually increased over a period of 6 min or until an intolerable level of dyspnoea. Air hunger (AH) intensity - a distinctive quality of dyspnoea, was measured every 30 s. The multidimensional dyspnoea profile (MDP) was completed after the rebreathing challenge for a more complete overview of breathing discomfort. Males high in trait self-control (SCHIGH) (302 ± 42 s), tolerated the rebreathing challenge for longer than males low in self-control (SCLOW) (252 ± 66 s, P = 0.021), experienced slower increases in AH intensity during the rebreathing challenge (0.03 ± 0.01 cm.s ⁻ ¹ vs. 0.04 ± 0.01 cm.s ⁻ ¹,P = 0.045) and reported lower perceived mental effort on the MDP (4.94 ± 2.46 vs. 7.06 ± 1.60, P = 0.007). There was no difference between SCHIGH and SCLOW females for challenge duration. However, SCHIGH females (9.29 ± 0.66 cm) reported greater air hunger at the end of the challenge than SCLOW females (7.75 ± 1.75 cm, P = 0.003). It is possible that SCLOW females were unwilling to tolerate the same perceptual intensity of AH as the SCHIGH females. These results indicate that individuals high in trait self-control are more tolerant of dyspnoea during a CO₂ rebreathing challenge than low self-control individuals. Tolerance of the stimulus was moderated by the sex of the participant, presenting an interesting opportunity for future research.
Keywords	air ; behavior ; carbon dioxide ; hunger ; pain ; Dyspnoea ; Self-control ; Air hunger ; Multi-dimensional dyspnoea profile ; CO2 rebreathing ; Tolerance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113944
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Article ; Online: The effect of trait self-control on dyspnoea and tolerance to a CO

Brown, J C / Boat, R / Williams, N C / Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R

Physiology & behavior

2022 Volume 255, Page(s) 113944

Abstract: Background: High trait self-control is associated with greater tolerance of unpleasant sensations including effort and pain. Dyspnoea and pain have several commonalities and this study aimed to investigate for the first time whether trait self-control ... ...

Abstract	Background: High trait self-control is associated with greater tolerance of unpleasant sensations including effort and pain. Dyspnoea and pain have several commonalities and this study aimed to investigate for the first time whether trait self-control influences responses to a hypercapnic rebreathing challenge designed to induce dyspnoea. As sex also influences tolerance to dyspnoea, we also sought to investigate whether this moderated the role of trait self-control. Methods: Participants (n = 65, 32 females) scoring high or low for trait self-control, performed a standardised rebreathing challenge, in which inspired carbon dioxide (CO Results: Males high in trait self-control (SCHIGH) (302 ± 42 s), tolerated the rebreathing challenge for longer than males low in self-control (SCLOW) (252 ± 66 s, P = 0.021), experienced slower increases in AH intensity during the rebreathing challenge (0.03 ± 0.01 cm Conclusions: These results indicate that individuals high in trait self-control are more tolerant of dyspnoea during a CO
MeSH term(s)	Carbon Dioxide ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercapnia ; Male ; Pain ; Respiration ; Self-Control
Chemical Substances	Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113944
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Article ; Online: Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players.

Parker, C / Hunter, K A / Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R / Gibson, G R / Walton, G E / Poveda, C / Cousins, B / Williams, N C

European journal of sport science

2023 Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) 2232–2239

Abstract: Objectives: Elite rugby union players face numerous physiological and psychological stressors which can increase upper respiratory and gastrointestinal illness risk, and in turn can compromise training and competitive performance. This study aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Elite rugby union players face numerous physiological and psychological stressors which can increase upper respiratory and gastrointestinal illness risk, and in turn can compromise training and competitive performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of daily prebiotic supplementation on upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immune function in elite rugby union players. Methods: Thirty-three elite rugby union players were randomly assigned to consume a prebiotic (2.8 g/day galactooligosaccharide) or placebo (2.8 g/day maltodextrin), daily for 168 days under double-blind conditions. Participants completed daily and weekly questionnaires for self-reported upper respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms respectively. Blood and saliva samples were collected at 0, 84, and 168 days for assessment of plasma TNF-α and CRP, and saliva IgA respectively. Results: The prebiotic group experienced a 2-day reduction in upper respiratory symptom duration ( Conclusion: A 168-day dietary prebiotic intervention reduced the duration of upper respiratory symptoms and reduced the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in elite rugby union players. These findings suggest that seasonal prebiotic interventions may be beneficial for reducing illness in elite rugby union players, improving their availability to train and compete.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Prebiotics ; Self Report ; Rugby ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Football/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control ; Immunoglobulin A
Chemical Substances	Prebiotics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Immunoglobulin A
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ISSN	1536-7290
ISSN (online)	1536-7290
DOI	10.1080/17461391.2023.2216657
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Article ; Online: Effects of protocol design on lactate minimum power.

Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R

International journal of sports medicine

2011 Volume 32, Issue 3, Page(s) 199–204

Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to use a validated lactate minimum test protocol and evaluate whether blood lactate responses and the lactate minimum power are influenced by the starting power (study 1) and 1 min inter-stage rest intervals (study 2) ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this investigation was to use a validated lactate minimum test protocol and evaluate whether blood lactate responses and the lactate minimum power are influenced by the starting power (study 1) and 1 min inter-stage rest intervals (study 2) during the incremental phase. Study 1: 8 subjects performed a lactate minimum test comprising a lactate elevation phase, recovery phase, and incremental phase comprising 5 continuous 4 min stages with starting power being 40% or 45% of the maximum power achieved during the lactate elevation phase, and with power increments of 5% maximum power. Study 2: 8 subjects performed 2 identical lactate minimum tests except that during one of the tests the incremental phase included 1 min inter-stage rest intervals. The lactate minimum power was lower when the incremental phase commenced at 40% (175±29 W) compared to 45% (184±30 W) maximum power (p<0.01), and was increased when 1 min inter-stage rest intervals were included during the incremental phase (192±25 vs. 200±26 W, p<0.01). In conclusion, changes in lactate minimum power were small and thus unlikely to compromise test validity and therefore training status evaluation and exercise prescription.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Bicycling/physiology ; Clinical Protocols ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise Tolerance/physiology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rest/physiology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-03
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603122-5
ISSN	1439-3964 ; 0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
ISSN (online)	1439-3964
ISSN	0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
DOI	10.1055/s-0030-1268487
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Article ; Online: Locomotor muscle fatigue is not critically regulated after prior upper body exercise.

Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R / Williams, N C / Hannah, R

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)

2015 Volume 119, Issue 7, Page(s) 840–850

Abstract: This study examined the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent high-intensity cycling exercise tolerance and associated changes in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses. Eight men performed three fixed work-rate (85% peak power) ... ...

Abstract	This study examined the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent high-intensity cycling exercise tolerance and associated changes in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses. Eight men performed three fixed work-rate (85% peak power) cycling tests: 1) to the limit of tolerance (CYC); 2) to the limit of tolerance after prior high-intensity arm-cranking exercise (ARM-CYC); and 3) without prior exercise and for an equal duration as ARM-CYC (ISOTIME). Peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force during supramaximal electrical femoral nerve stimulation. Voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation during maximal voluntary contractions. Cycling time during ARM-CYC and ISOTIME (4.33 ± 1.10 min) was 38% shorter than during CYC (7.46 ± 2.79 min) (P < 0.001). Twitch force decreased more after CYC (-38 ± 13%) than ARM-CYC (-26 ± 10%) (P = 0.004) and ISOTIME (-24 ± 10%) (P = 0.003). Voluntary activation was 94 ± 5% at rest and decreased after CYC (89 ± 9%, P = 0.012) and ARM-CYC (91 ± 8%, P = 0.047). Rating of perceived exertion for limb discomfort increased more quickly during cycling in ARM-CYC [1.83 ± 0.46 arbitrary units (AU)/min] than CYC (1.10 ± 0.38 AU/min, P = 0.003) and ISOTIME (1.05 ± 0.43 AU/min, P = 0.002), and this was correlated with the reduced cycling time in ARM-CYC (r = -0.72, P = 0.045). In conclusion, cycling exercise tolerance after prior upper body exercise is potentially mediated by central fatigue and intolerable levels of sensory perception rather than a critical peripheral fatigue limit.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Arm/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electromyography ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise Tolerance ; Femoral Nerve/physiology ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Leg/physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Muscle Fatigue/physiology ; Muscle Strength Dynamometer ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219139-8
ISSN	1522-1601 ; 0021-8987 ; 0161-7567 ; 8750-7587
ISSN (online)	1522-1601
ISSN	0021-8987 ; 0161-7567 ; 8750-7587
DOI	10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2015
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Article ; Online: Reply to Broxterman, Richardson, and Amann.

Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R / Williams, N C / Hannah, R

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)

2015 Volume 119, Issue 12, Page(s) 1521

MeSH term(s)	Exercise/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Fatigue/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219139-8
ISSN	1522-1601 ; 0021-8987 ; 0161-7567 ; 8750-7587
ISSN (online)	1522-1601
ISSN	0021-8987 ; 0161-7567 ; 8750-7587
DOI	10.1152/japplphysiol.00856.2015
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Article ; Online: Reproducibility of the bronchoconstrictive response to eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea.

Williams, N C / Johnson, M A / Hunter, K A / Sharpe, G R

Respiratory medicine

2015 Volume 109, Issue 10, Page(s) 1262–1267

Abstract: Background: Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) is considered an effective bronchoprovocation challenge for identifying exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). However, the reproducibility of the hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) response ...

Abstract	Background: Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) is considered an effective bronchoprovocation challenge for identifying exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). However, the reproducibility of the hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) response elicited by EVH remains unknown and was therefore the focus of this study. Methods: Two cohorts of 16 physically active males (each cohort comprised 8 controls and 8 with physician diagnosis of asthma) participated in two studies of the short- and long-term reproducibility of the bronchoconstrictive response to an EVH test with dry air. EVH was performed on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 (short-term study), and 0, 35, and 70 (long-term study). HIB was diagnosed by a ≥10% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) after EVH. Results: On day 0 of the short-term study, FEV1 fell by 2 ± 1% (P < 0.05) and 27 ± 18% (P < 0.01) from pre-to post-EVH in control and HIB-positive groups respectively. The post-EVH fall in FEV1 did not differ across the short-term study test days. In the HIB-positive group, the day-to-day coefficient of variation, reproducibility, and smallest meaningful change for the fall in FEV1 were 12%, 328 mL, and 164 mL, respectively. On day 0 of the long-term study, FEV1 fell by 2 ± 2% and 25 ± 18% (P < 0.01) after EVH in control and HIB-positive groups respectively. The post-EVH fall in FEV1 did not differ across the long-term study test days. In the HIB-positive group, the day-to-day coefficient of variation, reproducibility, and smallest meaningful change for the fall in FEV1 were 10%, 196 mL, and 98 mL respectively. Conclusion: The EVH test elicits a reproducible bronchoconstrictive response in physically active males with physician diagnosed asthma. These data thus support the clinical utility of the EVH test for EIB screening and monitoring.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Asthma/diagnosis ; Asthma/physiopathology ; Asthma, Exercise-Induced/diagnosis ; Asthma, Exercise-Induced/physiopathology ; Bronchoconstriction/physiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology ; Humans ; Hyperventilation/physiopathology ; Male ; Maximal Voluntary Ventilation ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vital Capacity/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1003348-8
ISSN	1532-3064 ; 0954-6111
ISSN (online)	1532-3064
ISSN	0954-6111
DOI	10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.006
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Article: Effects of Protocol Design on Lactate Minimum Power

Johnson, M. A. / Sharpe, G. R.

International Journal of Sports Medicine

2010 Volume 32, Issue 03, Page(s) 199–204

Abstract	The aim of this investigation was to use a validated lactate minimum test protocol and evaluate whether blood lactate responses and the lactate minimum power are influenced by the starting power (study 1) and 1 min inter-stage rest intervals (study 2) during the incremental phase. Study 1: 8 subjects performed a lactate minimum test comprising a lactate elevation phase, recovery phase, and incremental phase comprising 5 continuous 4 min stages with starting power being 40% or 45% of the maximum power achieved during the lactate elevation phase, and with power increments of 5% maximum power. Study 2: 8 subjects performed 2 identical lactate minimum tests except that during one of the tests the incremental phase included 1 min inter-stage rest intervals. The lactate minimum power was lower when the incremental phase commenced at 40% (175±29 W) compared to 45% (184±30 W) maximum power (p<0.01), and was increased when 1 min inter-stage rest intervals were included during the incremental phase (192±25 vs. 200±26 W, p<0.01). In conclusion, changes in lactate minimum power were small and thus unlikely to compromise test validity and therefore training status evaluation and exercise prescription.
Keywords	lactate minimum ; test protocol ; cycling
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-12-16
Publishing place	Stuttgart ; New York
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	603122-5
ISSN	1439-3964 ; 0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
ISSN (online)	1439-3964
ISSN	0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
DOI	10.1055/s-0030-1268487
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Article ; Online: Inspiratory muscle warm-up does not improve cycling time-trial performance.

Johnson, M A / Gregson, I R / Mills, D E / Gonzalez, J T / Sharpe, G R

European journal of applied physiology

2014 Volume 114, Issue 9, Page(s) 1821–1830

Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the effects of an active cycling warm-up, with and without the addition of an inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW), on 10-km cycling time-trial performance.: Methods: Ten cyclists (VO₂ = 65 ± 9 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: This study examined the effects of an active cycling warm-up, with and without the addition of an inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW), on 10-km cycling time-trial performance. Methods: Ten cyclists (VO₂ = 65 ± 9 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a habituation 10-km cycling time-trial and three further time-trials preceded by either no warm-up (CONT), a cycling-specific warm-up (CYC) comprising three consecutive 5-min bouts at powers corresponding to 70, 80, and 90% of the gas exchange threshold, or a cycling-specific warm-up preceded by an IMW (CYC + IMW) comprising two sets of 30 inspiratory efforts against a pressure-threshold load of 40% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). The cycling warm-up was followed by 2-min rest before the start of the time-trial. Results: Time-trial performance times during CYC (14.75 ± 0.79 min) and CYC + IMW (14.70 ± 0.75 min) were not different, although both were faster than CONT (14.99 ± 0.90 min) (P < 0.05). Throughout the time-trial, physiological (minute ventilation, breathing pattern, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate, blood lactate concentration and pH) and perceptual (limb discomfort and dyspnoea) responses were not different between CYC and CYC + IMW. Baseline MIP during CONT and CYC was 151 ± 31 and 156 ± 39 cmH₂O, respectively, and was unchanged following the time-trial. MIP increased by 8% after IMW (152 ± 27 vs. 164 ± 27 cmH2O, P < 0.05) and returned to baseline after the time-trial. Conclusions: Improvements in 10-km cycling time-trial performance following an active cycling warm-up were not magnified by the addition of an IMW. Therefore, an appropriately designed active whole-body warm-up does adequately prepare the inspiratory muscles for cycling time-trials lasting approximately 15 min.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Athletic Performance ; Bicycling/physiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Male ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange ; Respiratory Muscles/physiology ; Warm-Up Exercise
Chemical Substances	Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-31
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	124793-1
ISSN	1439-6327 ; 1432-1025 ; 0301-5548 ; 1439-6319
ISSN (online)	1439-6327 ; 1432-1025
ISSN	0301-5548 ; 1439-6319
DOI	10.1007/s00421-014-2914-x
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Article ; Online: Investigations of the lactate minimum test.

Johnson, M A / Sharpe, G R / Brown, P I

International journal of sports medicine

2009 Volume 30, Issue 6, Page(s) 448–454

Abstract: We evaluated: the agreement between lactate minimum and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) cycling powers (study 1); whether rates of change of blood lactate concentration during the lactate minimum test reflect that of constant power exercise (study 2); ...

Abstract	We evaluated: the agreement between lactate minimum and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) cycling powers (study 1); whether rates of change of blood lactate concentration during the lactate minimum test reflect that of constant power exercise (study 2); whether the lactate minimum power is influenced by the muscle groups used to elevate blood lactate concentration (study 3). Study 1: 32 subjects performed a lactate minimum test comprising a lactate elevation phase, recovery phase, and incremental phase (five 4 min stages); MLSS was subsequently determined. Study 2: 8 subjects performed a lactate minimum test and five 22 min constant power tests at the incremental phase exercise intensities. Study 3: 10 subjects performed two identical lactate minimum tests, except during the second test the lactate elevation phase comprised arm-cranking. Lactate minimum and MLSS powers demonstrated good agreement (mean bias+/-95% limits of agreement: 2+/-22 W). Rates of change of blood lactate concentration during each incremental phase stage and corresponding constant power test did not correlate. Lactate minimum power was lowered when arm-cranking was used during the lactate elevation phase (157+/-29 vs. 168+/-21 W; p<0.05). The lactate elevation phase modifies blood lactate concentration responses during the incremental phase, thus good agreement between lactate minimum and MLSS powers seems fortuitous.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Arm/physiology ; Bicycling/physiology ; Exercise Test/methods ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Leg/physiology ; Male ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	603122-5
ISSN	1439-3964 ; 0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
ISSN (online)	1439-3964
ISSN	0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
DOI	10.1055/s-0028-1119404
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