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Article ; Online: First Report of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium dahliae in Grafted Tomato in Taiwan

Sheu, Z. M. / Chiu, M. H. / Chang, J. H. / Oliva, R.

Plant Disease. 2023 July 01, v. 107, no. 7 p.2236-

2023

Abstract: Grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely used to manage soilborne diseases (Lee et al. 2010). In Taiwan, grafting on eggplant (S. melongena L.) rootstock has been extensively used to reduce bacterial wilt in tomato production. In July 2019, ... ...

Abstract	Grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely used to manage soilborne diseases (Lee et al. 2010). In Taiwan, grafting on eggplant (S. melongena L.) rootstock has been extensively used to reduce bacterial wilt in tomato production. In July 2019, wilting plants were found at a cherry tomato farm (∼0.5 ha) in Miaoli County. About 10% tomatoes of cv. ‘Mint Shine’ grafted onto eggplant rootstock displayed wilt symptoms. Numerous leaflets with chlorosis, intervein yellowing, V-shaped necrotic lesions, and withered leaves were observed on the affected plants. Some plants eventually wilted and died. A cut at the grafting site revealed vascular discolorations on both scion (tomato) and rootstock (eggplant). A fungus with a compact whitish colony was consistently isolated from the symptomatic vascular tissue by using acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Two isolates, Ve2 from eggplant and Ve4 from tomato, grown on PDA plates were characterized. Both Ve2 and Ve4 grew slowly (ca. 2.6 mm/day at 28°C) and shared almost identical cultural and morphological characteristics. They first showed whitish mycelium and cream color in reverse within 1 week. Later, numerous microsclerotia developed evenly over the colony and the reverse turned dark black. Microscopic observations revealed hyaline hyphae with black, elongated, irregularly spherical microsclerotia measuring 31.3 to 71.5 × 16.8 to 49.0 μm (average 50.4 × 28.5 μm) on a 3-week-old PDA culture. Abundant hyaline, single-celled, ellipsoidal conidia measuring 2.7 to 4.7 × 0.9 to 3.2 μm (average 3.7 × 1.9 μm) and verticillate conidiophores were observed. The fungus was identified as Verticillium dahliae based on the consistent morphological characteristics (Hawksworth and Talboys 1970). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA, amplified by PCR with universal primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990), were sequenced. Both strains shared the same sequences (GenBank: MZ734460, MZ736637), and BLASTn searching was 100% identical to many records of V. dahliae including an ex-epitype CBS130341. Pathogenicity was tested on 3-week-old seedlings of tomato cv. ‘Bonny best’ and eggplant cv. ‘Longship’ by a root dip method (Bhat and Subbarao 1999). Eighteen plants arranged into three replicates were inoculated for each host–isolate combination, and incubated in the greenhouse at 25 ± 3°C. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times. Both isolates were pathogenic to tomato and eggplant. Both isolates induced wilt symptoms in all inoculated plants within 14 days postinoculation (DPI). Severe leaf drop, wilting, and vascular discoloration occurred in all inoculated eggplant, and slight yellowing and mildly stunted growth in tomato were observed at 21 DPI. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by reisolating the same fungus from both infected tomato and eggplant. All uninoculated plants remained health and no V. dahliae was isolated from them. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae and Verticillium wilt of grafted tomato caused by this pathogen in Taiwan. This pathogen affects over 400 plant species and has resulted in significant economic losses in many regions of the world (Subbarao 2020). It is important to investigate the distribution and extent of damage caused by this emerging pathogen on Solanaceous or other crops in Taiwan to determine the economic impact and need for disease control.
Keywords	Solanum lycopersicum ; Verticillium dahliae ; Verticillium wilt ; bacterial wilt ; cherry tomatoes ; chlorosis ; color ; conidia ; conidiophores ; culture media ; discoloration ; disease control ; economic impact ; eggplants ; farms ; fungi ; greenhouses ; hyphae ; leaves ; mycelium ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; ribosomal DNA ; rootstocks ; scions ; sclerotia ; Taiwan ; eggplant ; internal transcribed spacer ; microsclerotia ; root-dip inoculation ; rootstock
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0701
Publishing place	The American Phytopathological Society
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2083-PDN
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: First Report of Podosphaera xanthii Causing Powdery Mildew on Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Taiwan

Sheu, Z. M. / Chiu, M. H. / Kenyon, L.

Plant disease. 2021 June, v. 105, no. 6

2021

Abstract: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is routinely grown in the experimental fields at the headquarters of the World Vegetable Center (23°6′30.88″N, 120°17′51.31″E) for breeding, research, and germplasm multiplication. In a spring 2016 mungbean trial, about 50% of ...

Abstract	Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is routinely grown in the experimental fields at the headquarters of the World Vegetable Center (23°6′30.88″N, 120°17′51.31″E) for breeding, research, and germplasm multiplication. In a spring 2016 mungbean trial, about 50% of the plants were affected with powdery mildew. The white, powdery-like patches first appeared on the upper leaf surfaces and soon developed to gray patches on both sides of the leaves. Purple to brown discoloration appeared on the underside of the infected leaf. Microscopy examination revealed that the causal organism was not Erysiphe polygoni, which had previously been documented as the powdery mildew pathogen on mungbean in Taiwan (Hartman et al. 1993). The fungus produced typical structures of the powdery mildew Euoidium, anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. The mycelium consisted of septate, flexuous hyphae with indistinct appressoria. The erect conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae varied from straight or slightly curved to curled. Three to 10 conidia were borne in long chains with crenate edges. Foot cells were straight, cylindrical, and measured 30 to 52 µm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped, with fibrosin bodies, and measured 27 to 33 (mean = 30.4) × 15 to 20 (mean = 16.6) µm. Germ tubes were clavate and occasionally forked and were produced from the lateral sites of the conidia. No chasmothecia were found in the samples. The morphological characteristics were consistent with Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and partial β-tubulin gene (TUB2) for the isolate MG3 were amplified with the primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990) and BtuF5/BtuR7a (Ellingham et al. 2019), respectively. BLASTn analysis revealed the ITS sequence (MN833717) was 100% identical to many records of P. xanthii, whereas the TUB2 sequence (MW363957) was 100% identical to a record of P. fusca (syn. P. xanthii; KC333362) in NCBI GenBank. A pathogenicity test was conducted by dusting conidia from an infected leaf onto six healthy 4-week-old mungbean plants (cv. Tainan No. 3). Another three plants were not inoculated and were used as a control. All the plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 to 28°C. All inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii causing disease on mungbean in Taiwan. P. xanthii also has been reported on mungbean in Thailand (Meeboon et al. 2016), while other records referring to E. polygoni infecting Vigna spp. are from Brazil and Fiji (Farr and Rossman 2020). Although both P. xanthii and E. polygoni have now been reported as causing powdery mildew on mungbean in Taiwan, which species predominates or is more important remains unclear. A comprehensive survey with accurate species identification is required to develop effective management of the disease, particularly for resistance breeding.
Keywords	Erysiphe polygoni ; Podosphaera xanthii ; Vigna radiata ; anamorphs ; appressoria ; conidia ; conidiophores ; discoloration ; fungi ; genes ; germplasm ; greenhouses ; internal transcribed spacers ; leaves ; microscopy ; mung beans ; mycelium ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; powdery mildew ; species identification ; spring ; surveys ; vegetables ; Brazil ; Fiji ; Taiwan ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-06
Publishing place	The American Phytopathological Society
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-09-20-2092-PDN
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: First Report of Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt on Tomato in Taiwan.

Sheu, Z M / Wang, T C

Plant disease

2019 Volume 90, Issue 1, Page(s) 111

Abstract: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & N.H. Hans. is a destructive disease of tomato crops worldwide. The use of resistant varieties is the best strategy for disease control. There are three ... ...

Abstract	Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & N.H. Hans. is a destructive disease of tomato crops worldwide. The use of resistant varieties is the best strategy for disease control. There are three reported races of the pathogen. Recent surveys indicated that many of the commercial cultivars with resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 planted in Taiwan displayed Fusarium wilt symptoms. Yellowing on the older leaves was observed on one side of the stems close to fruit maturity. The yellowing gradually affected most of the foliage and was accompanied by wilting of the plants. The vascular tissue was usually dark brown and discoloration extended to the apex. The wilting became more extensive until plants collapsed and died. A total of 87 isolates obtained from typical diseased plants throughout Taiwan from 2002 to 2005 were analyzed to determine the race and distribution of this pathogen in Taiwan. Isolates were confirmed at the species level using F. oxysporum-specific primers FOF1 and FOR1 (4). Subsequently, isolates were characterized for pathogenicity, race and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the intergenic spacer region of rDNA (IGS-RFLP) with two reference isolates, Fol 11A (race 1) and Fol 34-1 (race 2). Pathogenicity tests and race determination were conducted using root-dip inoculation (3) on 2-week-old seedlings of host differentials Bonny Best (no resistance), UC82-L (resistant to race 1), and Florida MH-1 (resistant to races 1 and 2). Thirty-six seedlings of each cultivar were arranged into three replications and inoculated with each isolate. Disease reaction was evaluated 3 weeks after inoculation. The disease severity rating (DSR) was determined on individual plants according to the following scale: 0 = plant healthy without external symptoms; 1 = slight vascular discoloration with or without stunted growth; 2 = severe vascular discoloration usually with stunted growth; and 3 = plant wilted beyond recovery or dead. The presence of severe vascular discoloration indicated a susceptible reaction. All isolates were race 2, and over 70% of the isolates showed strong virulence with a DSR >2 on cvs. Bonny Best and UC-82L. This result was different from a previous report of race 1 from Taiwan (2). Two IGS-RFLP haplotypes generated by EcoRI, RsaI, and HaeIII digestions (1) were identified. Eighty-six isolates displayed one banding pattern, and one unique isolate displayed a second banding pattern. The results demonstrated the predominance of race 2 and low diversity within the Taiwan population. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the predominant race and IGS-RFLP haplotype identification of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Taiwan. Our study indicates that tomato varieties in Taiwan should possess resistance to race 2. References: (1) G. Cai et al. Phytopathology 93:1014, 2003. (2) K. S. Elias and R. W. Schneider. Phytopathology 82:1421, 1992. (3) J. W. Gerdemann and A. M. Finley. Phytopathology 41:238, 1951. (4) P. K. Mishra et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 218:329, 2003.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PD-90-0111C
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: First Report of the A2 Mating Type of Phytophthora capsici Infecting Peppers (Capsicum annuum) in Taiwan.

Sheu, Z M / Chen, J R / Wang, T C

Plant disease

2014 Volume 93, Issue 5, Page(s) 548

Abstract: Phytophthora capsici Leonion was first identified on pepper (Capsicum annuum L) in Taiwan in 1976. At that time, only the A1 mating type was present (2). In 2007, the A2 mating type of P. capsici was identified on tomato and eggplant in the central part ... ...

Abstract	Phytophthora capsici Leonion was first identified on pepper (Capsicum annuum L) in Taiwan in 1976. At that time, only the A1 mating type was present (2). In 2007, the A2 mating type of P. capsici was identified on tomato and eggplant in the central part of the country (1). During an excessively rainy period in mid-2008, many chili and sweet pepper fields in Taiwan suffered severe losses due to P. capsici. Symptoms included a foliar blight and stem, root, and fruit rot. Plants eventually wilted and died. Symptomatic plants were collected from chili- and sweet pepper-production areas in central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. Fifty-three isolates from single zoospores were identified by PCR using species-specific primers CAPFW/CAPRV2 (4). Mating type was determined by co-inoculating rape seed agar plates (3) with mycelial plugs of the tester and a known isolate. Pc134, maintained by the mycology unit at The World Vegetable Center, and 27220, provided by P. J. Ann at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, were used as reference isolates of A1 and A2 mating types, respectively. Plates were examined microscopically for oospores after 5 to 7 days of incubation at 24°C in the dark. Of the 53 isolates, 15 were identified as the A2 mating type and the remaining 38 isolates were identified as A1. The A2 mating type was found in the central and southern regions while the A1 mating type was widely distributed across all three regions. The sporangia of the A2 mating type were 60.4 to 73.4 × 40.9 to 51.8 μm (average 69.2 × 44.7 μm), whereas sporangia of the A1 mating type were 50.1 to 73.9 × 37.9 to 48.1 μm (average 61.4 × 44.1 μm). In general, the A2 mating type produced longer sporangia and only a few isolates produced chlamydospores in V8 broth and on agar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the A2 mating type of P. capsici infecting peppers in Taiwan. The presence of both mating types in the same field has been observed. References: (1) P. J. Ann et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. 17:69, 2008. (2) L. S. Leu and C. W. Kao. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 23:59, 1981. (3) M. M. Sautor. Mycologia 59:161, 1967. (4) C. Silvar et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 112:43, 2005.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-93-5-0548C
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Identification of new sources of resistance to dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from India and Myanmar in a mungbean mini-core collection

Pandey, A K / Yee, M / Win, M M / Moh Lwin, H M / Adapala, G / Rathore, A / Sheu, Z M / Nair, R M

2021

Abstract: Dry root rot (DRR), caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a prevalent disease of mungbean in Myanmar, and an emerging problem in South Asia. The pathogen is a polyphagous necrotroph, survives in the soil for many years that results disease mitigation ... ...

Abstract	Dry root rot (DRR), caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a prevalent disease of mungbean in Myanmar, and an emerging problem in South Asia. The pathogen is a polyphagous necrotroph, survives in the soil for many years that results disease mitigation difficult. Managing DRR in mungbean through an integrated approach has been suggested, and the use of resistant varieties is one of the economical methods. The present study aimed to identify sources of resistance against DRR from a mungbean mini-core collection and to characterize the associated M. phaseolina isolates from India and Myanmar. Evaluation of the 296 mungbean mini-core accessions against the isolate MP1 by paper towel method identified 29 accessions with DRR resistance (disease scores: ≤ 3), and 18 of them with the consistent resistance in the repeated experiment. During the screening of 18 resistant accessions in the glasshouse, nine accessions were found DRR resistance in repeated sick pot experiments with ≤10% disease incidence. A subset of 30 accessions was selected from the mini-core collection based on their in vitro DRR reactions. These accessions were evaluated for DRR resistance in the field in Yezin, Myanmar in 2018 and 2019. Out of the 30 accessions, ten accessions were found DRR resistance with ≤10% disease incidence in both years of evaluations. Pooled analysis of percent disease incidence data of 15 accessions common in both glasshouse and field revealed the stability of accessions VI001509AG, VI001244AG, and VI001400AG for DRR resistance across years and locations. The three resistant accessions along with a susceptible check VC693088 were re-evaluated by paper towel method against nine additional M. phaseolina isolates from India (MP3-MP11). The accessions VI001509AG and VI001400AG were resistant to all nine isolates, while accession VI001244AG was resistant to MP5, MP6, and MP7 isolates. These accessions could be used in mungbean DRR resistance breeding programs.
Keywords	Plant Disease
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier Sci
Publishing country	in
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Characteristics of Colletotrichum populations associated with fruit anthracnose on chili pepper in Fiji

Sheu, Z. M / J. F. Wang / M. F. Lomavatu / T. G. Gunua

Acta horticulturae. 2016 Oct. 8, , no. 1123

2016

Abstract: Chili pepper is an important export crop for Fiji. Severe outbreaks of chili fruit anthracnose were observed in 2010 and the pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. This pathogen is a species complex with large variation. This study ... ...

Abstract	Chili pepper is an important export crop for Fiji. Severe outbreaks of chili fruit anthracnose were observed in 2010 and the pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. This pathogen is a species complex with large variation. This study characterized the pathogen population associated with the recent outbreaks to clarify the pathogen identity. A total of 26 isolates from diseased fruits were collected from six provinces in 2012 and 2013. The isolates were examined for their morphological and cultural characteristics, and for restriction fragment of length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS sequence placed all the representative Fijian isolates with C. simmondsii (formerly A2 molecular group of C. acutatum), except one isolate from Tavua as C. gloeosporioides, and one isolate from Lautoka as C. truncatum. The three species were differentiated by the ITS-RFLP patterns produced by AluI, BamHI and RsaI. Results of molecular identification were in agreement with the conventional methods. In summary, C. simmondsii is the predominant pathogen causing chili fruit anthracnose in Fiji. It had slower growth rate (6-9 mm day-1), fusiform or cylindrical conidia with acute end, and positive protease activity. Sequence variation of additional housekeeping genes should be adopted to further understand the phylogenetic relationship of Colletotrichum species associated with chili fruit anthracnose in Fiji and those present in the other parts of the world, as it would provide more information on the possible origins of the pathogen present in Fiji for quarantine and disease management actions.
Keywords	anthracnose ; Colletotrichum acutatum ; conidia ; disease control ; enzyme activity ; essential genes ; exports ; fruits ; hot peppers ; internal transcribed spacers ; pathogen identification ; pathogens ; phylogeny ; quarantine ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; ribosomal DNA ; sequence diversity ; Fiji
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-1008
Size	p. 79-86.
Publishing place	International Society for Horticultural Science.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): International Symposium on High Value Vegetables, Root and Tuber Crops, and Edible Fungi Production, Supply and Demands held October 16-19, 2011, State College, PA United States of America
ISSN	0567-7572
DOI	10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1123.11
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Article: First report of race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt on tomato in Taiwan

Sheu, Z.M / Wang, T.C

Plant disease. 2006 Jan., v. 90, no. 1

2006

Keywords	Fusarium wilt ; seedling diseases ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ; plant pathogenic fungi ; pathogen identification ; Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum ; tomatoes ; host plants ; disease resistance ; new geographic records ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2006-01
Size	p. 111.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: First Report of the A2 Mating Type of Phytophthora capsici Infecting Peppers (Capsicum annuum) in Taiwan

Sheu, Z.M / Chen, J.R / Wang, T.C

Plant disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 2009 May, v. 93, no. 5

2009

Keywords	Capsicum annuum ; sweet peppers ; Phytophthora capsici ; fungal diseases of plants ; genotype ; strain differences ; new host records ; signs and symptoms (plants) ; disease outbreaks ; pathogen identification ; chlamydospores ; sexual reproduction ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-05
Size	p. 548.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-93-5-0548C
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Host Specificity and Tomato-Related Race Composition of Phytophthora infestans Isolates in Taiwan During 2004 and 2005

Chen, C.H / Sheu, Z.M / Wang, T.C

Plant disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 2008 May, v. 92, no. 5

2008

Abstract: Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a major disease of tomato in cool and wet environments. In this study, we report on the host specificity, race composition, and variation among races revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism ( ... ...

Abstract	Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a major disease of tomato in cool and wet environments. In this study, we report on the host specificity, race composition, and variation among races revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of P. infestans isolated from tomato production areas in Taiwan. In all, 177 P. infestans isolates were collected in Taiwan during 2004 and 2005. All were aggressive on both potato and tomato. Nine physiological races were identified based on disease response on a set of tomato differentials developed by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center-The World Vegetable Center. Eighty-seven polymorphic bands from 32 isolates of four races were detected by AFLP. No significant correlation between the polymorphism and the races was found using cluster analysis. This study revealed that a high variability of race composition among the asexual population of P. infestans isolates existed in Taiwan during 2004 and 2005. Breeding new tomato cultivars for resistance to P. infestans is an urgent and ongoing need because new races of the pathogen appeared continuously in Taiwan in past years. Further analysis of the genomic diversity is necessary to determine whether the high genetic variation of P. infestans is related to the complex race composition.
Keywords	Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum ; tomatoes ; Phytophthora infestans ; fungal diseases of plants ; host range ; strains ; strain differences ; host plants ; amplified fragment length polymorphism ; genetic variation ; resistance mechanisms ; genotype ; Solanum tuberosum ; potatoes ; cultivars ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2008-05
Size	p. 751-755.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-92-5-0751
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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