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  1. Article ; Online: HCV Assembly and Egress via Modifications in Host Lipid Metabolic Systems.

    Shimotohno, Kunitada

    Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1

    Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) proliferates by hijacking the host lipid machinery. In vitro replication systems revealed many aspects of the virus life cycle; in particular, viral utilization of host lipid metabolism during HCV proliferation. HCV interacts with ...

    Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) proliferates by hijacking the host lipid machinery. In vitro replication systems revealed many aspects of the virus life cycle; in particular, viral utilization of host lipid metabolism during HCV proliferation. HCV interacts with lipid droplets (LDs) before starting the process of virus capsid formation at the lipid-rich endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane compartment. HCV buds into the ER via lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Exchangeable apolipoproteins, represented by apolipoprotein E (apoE), play pivotal roles in enhancing HCV-specific infectivity. HCV virions are likely to interact with other lipoproteins circulating in blood vessels and incorporate apolipoproteins as well as lipids. This review focuses on virus assembly and egress by briefly describing the recent advances in this area.
    MeSH term(s) Apolipoproteins/metabolism ; Hepacivirus/physiology ; Hepatitis C/metabolism ; Hepatitis C/virology ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Virion/metabolism ; Virus Assembly
    Chemical Substances Apolipoproteins ; Lipoproteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ISSN 2157-1422
    ISSN (online) 2157-1422
    DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a036814
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Ubiquitination of SARS-CoV-2 NSP6 and ORF7a Facilitates NF-κB Activation.

    Nishitsuji, Hironori / Iwahori, Satoko / Ohmori, Mariko / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Murata, Takayuki

    mBio

    2022  Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e0097122

    Abstract: Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 tend to have high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which eventually lead to cytokine storm and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of ... ...

    Abstract Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 tend to have high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which eventually lead to cytokine storm and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of proinflammatory cytokine production remain unknown. Here, we screened severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genes and found that nonstructural protein 6 (NSP6) and open reading frame 7a (ORF7a) activated the NF-κB pathway. NSP6 and ORF7a interacted with transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and knockout (KO) of TAK1 or NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) abolished NF-κB activation by NSP6 and ORF7a. Interestingly, K61 of NSP6 was conjugated to K63-linked polyubiquitin chains by the E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing 13, and this polyubiquitination of NSP6 appeared crucial for recruitment of NEMO to the NSP6-TAK1 complex and NF-κB activation. On the other hand, ring finger protein 121 (RNF121) was required for the polyubiquitination of ORF7a. Knockdown of RNF121 significantly decreased ORF7a binding of TAK1 and NEMO, resulting in the suppression of NF-κB activation. Taken together, our results provide novel molecular insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Open Reading Frames ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Ubiquitination
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; NF-kappa B
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2557172-2
    ISSN 2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
    ISSN (online) 2150-7511
    ISSN 2161-2129
    DOI 10.1128/mbio.00971-22
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: N6-methyladenosine Modification of Hepatitis B Virus RNA in the Coding Region of

    Murata, Takayuki / Iwahori, Satoko / Okuno, Yusuke / Nishitsuji, Hironori / Yanagi, Yusuke / Watashi, Koichi / Wakita, Takaji / Kimura, Hiroshi / Shimotohno, Kunitada

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 3

    Abstract: N6-methyladenosine ( ... ...

    Abstract N6-methyladenosine (m
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics ; Hepatitis B virus/metabolism ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/genetics ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Virus Replication/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Hepatitis B
    Chemical Substances Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins ; Trans-Activators ; RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms24032265
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: INSTABILITY OF MESSENGER AND RIBOSOMAL RNA IN A GLUE-PROTEIN MUTANT OF Bombyx mori.

    Kamijo, Seiji / Kawaguchi, Yutaka / Fujii, Hiroshi / Sakaguchi, Bungo / Doira, Hiroshi / Kuhara, Satoru / Aso, Yoichi / Koga, Katsumi / Hayashi, Katsuya / Shimotohno, Kunitada

    Development, growth & differentiation

    2023  Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) 283–289

    Abstract: The mucous glands of Bombyx pupae secrete glue proteins which attach deposited eggs to the mounting sheet. A mutant of a dominant gene, named no glue (Ng), produces nonadhesive eggs which have a low capacity for glue-protein synthesis. In the present ... ...

    Abstract The mucous glands of Bombyx pupae secrete glue proteins which attach deposited eggs to the mounting sheet. A mutant of a dominant gene, named no glue (Ng), produces nonadhesive eggs which have a low capacity for glue-protein synthesis. In the present study it was shown that the mucous glands of Ng silkworms showed rapid degradation of mRNA as well as rRNA during development; this may cause the low capacity for glue-protein synthesis in the mutant organ. In contrast, the mucous glands of normal silkworms showed a significant increase in content of RNA's until the maximum rate of glue-protein synthesis was achieved. The degradation of RNA in the Ng mucous gland was inhibited by actinomycin D injected into the body fluid. Thus it is supposed that the Ng gene codes for a presumptive controller RNA, which would be the mediator of RNA instability in the mucous glands of Ng pupae.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-06
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280433-5
    ISSN 1440-169X ; 0012-1592
    ISSN (online) 1440-169X
    ISSN 0012-1592
    DOI 10.1111/j.1440-169X.1978.00283.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Antiviral effect of peptoids on hepatitis B virus infection in cell culture.

    Murayama, Asako / Igarashi, Hitomi / Yamada, Norie / Aly, Hussein Hassan / Molchanova, Natalia / Lin, Jennifer S / Nishitsuji, Hironori / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Muramatsu, Masamichi / Barron, Annelise E / Kato, Takanobu

    Antiviral research

    2024  Volume 223, Page(s) 105821

    Abstract: Although antimicrobial peptides have been shown to inactivate viruses through disruption of their viral envelopes, clinical use of such peptides has been hampered by a number of factors, especially their enzymatically unstable structures. To overcome the ...

    Abstract Although antimicrobial peptides have been shown to inactivate viruses through disruption of their viral envelopes, clinical use of such peptides has been hampered by a number of factors, especially their enzymatically unstable structures. To overcome the shortcomings of antimicrobial peptides, peptoids (sequence-specific N-substituted glycine oligomers) mimicking antimicrobial peptides have been developed. We aimed to demonstrate the antiviral effects of antimicrobial peptoids against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in cell culture. The anti-HBV activity of antimicrobial peptoids was screened and evaluated in an infection system involving the HBV reporter virus and HepG2.2.15-derived HBV. By screening with the HBV reporter virus infection system, three (TM1, TM4, and TM19) of 12 peptoids were identified as reducing the infectivity of HBV, though they did not alter the production levels of HBs antigen in cell culture. These peptoids were not cytotoxic at the evaluated concentrations. Among these peptoids, TM19 was confirmed to reduce HBV infection most potently in a HepG2.2.15-derived HBV infection system that closely demonstrates authentic HBV infection. In cell culture, the most effective administration of TM19 was virus treatment at the infection step, but the reduction in HBV infectivity by pre-treatment or post-treatment of cells with TM19 was minimal. The disrupting effect of TM19 targeting infectious viral particles was clarified in iodixanol density gradient analysis. In conclusion, the peptoid TM19 was identified as a potent inhibitor of HBV. This peptoid prevents HBV infection by disrupting viral particles and is a candidate for a new class of anti-HBV reagents.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hepatitis B virus ; Peptoids/pharmacology ; Peptoids/chemistry ; Hepatitis B/drug therapy ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Peptides
    Chemical Substances Peptoids ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Antimicrobial Peptides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-23
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 306628-9
    ISSN 1872-9096 ; 0166-3542
    ISSN (online) 1872-9096
    ISSN 0166-3542
    DOI 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105821
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Angiotensin–Converting Enzyme (ACE) 1 Gene Polymorphism and Phenotypic Expression of COVID-19 Symptoms

    Yamamoto, Naoki / Nishida, Nao / Yamamoto, Rain / Gojobori, Takashi / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Mizokami, Masashi / Ariumi, Yasuo

    Genes. 2021 Oct. 01, v. 12, no. 10

    2021  

    Abstract: The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) appears to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Polymorphisms within the genes that control this enzymatic system are candidates for elucidating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, since COVID-19 is ... ...

    Abstract The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) appears to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Polymorphisms within the genes that control this enzymatic system are candidates for elucidating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, since COVID-19 is not only a pulmonary disease but also affects many organs and systems throughout the body in multiple ways. Most striking is the fact that ACE2, one of the major components of the RAAS, is a prerequisite for SARS-COV-2 infection. Recently, we and other groups reported an association between a polymorphism of the ACE1 gene (a homolog of ACE2) and the phenotypic expression of COVID-19, particularly in its severity. The ethnic difference in ACE1 insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism seems to explain the apparent difference in mortality between the West and East Asia. The purpose of this review was to further evaluate the evidence linking ACE1 polymorphisms to COVID-19. We searched the Medline database (2019–2021) for reference citations of relevant articles and selected studies on the clinical outcome of COVID-19 related to ACE1 I/D polymorphism. Although the numbers of patients are not large enough yet, most available evidence supports the notion that the DD genotype adversely influences COVID-19 symptoms. Surprisingly, small studies conducted in several countries yielded opposite results, suggesting that the ACE1 II genotype is a risk factor. This contradictory result may be the case in certain geographic areas, especially in subgroups of patients. It may also be due to interactions with other genes or to yet unexplained biochemical mechanisms. According to our hypothesis, such candidates are genes that are functionally involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, can act in concert with the ACE1 DD genotype, and that show differences in their frequency between the West and East Asia. For this, we conducted research focusing on Alu-related genes. The current study on the ACE1 genotype will provide potentially new clues to the pathogenesis, treatment, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; databases ; genes ; genetic polymorphism ; genotype ; mortality ; pathogenesis ; pathophysiology ; peptidyl-dipeptidase A ; phenotype ; respiratory tract diseases ; risk factors ; East Asia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1001
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2527218-4
    ISSN 2073-4425
    ISSN 2073-4425
    DOI 10.3390/genes12101572
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article ; Online: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 1

    Yamamoto, Naoki / Nishida, Nao / Yamamoto, Rain / Gojobori, Takashi / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Mizokami, Masashi / Ariumi, Yasuo

    Genes

    2021  Volume 12, Issue 10

    Abstract: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) appears to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Polymorphisms within the genes that control this enzymatic system are candidates for elucidating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, since COVID-19 is ... ...

    Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) appears to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Polymorphisms within the genes that control this enzymatic system are candidates for elucidating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, since COVID-19 is not only a pulmonary disease but also affects many organs and systems throughout the body in multiple ways. Most striking is the fact that ACE2, one of the major components of the RAAS, is a prerequisite for SARS-COV-2 infection. Recently, we and other groups reported an association between a polymorphism of the
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; INDEL Mutation ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
    Chemical Substances ACE protein, human (EC 3.4.15.1) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-01
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2527218-4
    ISSN 2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
    ISSN (online) 2073-4425
    ISSN 2073-4425
    DOI 10.3390/genes12101572
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Does Genetic Predisposition Contribute to the Exacerbation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals with Comorbidities and Explain the Huge Mortality Disparity between the East and the West?

    Yamamoto, Naoki / Yamamoto, Rain / Ariumi, Yasuo / Mizokami, Masashi / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Yoshikura, Hiroshi

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2021  Volume 22, Issue 9

    Abstract: The elderly and patients with several comorbidities experience more severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy patients without underlying medical conditions. However, it is unclear why these people are prone to developing alveolar ... ...

    Abstract The elderly and patients with several comorbidities experience more severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy patients without underlying medical conditions. However, it is unclear why these people are prone to developing alveolar pneumonia, rapid exacerbations, and death. Therefore, we hypothesized that people with comorbidities may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to various factors; for example, they are likely to become more severely ill when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To test this hypothesis, we searched the literature extensively. Polymorphisms of genes, such as those that encode angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Alleles ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Animals ; COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/metabolism ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Comorbidity ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; HLA Antigens/metabolism ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Inflammation/genetics ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Neanderthals/genetics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances HLA Antigens ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-08
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms22095000
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: TIP60 Complex Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Transcription.

    Nishitsuji, Hironori / Ujino, Saneyuki / Harada, Keisuke / Shimotohno, Kunitada

    Journal of virology

    2018  Volume 92, Issue 6

    Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global major health problem, with over one million deaths annually caused by chronic liver damage. Understanding host factors that modulate HBV replication may aid the development of anti-HBV therapies. Our recent genome-wide ...

    Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global major health problem, with over one million deaths annually caused by chronic liver damage. Understanding host factors that modulate HBV replication may aid the development of anti-HBV therapies. Our recent genome-wide small interfering RNA screen using recombinant HBV demonstrated that TIP60 inhibited HBV infection. Here, we show that TIP60 complex contributes to anti-HBV defense. The TIP60 complex bound to the HBV promoter and suppressed HBV transcription driven by the precore/core promoter. The silencing of EP400, TRRAP, BAF53a, RUVBL1, and RUVBL2, which form the TIP60 complex, also resulted in increased HBV transcription. These results contribute to our enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanism of HBV transcription associated with the chromatin structure of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Exploiting these intrinsic cellular defenses might help develop new anti-HBV agents.
    MeSH term(s) Acetylation ; Chromatin/genetics ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromatin/pathology ; Chromatin/virology ; Hep G2 Cells ; Hepatitis B/genetics ; Hepatitis B/metabolism ; Hepatitis B/pathology ; Hepatitis B virus/physiology ; Histones/genetics ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine Acetyltransferase 5/genetics ; Lysine Acetyltransferase 5/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/genetics ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Replication/physiology
    Chemical Substances BRD4 protein, human ; Chromatin ; Histones ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors ; KAT5 protein, human (EC 2.3.1.48) ; Lysine Acetyltransferase 5 (EC 2.3.1.48)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80174-4
    ISSN 1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
    ISSN (online) 1098-5514
    ISSN 0022-538X
    DOI 10.1128/JVI.01788-17
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Pegylated interferon therapy-related microRNA-6126 downregulates sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide expression in hepatocytes.

    Fujita, Koji / Nishitsuji, Hironori / Iwama, Hisakazu / Tadokoro, Tomoko / Morishita, Asahiro / Mimura, Shima / Ono, Masafumi / Himoto, Takashi / Shimotohno, Kunitada / Masaki, Tsutomu

    Gene

    2022  Volume 853, Page(s) 147068

    Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most serious global health problems. Our previous data using an in vitro assay revealed that miR-6126 suppressed the extracellular HBs antigen level, suggesting that miR-6126 had potential to suppress viral ...

    Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most serious global health problems. Our previous data using an in vitro assay revealed that miR-6126 suppressed the extracellular HBs antigen level, suggesting that miR-6126 had potential to suppress viral activity of HBV. In the current study, we aimed to clarify whether miR-6126 downregulated the expression level of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a host cell receptor required for HBV entry. In brief, HepG2-NTCP cells were utilized to evaluate the expression level of NTCP and the PreS1 attachment to NTCP after transfection with miR-6126. The protein expression level of NTCP was evaluated using Western blot analysis and immunostaining. In addition to HepG2-NTCP cells, PXB cells were also utilized to validate inhibitory effect of miR-6126 on PreS1 attachment. The HBs antigen level in the culture supernatant was measured to evaluate reduction of HBV entry into hepatocytes. The stability of NTCP mRNA was evaluated to ascertain the cause of the downregulation of NTCP mRNA. The expression profile of messenger RNAs was evaluated using next-generation sequencing to search for direct targets of miR-6126. Consequently, transfection of miR-6126 decreased the NTCP expression level in HepG2-NTCP cells. Attachment of the PreS1 probe on the cell surface decreased in HepG2-NTCP cells and PXB cells, primary human hepatocytes. HBs antigen level in the culture supernatant also declined in PXB cells. Stability of NTCP mRNA was reduced by miR-6126 transfection in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, miR-6126 downregulated the expression of NTCP mRNA, which contributed to the inhibition of HBV entry into hepatocytes exerted by miR-6126.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-24
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391792-7
    ISSN 1879-0038 ; 0378-1119
    ISSN (online) 1879-0038
    ISSN 0378-1119
    DOI 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147068
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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