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Article ; Online: Unusual cases of chlamydiosis in psittacine birds.

Walsh, Audra L / Shivaprasad, H L

2023 Volume 60, Issue 3, Page(s) 360–368

Abstract: Avian chlamydiosis is a common disease found in domesticated and nondomesticated avian species caused by several species of chlamydiae including but not limited ... ...

Abstract	Avian chlamydiosis is a common disease found in domesticated and nondomesticated avian species caused by several species of chlamydiae including but not limited to
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Animals ; Endothelial Cells ; Bird Diseases/diagnosis ; Psittacosis/diagnosis ; Psittacosis/veterinary ; Chlamydophila psittaci ; Parrots
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	188012-3
ISSN	1544-2217 ; 0300-9858
ISSN (online)	1544-2217
ISSN	0300-9858
DOI	10.1177/03009858231162905
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Article ; Online: Unusual cases of chlamydiosis in psittacine birds

Walsh, Audra L. / Shivaprasad, H. L.

Veterinary Pathology. 2023 May, v. 60, no. 3 p.360-368

2023

Abstract: Avian chlamydiosis is a common disease found in domesticated and nondomesticated avian species caused by several species of chlamydiae including but not limited to Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia buteonis, and ... ...

Abstract	Avian chlamydiosis is a common disease found in domesticated and nondomesticated avian species caused by several species of chlamydiae including but not limited to Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia buteonis, and Chlamydia ibidis. Generally, early in the disease course, birds present with mild nonspecific clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disease. During end-stage disease, birds may present in a severe state of emaciation, dehydration, and/or acute death with no known history of prior illness. Between 2000 and 2009, 14 unusual cases of avian chlamydiosis were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. Histologic lesions noted in the 14 birds included meningoencephalomyelitis (3 of 13, 23%), otitis media (3 of 8), bursitis (9 of 11, 81%), nephritis (8 of 13, 61%), and orchitis (1 of 8). Corresponding immunopositive chlamydiae intracytoplasmic inclusions were detected in all tissues. Positive immunolabeling was detected in optic nerves (5 of 10, 50%), meninges (5 of 13, 38%), and endothelial cells (14 of 14, 100%) in the absence of significant microscopic lesions. This study highlights unusual gross, histological, and immunohistochemical findings of chlamydiosis in psittacines and highlights the importance of a thorough diagnostic approach when confirming or excluding chlamydiosis in psittacine birds.
Keywords	Chlamydia ; Chlamydophila psittaci ; Psittacidae ; animal health ; animal pathology ; birds ; bursitis ; chlamydiosis ; death ; disease course ; emaciation ; food safety ; gastrointestinal system ; immunohistochemistry ; meninges ; meningoencephalitis ; nephritis ; orchitis ; otitis ; psittacosis ; respiratory tract diseases ; California ; psittacine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Size	p. 360-368.
Publishing place	SAGE Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	188012-3
ISSN	1544-2217 ; 0300-9858
ISSN (online)	1544-2217
ISSN	0300-9858
DOI	10.1177/03009858231162905
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Toxinotyping of

Smyth, Joan A / Mishra, N / Shivaprasad, H L

Avian diseases

2022 Volume 66, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–4

Abstract: Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. On the basis of studies in chickens, ...

Abstract	Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. On the basis of studies in chickens,
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Clostridium Infections/veterinary ; Clostridium perfringens ; Enteritis/veterinary ; Enterotoxins/genetics ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases ; Turkeys
Chemical Substances	Enterotoxins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	40871-2
ISSN	1938-4351 ; 0005-2086
ISSN (online)	1938-4351
ISSN	0005-2086
DOI	10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00003
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Article: Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens Strains Recovered from U.S. Turkeys with Necrotic Enteritis

Smyth, Joan A. / Mishra, N. / Shivaprasad, H. L.

Avian diseases. 2022 Mar. 30, v. 66, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. On the basis of studies in chickens, Clostridium perfringens type G is considered by many to be the cause of NE in ... ...

Abstract	Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. On the basis of studies in chickens, Clostridium perfringens type G is considered by many to be the cause of NE in poultry. However, studies on isolates from Finnish and Italian turkeys with NE revealed that the vast majority were C. perfringens type A, and very few were C. perfringens type G. We therefore examined 74 C. perfringens isolates from U.S. turkeys with NE; 98% were type A and only 1% was type G. This result confirms that different C. perfringens types are involved in NE in turkeys when compared with chickens. We also examined the turkey isolates for other toxin genes associated with enteritis in various animal species, namely tpeL, cpb2, cpe, netE, netF, and netG. The tpeL gene, which has been associated with enhanced virulence of C. perfringens in chickens, was only found in 1% of turkey NE isolates. The cpe gene, which encodes C. perfringens enterotoxin (a major cause of food poisoning and non-foodborne C. perfringens-mediated diarrhea in humans) was also found in only 1% of our turkey NE isolates. Although cpb2, which encodes for the beta2 toxin, was found in 73% of our NE isolates, it has also been found in similar percentages of isolates from turkeys with normal intestine. The netE, netF, and netG genes were not detected among our C. perfringens isolates from turkeys.
Keywords	Clostridium perfringens ; diarrhea ; enterotoxins ; genes ; intestines ; necrotic enteritis ; poultry industry ; virulence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0330
Size	p. 1-4.
Publishing place	American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	40871-2
ISSN	1938-4351 ; 0005-2086
ISSN (online)	1938-4351
ISSN	0005-2086
DOI	10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00003
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Update on Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control.

Hoppes, Sharman M / Shivaprasad, H L

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice

2020 Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 337–351

Abstract: Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus that can cause gastrointestinal and/or neurologic signs of disease in birds. The disease process is called proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). The characteristic lesions observed in birds include ... ...

Abstract	Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus that can cause gastrointestinal and/or neurologic signs of disease in birds. The disease process is called proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). The characteristic lesions observed in birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the proventriculus. ABV is widely distributed in captive and wild bird populations. Most birds infected do not show clinical signs of disease. This article is an update of the Veterinary Clinics of North America article from 2013: Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bird Diseases/diagnosis ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Bird Diseases/pathology ; Bird Diseases/prevention & control ; Birds ; Bornaviridae/physiology ; Dilatation ; Mononegavirales Infections/diagnosis ; Mononegavirales Infections/epidemiology ; Mononegavirales Infections/pathology ; Mononegavirales Infections/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Proventriculus/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1558-4232
ISSN (online)	1558-4232
DOI	10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species.

Mangus, Lisa M / França, Monique S / Shivaprasad, H L / Wolf, Jeffrey C

ILAR journal

2022 Volume 62, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 169–202

Abstract: Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive ... ...

Abstract	Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology, toxicology, drug discovery, immunology, toxicology, and infectious disease. As with all animal models, familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and spontaneous diseases of these species is necessary for ensuring animal welfare, as well as accurate interpretation and reporting of study findings. Working with avian and aquatic species can be especially challenging in this respect due to their rich diversity and array of unique adaptations. Here, we provide an overview of the research-relevant anatomic features, non-infectious conditions, and infectious diseases that impact research colonies of birds and aquatic animals, including fish and Xenopus species.
MeSH term(s)	Amphibians ; Animals ; Birds ; Fishes ; Mammals ; Models, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2192062-X
ISSN	1930-6180 ; 1084-2020
ISSN (online)	1930-6180
ISSN	1084-2020
DOI	10.1093/ilar/ilab008
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Article ; Online: A retrospective study of pigeon herpesviral infection in domestic pigeons in California (1991-2014) and literature review.

Gornatti-Churria, Carlos Daniel / Loukopoulos, Panayiotis / Stoute, Simone T / Shivaprasad, H L / Uzal, Francisco A

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

2023 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 252–257

Abstract: We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV; ...

Abstract	We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV;
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Columbidae ; Retrospective Studies ; Bird Diseases/pathology ; Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	287603-6
ISSN	1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
ISSN (online)	1943-4936
ISSN	1040-6387
DOI	10.1177/10406387231161053
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Article ; Online: Molecular and retrospective analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 infections in confinement-reared pigeons (Columbia livia); 2010-2020

Ramsubeik, S. / Crossley, B. / Jerry, C. / Bland, M. / Rejmanek, D. / Shivaprasad, H.L. / Stoute, S.

Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2023 Feb. 11, p.100343-

2023 , Page(s) 100343–

Abstract: Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1; species Avian orthoavulavirus-1) causes a highly infectious, acute disease of Columbiformes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the occurrence of PPMV-1 in confinement-reared pigeons in California, conduct ... ...

Abstract	Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1; species Avian orthoavulavirus-1) causes a highly infectious, acute disease of Columbiformes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the occurrence of PPMV-1 in confinement-reared pigeons in California, conduct molecular characterization of PPMV-1 isolates from diagnostic cases, assess the presentation of the disease and identify epidemiological trends based on evaluation of pigeons cases submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory system, January 1st 2010 to December 31st 2020. From 2010 to 2020, there were 230 pigeon necropsy diagnostic accessions that included a total of 679 pigeons submitted to the lab. PPMV-1 was diagnosed in 23% (53/230) of accessions involving 206/679 PPMV-1 positive pigeons submitted for necropsy. PPMV-1 was diagnosed at least once per year, with the highest percentage of diagnosed cases occurring in 2014 (41.7%, 5/12). Trichomoniasis (32.1%) was the most common comorbidity in squab cases while colibacillosis (20.0%) was most commonly detected in PPMV-1 positive racing and show pigeons. The severity of lesions in PPMV-1 cases was also highly variable and pathology was most often described in the kidneys, pancreas, brain, and spleen. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the matrix gene and portions of the phosphoprotein and fusion genes of 35 PPMV-1 isolates. The sequence similarities between strains ranged from 93 to 100% identity and all but one of the strains were segregated into 1 of 4 unique clades. While no temporal pattern was evident in the phylogenetic tree, there were some differences with regard to production class and geography.
Keywords	Columbiformes ; acute course ; animal health ; brain ; comorbidity ; food safety ; genes ; geography ; necropsy ; pancreas ; phosphoproteins ; phylogeny ; pigeons ; poultry ; research ; retrospective studies ; spleen ; trichomoniasis ; California ; Avian orthoavulavirus-1 ; pigeon ; avian paramyxovirus ; paramyxovirus-1 ; squab ; racing pigeons
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0211
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	1193887-0
ISSN	1537-0437 ; 1056-6171
ISSN (online)	1537-0437
ISSN	1056-6171
DOI	10.1016/j.japr.2023.100343
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A retrospective study of pigeon herpesviral infection in domestic pigeons in California (1991–2014) and literature review

Gornatti-Churria, Carlos Daniel / Loukopoulos, Panayiotis / Stoute, Simone T. / Shivaprasad, H. L. / Uzal, Francisco A.

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2023 May, v. 35, no. 3 p.252-257

2023

Abstract: We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV; Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1) infection in domestic pigeons in California. We retrieved and analyzed 62 pathology reports produced between 1991 and 2014 at the California Animal Health and ... ...

Abstract	We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV; Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1) infection in domestic pigeons in California. We retrieved and analyzed 62 pathology reports produced between 1991 and 2014 at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. In 56 of the cases, the diagnosis of PiHV infection was established based on histopathology, either alone (44 cases) or combined with virus isolation (VI; 8), transmission electron microscopy (TEM; 3), or PCR (1); in the remaining 6 cases, the diagnosis was established based on VI (5 cases) or TEM (1) alone. PiHV infection affected 1 system in 34, 2 in 16, and ≥3 systems in 6 cases; data were not available for the remaining 6 cases. Most commonly affected was the digestive system (55 cases), followed by the respiratory tract (5) and lymphoid system (2). The liver (39 cases), crop (17), and esophagus (14) were the organs affected most commonly. Many affected cells often bore single eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. PiHV infection was a secondary diagnosis or incidental finding in 35 cases. Most (55) cases had 1 (21), or up to 4 (34), other concurrent infections; the most common concurrent infections were pigeon circoviral infection (26), trichomonosis (24), aspergillosis (11), and colibacillosis (10).
Keywords	Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 ; animal health ; aspergillosis ; esophagus ; food safety ; histopathology ; liver ; pigeons ; respiratory system ; retrospective studies ; transmission electron microscopy ; trichomoniasis ; viruses ; California ; pigeon herpesvirus
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Size	p. 252-257.
Publishing place	SAGE Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	287603-6
ISSN	1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
ISSN (online)	1943-4936
ISSN	1040-6387
DOI	10.1177/10406387231161053
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens: Pathologic and immunohistochemistry findings

Carnaccini, Silvia / Palmieri, Chiara / Stoute, Simone / Crispo, Manuela / Shivaprasad, H. L.

Veterinary Pathology. 2022 Jan., v. 59, no. 1 p.112-119

2022

Abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important upper respiratory disease of chickens. Gross and histologic lesions of ILT in chickens are compared to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity. A total of 31 separate ILT- ... ...

Abstract	Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important upper respiratory disease of chickens. Gross and histologic lesions of ILT in chickens are compared to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity. A total of 31 separate ILT-confirmed necropsy submissions (12 commercial meat-type flocks, 13 egg-type producers, and 6 backyard flocks) were arbitrarily selected. Each submission ranged from 1 to 18 birds, for a total of 246 chickens. Cases with available formalin-fixed tissues were selected to include a range of bird production types, ages, clinical histories, and severity of macroscopic and histologic lesions. Macroscopic findings in the respiratory tract varied from increased mucus (55.6%) to fibrinonecrotic exudate (20.3%) and hemorrhages in the larynx and trachea (13.0%). Syncytia with intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in the respiratory tract epithelium with or without hemorrhages. Sections of conjunctiva, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung, and air sac were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) antigen. Positive immunolabeling was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of syncytia and epithelial cells in 18/22 conjunctivae (82%), 12/13 sinuses (92%), 18/22 larynxes (82%), 23/25 tracheas (92%), 10/21 lungs (57%), and 3/8 air sacs (37%). Of the 34 tissues with no visible syncytia or inclusion bodies, 8 were positive by IHC. In conclusion, IHC was useful to study the viral antigen tissue distribution and support the diagnosis of ILT when the histopathologic interpretation was doubtful.
Keywords	Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 ; air ; air sacs ; animal pathology ; birds ; conjunctiva ; cytoplasm ; epithelium ; giant cells ; histopathology ; immunohistochemistry ; larynx ; lungs ; mucus ; necropsy ; respiratory tract diseases ; tissue distribution ; viral antigens ; infectious laryngotracheitis ; pathology ; chicken ; respiratory system ; poultry
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Size	p. 112-119.
Publishing place	SAGE Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	188012-3
ISSN	1544-2217 ; 0300-9858
ISSN (online)	1544-2217
ISSN	0300-9858
DOI	10.1177/03009858211035388
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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