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Article: Dynamic process simulation of a glacier on Qilian Mountain based on a thermo-mechanically coupled model

Zhen, Wu / Huiwen, Zhang / Shiyin, Liu

Science of the total environment. 2021 Aug. 10, v. 781

2021

Abstract: As a climate-sensitive region, the glacier on Qilian Mountain is changing rapidly, and climate change can rapidly increase glacier flow instabilities through movement and ablation. We used the thermo-mechanically-coupled-with-full-Stokes code with the ... ...

Abstract	As a climate-sensitive region, the glacier on Qilian Mountain is changing rapidly, and climate change can rapidly increase glacier flow instabilities through movement and ablation. We used the thermo-mechanically-coupled-with-full-Stokes code with the Elmer method to perform a steady-state diagnostic simulation of the Shuiguan River Glacier No. 3 (SG3) in the eastern Qilian Mountains, and to predict and analyze future changes of the glacier in combination with historical elevation data. The results showed that the average ice temperature was above −1.5 °C, that the hydrological process inside and under the ice was complex, and that the high ice temperature at the bottom would make the glacier fragile in the future. Because of the small thickness of the glacier and the small stress in the ice, the stress of the ice flow caused no great damage to the glacier. The development of cracks and melting holes under the ice was mainly caused by the melting of the glacier. Prognostic simulation under two climate models (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) revealed that the area of SG3 changed evenly at first, and then retreated at an accelerated rate, whereas the volume consistently presented a state of accelerated reduction. Although our study confirmed that climatic warming was the main reason for glacial retreat, it was also found that the altitude of the glacier, the topography of the bedrock under the ice and the accumulation area would greatly affect the response of the glacier to climatic change. For these reasons, our study also profoundly elucidated why different glaciers with the same scale and under the same climatic conditions could exhibit different changes in area and terminal position.
Keywords	altitude ; bedrock ; glaciation ; glaciers ; hydrology ; ice ; rivers ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0810
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147027
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal variations in runoff and runoff components in response to climate change in a glacierized subbasin of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Muhammad Adnan / Shiyin Liu / Muhammad Saifullah / Mudassar Iqbal / Ayaz Fateh Ali / Muhammad Ahsan Mukhtar

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Change in seasonal snowfall and glaciers ablation control year-to-year variations in streamflows of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) and hence ultimately impacts the water availability in downstream areas of UIB. This situation calls for an urgent response to ...

Abstract	Change in seasonal snowfall and glaciers ablation control year-to-year variations in streamflows of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) and hence ultimately impacts the water availability in downstream areas of UIB. This situation calls for an urgent response to study the long-term variations in runoff components in response to climate change. The current study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in runoff and runoff components in response to climate change to the streamflows of the Gilgit River from 1981 to 2020 by using the University of British Columbia Watershed Model (UBC WM). Three statistical indices such as the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), and the correlation coefficient (CC) were used to evaluate the performance of UBC WM in simulating the streamflows against observed streamflows. According to statistical indices, the UBC WM performed fairly well during both calibration (1981–2000: R2 = 0.90, NSE = 0.87, and CC = 0.95) and validation periods (2001–2015: R2 = 0.86, NSE = 0.83, and CC = 0.92). Trend analysis revealed a significant increase in all runoff components with large interannual variations in their relative contributions to streamflows from 1981 to 2020. From 1981 to 2020, the average relative contribution of snowmelt, glacier melt, rainfall-runoff, and baseflow was estimated to be 25%, 46%, 5%, and 24%, respectively to the streamflows of the Gilgit River. Seasonal analysis showed that about 86% of total runoff was contributed to the Gilgit River during the summer season (April–September) while only 14% in the winter season (October–March). Further analysis of runoff at a spatial scale revealed that approximately 76% of the total runoff of Gilgit River is generated between elevations from 3680 to 5348 m while 19% of total runoff is generated at an elevation <3680 m and only 5% at an elevation >5348 m. Moreover, it was observed that groundwater contribution from soil lower zone (i.e., 76%) to streamflows was found greater than soil upper zone (i.e., ...
Keywords	Alam bridge ; baseflow ; Gilgit River Basin ; glaciers melt ; runoff ; UBC WM ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characteristics of Glaciers Surging in the Western Pamirs

Zhenfeng Wang / Zongli Jiang / Kunpeng Wu / Shiyin Liu / Yong Zhang / Xin Wang / Zhen Zhang / Junfeng Wei

Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 1319, p

2023 Volume 1319

Abstract: The regional surge patterns and control mechanisms for glaciers in the western Pamirs are unclear. Using remote sensing, more surge-type glaciers have been discovered in the western Pamirs. This provides an opportunity to obtain the integral ... ...

Abstract	The regional surge patterns and control mechanisms for glaciers in the western Pamirs are unclear. Using remote sensing, more surge-type glaciers have been discovered in the western Pamirs. This provides an opportunity to obtain the integral characteristics of glacier surging. Using Sentinel-1A, TSX/TDX and Landsat remote sensing data, the changes in surface velocity, surface elevation and surface features of five glaciers that have recently surged in the western Pamirs are obtained. The results show that (1) all glacier surges initiate gradually for several years and most form a surge front in the upper region of the glacier. (2) For most glaciers, the active phase of the surge is more than 2 years, except for one that is within several months. (3) The peak velocity mostly occurs in summer and autumn, and the maximum velocity is less than 8 m d −1 . (4) There is sharp deceleration, such as the hydrologic controlled surge at the end of the surge. However, the surface flow of the transverse profiles shows no features of base sliding. Based on the comparison of surge patterns with other regions in High Mountain Asia, we conclude that the surging glaciers in the western Pamirs are triggered by thermal mechanisms under the control of sub-hydrological modulation.
Keywords	glacier surging ; the western Pamirs ; surface elevation ; surface velocity ; surge mechanism ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Monitoring the Ice Phenology of Qinghai Lake from 1980 to 2018 Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data and Google Earth Engine

Miaomiao Qi / Shiyin Liu / Xiaojun Yao / Fuming Xie / Yongpeng Gao

Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 2217, p

2020 Volume 2217

Abstract: Lake ice, one of the most direct lake physical characteristics affected by climate change, can reflect small-scale environmental changes caused by the atmosphere and hydrology, as well as large-scale climate changes such as global warming. This study ... ...

Abstract	Lake ice, one of the most direct lake physical characteristics affected by climate change, can reflect small-scale environmental changes caused by the atmosphere and hydrology, as well as large-scale climate changes such as global warming. This study uses National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR), MOD09GQ surface reflectance products, and Landsat surface reflectance Tier 1 products, which comprehensively used RS and GIS technology to study lake ice phenology (LIP) and changes in Qinghai Lake. Over the past 38 years, freeze-up start and freeze-up end dates were gradually delayed by a rate of 0.16 d/a and 0.19 d/a, respectively, with a total delay by 6.08 d and 7.22 d. The dates of break-up start and break-up end showed advancing trends by −0.36 d/a and −0.42 d/a, respectively, which shifted them earlier by 13.68 d and 15.96 d. Overall, ice coverage duration, freeze duration, and complete freeze duration showed decreasing trends of −0.58 d/a, −0.60 d/a, and −0.52 d/a, respectively, and overall decreased by 22.04 d, 22.81 d, and 9.76 d between 1980 and 2018. The spatial pattern in the freeze–thaw of Qinghai Lake can be divided into two areas; the west of the lake area has similar spatial patterns of freezing and ablation, while, in the east of the lake area, freezing and ablation patterns are opposite. Climate factors were closely related to LIP, especially the accumulated freezing degree-day (AFDD) from October to April of the following year. Furthermore, freeze-up start time was more sensitive to changes in wind speed and precipitation.
Keywords	lake ice phenology ; spatial freeze–thaw patterns ; Qinghai Lake ; Google Earth Engine ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Spatiotemporal variability of surface velocities of monsoon temperate glaciers in the Kangri Karpo Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Kunpeng Wu / Shiyin Liu / Junli Xu / Yu Zhu / Qiao Liu / Zongli Jiang / Junfeng Wei

Journal of Glaciology, Vol 67, Pp 186-

2021 Volume 191

Abstract: Influenced by the Indian monsoon, the Kangri Karpo Mountains (KKM) of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is the most humid part of the plateau, and one of the most important regions with numerous monsoon temperate glaciers. Glacier mass balance estimates ... ...

Abstract	Influenced by the Indian monsoon, the Kangri Karpo Mountains (KKM) of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is the most humid part of the plateau, and one of the most important regions with numerous monsoon temperate glaciers. Glacier mass balance estimates have been strongly negative in the KKM over recent decades, but the spatiotemporal characteristics of surface velocity are poorly understood. Using phase-correlation feature tracking on Landsat images, this study estimates spatiotemporal variabilities of monsoon temperate glaciers for the period of 1988–2019. Results show that a significant slowdown was observed below an elevation of 4900 m, while an accelerated ice flow was found at an elevation of 4900–5800 m over the past 30 years. The trend of slowdown was −0.1 m a−1 dec−1 during 1988–2000, and then it increased to −0.5 m a−1 dec−1 during 2001–2019.
Keywords	Ice dynamics ; monsoon temperate glacier ; surface velocity ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Remote Sensing Monitoring of Advancing and Surging Glaciers in the Tien Shan, 1990–2019

Sugang Zhou / Xiaojun Yao / Dahong Zhang / Yuan Zhang / Shiyin Liu / Yufang Min

Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 1973, p

2021 Volume 1973

Abstract: The advancing of glaciers is a manifestation of dynamic glacial instability. Glaciers in the Tien Shan region, especially in the Central Tien Shan, show instability, and advancing glaciers have been recently detected. In this study, we used Landsat TM/ ... ...

Abstract	The advancing of glaciers is a manifestation of dynamic glacial instability. Glaciers in the Tien Shan region, especially in the Central Tien Shan, show instability, and advancing glaciers have been recently detected. In this study, we used Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI remote sensing images to identify glaciers in the Tien Shan region from 1990 to 2019 and found that 48 glaciers advanced. Among them, thirty-four glaciers exhibited terminal advances, and 14 glaciers experienced advances on the tributary or trunk. Ten of the glaciers experiencing terminal advances have been identified as surging glaciers. These 48 glaciers are distributed in the western part of the Halik and Kungey Mountain Ranges in the Central Tien Shan, and Fergana Mountains in the Western Tien Shan, indicating that the Tien Shan is also one of the regions where advancing and surging glaciers are active. From 1990 to 2019, a total of 169 times advances occurred on 34 terminal advancing glaciers in the Tien Shan region; the highest number of advancing and surging of glaciers occurred in July (26 and 14 times, respectively). With reference to the existing literature and the present study, the surge cycle in the Tien Shan is longer than that in other regions at high latitudes in Asia, lasting about 35–60 years. Surging glaciers in the Tien Shan region may be affected by a combination of thermal and hydrological control. An increase in temperature and precipitation drives surging glaciers, but the change mechanism is still difficult to explain based on changes in a single climate variable, such as temperature or precipitation.
Keywords	advancing glaciers ; surging glaciers ; remote sensing monitoring ; Tien Shan ; Science ; Q
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Monitoring the Surface Elevation Changes of a Monsoon Temperate Glacier with Repeated UAV Surveys, Mainri Mountains, China

Kunpeng Wu / Shiyin Liu / Yu Zhu / Fuming Xie / Yongpeng Gao / Miaomiao Qi / Wenfei Miao / Shimei Duan / Fengze Han / Richard Grünwald

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 2229, p

2022 Volume 2229

Abstract: Due to the deep valleys, steep mountains and the influence of the Indian monsoon on the Mainri Mountains (Yunnan Province, China), it is difficult to estimate glacier change from microwave and optical remote sensing. To bridge the gap between low-quality ...

Abstract	Due to the deep valleys, steep mountains and the influence of the Indian monsoon on the Mainri Mountains (Yunnan Province, China), it is difficult to estimate glacier change from microwave and optical remote sensing. To bridge the gap between low-quality space-borne remote sensing and scarce in situ measurements, airborne remote sensing, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), may provide a remarkable opportunity to monitor glacier change with high-quality tools. To determine monsoon temperate glacier change, three UAV surveys were conducted on the Melang Glacier in the Mainri Mountains in November 2019, April 2020 and November 2020. Then, glacier surface elevation changes were estimated from UAV orthophotos and DSMs. High accumulation and high ablation (+10.5 m and −13.5 m) were observed in the accumulation period and ablation period, with a mean surface elevation change of −3.0 m in the surveyed glacier area from November 2019 to November 2020. The avalanche, debris cover, ice cliffs and proglacial lake resulted in a heterogeneous pattern of glacier surface elevation changes. Given that the glacier is more sensitive to temperature, the Melang Glacier may have experienced a substantial recession and mass loss in the past few decades. This study provides a more appropriate approach for monitoring the changes in a temperate glacier in the Mainri Mountains.
Keywords	unmanned aerial vehicles ; monsoon temperate glacier ; Mainri Mountain ; surface elevation changes ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Evolution of the Glacier Surges in the Tuanjie Peak, the Qilian Mountains

Yongpeng Gao / Shiyin Liu / Miaomiao Qi / Xiaojun Yao / Yu Zhu / Fuming Xie / Kunpeng Wu / Muhammad Saifullah

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 852, p

2022 Volume 852

Abstract: Glacier surges (GSs) are a manifestation of glacier instability and one of the most striking phenomena in the mountain cryosphere. Here, we utilize optical images acquired between 1973 and 2021 to map changes in glacier surface velocity and morphology ... ...

Abstract	Glacier surges (GSs) are a manifestation of glacier instability and one of the most striking phenomena in the mountain cryosphere. Here, we utilize optical images acquired between 1973 and 2021 to map changes in glacier surface velocity and morphology and characterize differences in surface elevation using multi-source DEMs in the Tuanjie Peak (TJP), located in the Qilian Mountains (QLMs). These data provide valuable insights into the recent dynamic evolution of glaciers and hint at how they might evolve in the next few years. We identified a confirmed surge-type glacier (STG), three likely STGs, and three possible STGs. Our observations show that TJP GSs are generally long-term, although they are shorter in some cases. During the active phase, all glaciers exhibit thickened reservoir areas and thinned receiving areas, or vice-versa. The ice volume transfer was between 0.11 ± 0.13 × 10 7 m 3 to 5.71 ± 0.69 × 10 7 m 3 . Although it was impossible to obtain integrated velocity profiles throughout the glacier surge process due to the limitations of available satellite imagery, our recent observations show that winter velocities were much higher than summer velocities, suggesting an obvious correlation between surge dynamics and glacial hydrology. However, the initiation and termination phase of GSs in this region was slow, which is similar to Svalbard-type STGs. We hypothesize that both thermal and hydrological controls are crucial. Moreover, we suggest that the regional warming trend may potentially increase glacier instability and the possibility of surge occurrence in this region.
Keywords	glacier surges ; Qilian Mountains ; thickness change ; glacier surface velocity ; surge mechanisms ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Glacier mass balance over the central Nyainqentanglha Range during recent decades derived from remote-sensing data

KUNPENG WU / SHIYIN LIU / ZONGLI JIANG / JUNLI XU / JUNFENG WEI

Journal of Glaciology, Vol 65, Pp 422-

2019 Volume 439

Abstract: To obtain information on changes in glacier mass balance in the central Nyainqentanglha Range, a comprehensive study was carried out based on digital-elevation models derived from the 1968 topographic maps, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM (2000) ...

Abstract	To obtain information on changes in glacier mass balance in the central Nyainqentanglha Range, a comprehensive study was carried out based on digital-elevation models derived from the 1968 topographic maps, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM (2000) and TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (2013). Glacier area changes between 1968 and 2016 were derived from topographic maps and Landsat OLI images. This showed the area contained 715 glaciers, with an area of 1713.42 ± 51.82 km2, in 2016. Ice cover has been shrinking by 0.68 ± 0.05% a−1 since 1968. The glacier area covered by debris accounted for 11.9% of the total and decreased in the SE–NW directions. Using digital elevation model differencing and differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry, a significant mass loss of 0.46 ± 0.10 m w.e. a−1 has been recorded since 1968; mass losses accelerated from 0.42 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1 to 0.60 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1 between 1968–2000 and 2000–2013, with thinning noticeably greater on the debris-covered ice than the clean ice. Surface-elevation changes can be influenced by ice cliffs, as well as debris cover and land- or lake-terminating glaciers. Changes showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity and a substantial correlation with climate warming and decreased precipitation.
Keywords	debris-covered glaciers ; glacier delineation ; glacier mass balance ; remote sensing ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999
Subject code	550 ; 910
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Glacier branch lines and glacier ice thickness estimation for debris-covered glaciers in the Central Tien Shan

TINO PIECZONKA / TOBIAS BOLCH / MELANIE KRÖHNERT / JULIANE PETERS / SHIYIN LIU

Journal of Glaciology, Vol 64, Pp 835-

2018 Volume 849

Abstract: Information about the ice volume stored in glaciers is of high importance for sustainable water management in many arid regions of Central Asia. Several methods to estimate the ice volume exist. However, none of them take the specific characteristics of ... ...

Abstract	Information about the ice volume stored in glaciers is of high importance for sustainable water management in many arid regions of Central Asia. Several methods to estimate the ice volume exist. However, none of them take the specific characteristics of flat terminus debris-covered glaciers into account. We present a method for deriving spatially-distributed ice thickness for debris-covered dendritic glaciers, which are common not only in Central Tien Shan but also in several other mountain ranges in High Asia. The method relies on automatically generated branch lines, observed surface velocities and surface topographic parameters as basic input. Branch lines were generated using Thiessen polygons and Dijkstra's path algorithm. Ice thicknesses for four debris-covered glaciers – South Inylchek, Kaindy, Tomur and Koxkar glaciers – have been estimated along the branch line network solving the equation of laminar flow. For Koxkar and South Inylchek glaciers, respectively, maximum thicknesses of ~250 and 380 m were estimated. These results differ by ~50 m compared with GPR measurements with an uncertainty for the debris-covered parts of ~40%. Based on geodetic mass balances, we estimate that the investigated glaciers lost between 6 and 28% of their volume from 1975 to the early 2000s.
Keywords	cryospheric change ; glaciers ; remote sensing ; spatial analysis ; uncertainty quantification ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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