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Article ; Online: An updated review for hyperuricemia and gout management; special focus on the available drug delivery systems and clinical trials.

Karantas, Ioannis D / Miliotou, Androulla N / Siafaka, Panoraia I

2023

Abstract: Background: Hyperuricemia belongs to metabolic syndromes where increased uric acid levels are identified in the blood serum. Such a syndrome could be responsible for kidney stone formation, gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. It has been ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hyperuricemia belongs to metabolic syndromes where increased uric acid levels are identified in the blood serum. Such a syndrome could be responsible for kidney stone formation, gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. It has been reported that cardiovascular risks have been linked with hyperuricemia. Gout is of the most frequent manifestations due to hyperuricemia; its management involves various pharmacological available options and dietary changes. Throughout the literature, various dosage forms are studied as alternative options to the present drug delivery systems. Objective: To update and summarize the current information for gout and hyperuricemia management Methods: Authors have performed a thorough literature research from 2010-2023 using keywords such as hyperuricemia, gout, diagnosis, guidelines, drug delivery and clinical trials. The databases used were PubMed, ScienceDirect. According to our inclusion criteria, all studies which include the previous terms, as well as drugs or other molecules that can be applied for gout and/or hyperuricemia management, were added. Results: In this article, authors have summarized the pathogenesis, diagnosis and updated guidelines for gout and hyperuricemia management. Moreover, the authors have reviewed and discussed current drug delivery systems found in the literature, including drugs targeting the above disorders. Finally, the available clinical trials assessing the efficacy of newer drugs or combinations of the past ones, are being discussed. Conclusion: The available drugs and dosage forms are limited, and therefore, scientific society should focus on the development of more efficient drug delivery systems for hyperuricemia and gout management.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-09
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1319315-6
ISSN	1875-533X ; 0929-8673
ISSN (online)	1875-533X
ISSN	0929-8673
DOI	10.2174/0929867331666230809143758
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Article ; Online: The Application of Nanogels as Efficient Drug Delivery Platforms for Dermal/Transdermal Delivery.

Siafaka, Panoraia I / Özcan Bülbül, Ece / Okur, Mehmet Evren / Karantas, Ioannis D / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 9, Issue 9

Abstract: The delivery of active molecules via the skin seems to be an efficient technology, given the various disadvantages of oral drug administration. Skin, which is the largest human organ of the body, has the important role of acting as a barrier for ... ...

Abstract	The delivery of active molecules via the skin seems to be an efficient technology, given the various disadvantages of oral drug administration. Skin, which is the largest human organ of the body, has the important role of acting as a barrier for pathogens and other molecules including drugs; in fact, it serves as a primary defense system blocking any particle from entering the body. Therefore, to overcome the skin barriers and poor skin permeability, researchers implement novel carriers which can effectively carry out transdermal delivery of the molecules. Another significant issue which medical society tries to solve is the effective dermal delivery of molecules especially for topical wound delivery. The application of nanogels is only one of the available approaches offering promising results for both dermal and transdermal administration routes. Nanogels are polymer-based networks in nanoscale dimensions which have been explored as potent carriers of poorly soluble drugs, genes and vaccines. The nanogels present unique physicochemical properties, i.e., high surface area, biocompatibility, etc., and, importantly, can improve solubility. In this review, authors aimed to summarize the available applications of nanogels as possible vehicles for dermal and transdermal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and discuss their future in the pharmaceutical manufacturing field.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2813982-3
ISSN	2310-2861 ; 2310-2861
ISSN (online)	2310-2861
ISSN	2310-2861
DOI	10.3390/gels9090753
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Article ; Online: Alzheimer's Disease and its Related Dementia Types: A Review on Their Management

Siafaka, Panoraia I / Mutlu, Gökce / Okur, Neslihan Ü

Current Alzheimer research

2021 Volume 17, Issue 14, Page(s) 1239–1261

Abstract: Background: Dementia and its related types such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia belong to brain associated diseases, resulting in long-term progressive memory loss. These diseases are so severe that can affect a person's ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dementia and its related types such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia belong to brain associated diseases, resulting in long-term progressive memory loss. These diseases are so severe that can affect a person's daily routine. Up to date, treatment of dementia is still an unmet challenge due to their complex pathophysiology and unavailable efficient pharmacological approaches. The use of nanotechnology based pharmaceutical products could possibly improve the management of dementia given that nanocarriers could more efficiently deliver drugs to the brain. Objective: The objective of this study is to provide the current nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of various dementia types. In addition, the current diagnosis biomarkers for the mentioned dementia types along with their available pharmacological treatment are being discussed. Methods: An extensive review of the current nanosystems such as brain drug delivery systems against Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia was performed. Moreover, nanotheranostics as possible imaging markers for such dementias were also reported. Results: The field of nanotechnology is quite advantageous for targeting dementia given that nanoscale drug delivery systems easily penetrate the blood brain barrier and circulate in the body for prolonged time. These nanoformulations consist of polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and liquid crystals. The delivery of the nanotherapeutics can be achieved via various administration routes such as transdermal, injectable, oral, and more importantly, through the intranasal route. Nonetheless, the nanocarriers are mostly limited to Alzheimer's disease targeting; thus, nanocarriers for other types of dementia should be developed. Conclusion: To conclude, understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and reviewing the current drug delivery systems for Alzheimer's disease and other dementia types are significant for medical and pharmaceutical society to produce efficient therapeutic choices and novel strategies based on multifunctional and biocompatible nanocarriers, which can deliver the drug sufficiently into the brain.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/physiopathology ; Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Lipids ; Nanoparticles ; Nanotechnology
Chemical Substances	Lipids
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-18
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2205170-3
ISSN	1875-5828 ; 1567-2050
ISSN (online)	1875-5828
ISSN	1567-2050
DOI	10.2174/1567205018666210218160812
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Article ; Online: Promising Polymeric Drug Carriers for Local Delivery: The Case of

Okur, Neslihan Üstündağ / Yağcılar, Ayşe Pınar / Siafaka, Panoraia I

Current drug delivery

2020 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) 675–693

Abstract: Background: At present, the controlled local drug delivery is a very promising approach compared to systemic administration, since it mostly targets the affected tissue. In fact, various drug carriers for local delivery have been prepared with improved ... ...

Abstract	Background: At present, the controlled local drug delivery is a very promising approach compared to systemic administration, since it mostly targets the affected tissue. In fact, various drug carriers for local delivery have been prepared with improved therapeutic efficacy. Objective: in situ Methods: This review includes the basic knowledge and theory of Results: Various natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic polymers can produce Conclusion: To conclude, it can be revealed that
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Cutaneous ; Administration, Intranasal ; Administration, Intravaginal ; Administration, Ophthalmic ; Administration, Oral ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Chronic Disease/drug therapy ; Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Drug Implants/administration & dosage ; Drug Liberation ; Gels/chemistry ; Humans ; Injections ; Phase Transition ; Polymers/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Implants ; Gels ; Polymers
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-25
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2185284-4
ISSN	1875-5704 ; 1567-2018
ISSN (online)	1875-5704
ISSN	1567-2018
DOI	10.2174/1567201817666200608145748
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Article ; Online: Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery and Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles as Potent Oral Drug Carriers for Managing Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Okur, Neslihan Ü / Siafaka, Panoraia I / Gökçe, Evren H

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

2020 Volume 22, Issue 7, Page(s) 892–905

Abstract: Background: The oral application of drugs is the most popular route through which the systemic effect can be achieved. Nevertheless, oral administration is limited by difficulties related to the physicochemical properties of the drug molecule, including ...

Abstract	Background: The oral application of drugs is the most popular route through which the systemic effect can be achieved. Nevertheless, oral administration is limited by difficulties related to the physicochemical properties of the drug molecule, including low aqueous solubility, instability, low permeability, and rapid metabolism, all of which result in low and irregular oral bioavailability. Objective: The enhancement of oral bioavailability of drug molecules with such properties could lead to extreme complications in drug preparations. Oral lipid-based nanoparticles seem to possess extensive advantages due to their ability to increase the solubility, simplifying intestinal absorption and decrease or eradicate the effect of food on the absorption of low soluble, lipophilic drugs and therefore improving the oral bioavailability. Methods: The present review provides a summary of the general theory of lipid-based nanoparticles, their preparation methods, as well as their oral applications. Moreover, oral drug delivery challenges are discussed. Results: According to this review, the most frequent types of lipid-based nanoparticle, the solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are potent oral carriers due to their ability to penetrate the oral drug adsorption barriers. Moreover, such lipid nanoparticles can be beneficial drug carriers against cardiovascular risk disorders as diabetes, hypertension, etc. Conclusion: In this review, the most current and promising studies involving Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as oral drug carriers are reported aiming to assist researchers who focus their research on lipid-based nanoparticles.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage ; Antihypertensive Agents/metabolism ; Biological Availability ; Cardiovascular Agents/administration & dosage ; Cardiovascular Agents/metabolism ; Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Drug Carriers/administration & dosage ; Drug Carriers/metabolism ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage ; Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Intestinal Absorption/physiology ; Lipids/administration & dosage ; Nanoparticles/administration & dosage ; Nanoparticles/metabolism ; Permeability ; Solubility
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Cardiovascular Agents ; Drug Carriers ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Lipids
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2132197-8
ISSN	1873-4316 ; 1389-2010
ISSN (online)	1873-4316
ISSN	1389-2010
DOI	10.2174/1389201021666200804155535
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Article ; Online: Novel Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: An Update on Microemulsions.

Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Siafaka, Panoraia I

Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

2020 Volume 36, Issue 6, Page(s) 342–354

Abstract: Sufficient ophthalmic drug delivery is still challenging for pharmaceutical technologists, despite various scientific efforts. Several ocular drug carriers have been designed to enhance bioavailability by prolonging the drug retention time. One of the ... ...

Abstract	Sufficient ophthalmic drug delivery is still challenging for pharmaceutical technologists, despite various scientific efforts. Several ocular drug carriers have been designed to enhance bioavailability by prolonging the drug retention time. One of the current encouraging approaches is the utilization of colloidal carriers with the characteristic submicron-nanometer size. Microemulsions (MEs) are such colloid systems that present sizes between 5 and 200 nm with significant thermodynamic stability and low surface tension. In addition, MEs as topical ocular carriers can lead to great ocular drug adsorption due to their enhanced retention time. Furthermore, considering that MEs are stable for long time and various temperatures, their ocular application is of great interest. The aim of this study is to cover basic physicochemical principals of ocular MEs such as their possible size, stability, and therapeutic efficacy against various eye disorders. Thus, a comprehensive review for ocular drug delivery systems in the form of MEs that show promising characteristics as their stability and therapeutic efficiency is performed.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Ophthalmic ; Biological Availability ; Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage ; Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Drug Compounding/methods ; Drug Compounding/statistics & numerical data ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Drug Design ; Emulsions/administration & dosage ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Emulsions/therapeutic use ; Eye Diseases/drug therapy ; Humans ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/pharmacokinetics ; Ophthalmic Solutions/therapeutic use ; Particle Size
Chemical Substances	Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Emulsions ; Ophthalmic Solutions
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1237021-6
ISSN	1557-7732 ; 1080-7683
ISSN (online)	1557-7732
ISSN	1080-7683
DOI	10.1089/jop.2019.0135
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Article ; Online: Current Status of Mucoadhesive Gel Systems for Buccal Drug Delivery.

Okur, Neslihan Ü / Bülbül, Ece Ö / Yağcılar, Ayşe P / Siafaka, Panoraia I

Current pharmaceutical design

2021 Volume 27, Issue 17, Page(s) 2015–2025

Abstract: Background: Buccal drug delivery is a fascinating research field. Gel-based formulations present potent characteristics as buccal systems since they have great physicochemical properties.: Methods: Among the various gels, in situ gels are viscous ... ...

Abstract	Background: Buccal drug delivery is a fascinating research field. Gel-based formulations present potent characteristics as buccal systems since they have great physicochemical properties. Methods: Among the various gels, in situ gels are viscous colloidal systems consisting of polymers; when physiological conditions change (pH, temperature, ion activation), they are transformed into the gel phase. These systems can improve bioavailability. Other systems, such as nanogels or emulgels can also be applied for buccal delivery with promising results. Polymeric gel-based systems can be produced by natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic polymers. Their main advantage is that the active molecules can be released in a sustained and controllable manner. Several gels based on chitosan are produced for the entrapment of drugs demonstrating efficient retention time and bioavailability due to chitosan mucoadhesion. Besides polysaccharides, poloxamers and carbopol are also used in buccal gels due to their high swelling ability and reversed thermal gelation behavior. Results: Herein, the authors focused on the current development of mucoadhesive gel systems used in buccal drug delivery. After explaining buccal drug delivery and mucoadhesion, various studies with hydrogels, in situ gels, and nanogels were analyzed as buccal gel systems. Various mucoadhesive gel studies with mucoadhesive polymers have been studied and summarized. This review is presented as valuable guidance to scientists in formulating buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Conclusion: This review aimed to assist researchers working on buccal drug delivery by summarizing buccal drug delivery, mucoadhesion, and buccal mucoadhesive gel systems recently found in the literature.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Buccal ; Chitosan ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Gels ; Humans ; Hydrogels ; Mouth Mucosa ; Poloxamer ; Polymers ; Viscosity
Chemical Substances	Gels ; Hydrogels ; Polymers ; Poloxamer (106392-12-5) ; Chitosan (9012-76-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-16
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1304236-1
ISSN	1873-4286 ; 1381-6128
ISSN (online)	1873-4286
ISSN	1381-6128
DOI	10.2174/1381612824666210316101528
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Article ; Online: Bioadhesive Nanoparticles as Potent Drug Delivery Carriers.

Rençber, Seda / Bülbül, Ece Ö / Senyigit, Zeynep A / Okur, Neslihan Ü / Siafaka, Panoraia I

Current medicinal chemistry

2022 Volume 30, Issue 23, Page(s) 2604–2637

Abstract: Background: In recent years, numerous scientists have gained interest in nanotechnology- based systems, especially for biomedical applications. Then, nanocarriers present tunable abilities and can be easily functionalized to target specific epithelial ... ...

Abstract	Background: In recent years, numerous scientists have gained interest in nanotechnology- based systems, especially for biomedical applications. Then, nanocarriers present tunable abilities and can be easily functionalized to target specific epithelial cells, tissues, and organs, while various materials can be chosen and generate nanosized particles. At present, nanoparticles that possess bioadhesion have been studied as potent drug carriers since they can easily penetrate and target organs. Objective: Aim of this study was to explore the various applications of the bioadhesive nanoparticles found in the literature. Methods: Authors have studied the literature finding that bioadhesive nanoparticles can be administered via routes such as oral, topical, ocular, dermal, vaginal, etc., according to the clinician's opinion and treatment choice. Therefore, the knowledge of general characteristics of bioadhesive nanoparticles, the bioadhesion theory, and other properties of nanoparticles should be known for developing innovative bioadhesive drug nanocarriers. Results: In this review article, the authors state the current knowledge of theories. In addition, the present categories of nanoparticles and their basic characteristics are also discussed. Finally, the biomedical applications of bioadhesive nanocarriers and the several administration routes are extensively reviewed. Conclusion: The review article aims to cover the most current bioadhesive nanoparticles for drug delivery to assist any scientist who desires to study or develop innovative bioadhesive formulations.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Nanoparticles ; Epithelial Cells ; Drug Compounding
Chemical Substances	Drug Carriers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-14
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1319315-6
ISSN	1875-533X ; 0929-8673
ISSN (online)	1875-533X
ISSN	0929-8673
DOI	10.2174/0929867329666220613111635
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Article ; Online: Dyslipidemia Management in 2020: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Karantas, Ioannis D / Okur, Mehmet E / Okur, Neslihan Ü / Siafaka, Panoraia I

Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets

2020 Volume 21, Issue 5, Page(s) 815–834

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the modern world and dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. The current therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases involve the management of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia ... ...

Abstract	Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the modern world and dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. The current therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases involve the management of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia and hypertension. Recently, the updated guidelines of dyslipidemia management were presented, and the newest data were included in terms of diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. In this targeted literature review, the researchers presented the most recent evidence on dyslipidemia management by including the current therapeutic goals for it. In addition, the novel diagnostic tools based on theranostics are shown. Finally, the future perspectives on treatment based on novel drug delivery systems and their potential to be used in clinical trials were also analyzed. It should be noted that dyslipidemia management can be achieved by the strict lifestyle change, i.e., by adopting a healthy life, and choosing the most suitable medication. This review can help medical professionals as well as specialists of other sciences to update their knowledge on dyslipidemia management, which can lead to better therapeutic outcomes and newer drug developments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage ; Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Disease Management ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Drug Delivery Systems/trends ; Dyslipidemias/diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy ; Dyslipidemias/epidemiology ; Healthy Lifestyle/drug effects ; Healthy Lifestyle/physiology ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Hypertension/diagnosis ; Hypertension/drug therapy ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Hypolipidemic Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-10
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2228325-0
ISSN	2212-3873 ; 1871-5303
ISSN (online)	2212-3873
ISSN	1871-5303
DOI	10.2174/1871530320666200810144004
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Article ; Online: Ocular microemulsion of brinzolamide: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro irritation studies based on EpiOcular™ eye irritation assay.

Siafaka, Panoraia I / Çağlar, Emre Şefik / Sipahi, Hande / Charehsaz, Mohammad / Aydın, Ahmet / Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan

Pharmaceutical development and technology

2021 Volume 26, Issue 7, Page(s) 765–778

Abstract: In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of ... ...

Abstract	In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of intraocular pressure in patients suffering from glaucoma. Currently, the marketed product of brinzolamide is in the form of ocular drops; nonetheless, the conventional drops provide decreased therapeutic efficacy owing to their low bioavailability and pulsed drug release. Thus, the development of novel ocular formulations such as topical microemulsions is of high importance. In this work, the preparation of new microemulsions containing brinzolamide (0.2, 0.5 and 1% w/w) and comprised from isopropyl myristate, tween 80 and span 20 and Cremophor EL was performed. The obtained microemulsions were further characterized for their physicochemical properties. In addition, Fourier Transformed-Infrared spectroscopy was used touate the compatibility of active ingredients and components.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Emulsions/administration & dosage ; Emulsions/adverse effects ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Eye/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Mice ; Myristates ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/adverse effects ; Ophthalmic Solutions/chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Sulfonamides/administration & dosage ; Sulfonamides/adverse effects ; Sulfonamides/chemistry ; Thiazines/administration & dosage ; Thiazines/adverse effects ; Thiazines/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Emulsions ; Myristates ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Sulfonamides ; Thiazines ; isopropyl myristate (0RE8K4LNJS) ; brinzolamide (9451Z89515)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331774-x
ISSN	1097-9867 ; 1083-7450
ISSN (online)	1097-9867
ISSN	1083-7450
DOI	10.1080/10837450.2021.1944206
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