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Article ; Online: New Evidence for State-Specific Heterogeneity in the Association of Stand Your Ground Laws With Firearm Violence.

Siegel, Michael

JAMA network open

2022 Volume 5, Issue 2, Page(s) e220085

MeSH term(s)	Firearms/legislation & jurisprudence ; Homicide ; Humans ; Violence
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0085
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Article ; Online: Association Between Changes in Racial Residential and School Segregation and Trends in Racial Health Disparities, 2000-2020: A Life Course Perspective.

Siegel, Michael / Nicholson-Robinson, Vanessa

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

2024

Abstract: Introduction: Most studies of the relationship between racial segregation and racial health disparities have focused on residential segregation. School-based racial segregation is an additional form of segregation that may be associated with racial ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Most studies of the relationship between racial segregation and racial health disparities have focused on residential segregation. School-based racial segregation is an additional form of segregation that may be associated with racial disparities in health. This study examines the relationship between both residential segregation and school segregation and racial health disparities among non-Hispanic Black compared to non-Hispanic White persons at the county level in the United States. It also examines the relationship between changes in residential and school segregation and subsequent trajectories in a variety of racial health disparities across the life course. Methods: Using the CDC WONDER Multiple Case of Death database, we derived an annual estimate of race-specific death rates and rate ratios for each county during the period 2000-2020. We then examined the relationship between baseline levels of residential and school segregation in 1991 as well as changes between 1991-2000 and the trajectories of the observed racial health disparities between 2000 and 2020. We used latent trajectory analysis to identify counties with similar patterns of residential and school segregation over time and to identify counties with similar trajectories in each racial health disparity. Outcomes included life expectancy, early mortality (prior to age 65), infant mortality, firearm homicide, total homicide, and teenage pregnancy rates. Results: During the period 1991-2020, racial residential segregation remained essentially unchanged among the 1051 counties in our sample; however, racial school segregation increased during this period. Increases in school segregation from 1991 to 2000 were associated with higher racial disparities in each of the health outcomes during the period 2000-2020 and with less progress in reducing these disparities. Conclusion: This paper provides new evidence that school segregation is an independent predictor of racial health disparities and that reducing school segregation-even in the face of high residential segregation-could have a long-term impact on reducing racial health disparities. Furthermore, it suggests that the health consequences of residential segregation have not been eliminated from our society but are now being exacerbated by a new factor: school-based segregation. Throughout this paper, changes in school-based segregation not only show up as a consistent significant predictor of greater racial disparities throughout the life course, but at times, an even stronger predictor of health inequity than residential segregation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2760524-3
ISSN	2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
ISSN (online)	2196-8837
ISSN	2197-3792
DOI	10.1007/s40615-024-01960-y
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Article ; Online: The relationship between state-level structural racism and disparities between the non-hispanic black and non-hispanic white populations in multiple health outcomes.

Siegel, Michael / Wiklund, Emma

Journal of the National Medical Association

2023 Volume 115, Issue 2, Page(s) 207–222

Abstract: Aims: While several studies have examined the impact of individual indicators of structural racism on single health outcomes, few have explicitly modeled racial disparities in a wide range of health outcomes using a multidimensional, composite ... ...

Abstract	Aims: While several studies have examined the impact of individual indicators of structural racism on single health outcomes, few have explicitly modeled racial disparities in a wide range of health outcomes using a multidimensional, composite structural racism index. This paper builds on the previous research by examining the relationship between state-level structural racism and a wider array of health outcomes, focusing on racial disparities in mortality from firearm homicide, infant mortality, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, HIV, obesity, and kidney disease. Methods: We used a previously developed state structural racism index that consists of a composite score derived by averaging eight indicators across five domains: (1) residential segregation; (2) incarceration; (3) employment; (4) economic status/wealth; and (5) education. Indicators were obtained for each of the 50 states using Census data from 2020. We estimated the Black-White disparity in each health outcome in each state by dividing the age-adjusted mortality rate for the non-Hispanic Black population by the age-adjusted mortality rate for the non-Hispanic White population. These rates were obtained from the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death database for the combined years 1999-2020. We conducted linear regression analyses to examine the relationship between the state structural racism index and the Black-White disparity in each health outcome across the states. In multiple regression analyses, we controlled for a wide range of potential confounding variables. Results: Our calculations revealed striking geographic differences in the magnitude of structural racism, with the highest values generally being observed in the Midwest and Northeast. Higher levels of structural racism were significantly associated with greater racial disparities in mortality for all but two of the health outcomes. Conclusions: There is a robust relationship between structural racism and Black-White disparities in multiple health outcomes across states. Programs and policies to reduce racial heath disparities must include strategies to help dismantle structural racism and its consequences.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infant ; Black or African American/statistics & numerical data ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Racism/ethnology ; Racism/statistics & numerical data ; Systemic Racism/ethnology ; Systemic Racism/statistics & numerical data ; United States/epidemiology ; White/statistics & numerical data ; Health Status Disparities ; New England/epidemiology ; Midwestern United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	419737-9
ISSN	1943-4693 ; 0027-9684
ISSN (online)	1943-4693
ISSN	0027-9684
DOI	10.1016/j.jnma.2023.01.010
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Article ; Online: Implications of the Australian Experience With Firearm Regulation for US Gun Policy.

Siegel, Michael

American journal of public health

2018 Volume 108, Issue 11, Page(s) 1438–1439

MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Firearms ; Homicide ; Humans ; Suicide ; Wounds, Gunshot
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	121100-6
ISSN	1541-0048 ; 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
ISSN (online)	1541-0048
ISSN	0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
DOI	10.2105/AJPH.2018.304720
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Article ; Online: Effect of flavored E-cigarette bans in the United States: What does the evidence show?

Siegel, Michael / Katchmar, Amanda

Preventive medicine

2022 Volume 165, Issue Pt B, Page(s) 107063

Abstract: The United States federal government, along with many state and local governments, have passed restrictions on electronic cigarette ("e-cigarette") sales with the stated purpose of preventing youth use of these products. The justification for these ... ...

Abstract	The United States federal government, along with many state and local governments, have passed restrictions on electronic cigarette ("e-cigarette") sales with the stated purpose of preventing youth use of these products. The justification for these restrictions includes the argument that youth e-cigarette use will re-normalize youth smoking, leading to increased rates of cigarette smoking by teenagers. However, in this paper, we propose an evidence-based version of this model based on several years' worth of longitudinal and econometric research, which suggests that youth e-cigarette use has instead worked to replace a culture of youth smoking. From this analysis, we propose a re-evaluation of current policies surrounding e-cigarette sales so that declines in e-cigarette use will not come at the cost of increasing cigarette use among youth and adults.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; United States ; Humans ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Tobacco Products ; Vaping/prevention & control ; Flavoring Agents ; Commerce
Chemical Substances	Flavoring Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184600-0
ISSN	1096-0260 ; 0091-7435
ISSN (online)	1096-0260
ISSN	0091-7435
DOI	10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107063
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Article: Gun violence prevention policy: Perceived and actual levels of gun owner support.

Grene, Kathleen L / Dharani, Amani S / Siegel, Michael B

Preventive medicine reports

2023 Volume 35, Page(s) 102324

Abstract: Gun violence prevention is often viewed as polarizing, although gun owners actually support many gun safety policies. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between gun owners' perceptions of other gun owners' support for gun policies ... ...

Abstract	Gun violence prevention is often viewed as polarizing, although gun owners actually support many gun safety policies. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between gun owners' perceptions of other gun owners' support for gun policies and their own individual support for such policies. NORC at the University of Chicago, which uses a panel of adults recruited through probability sampling, conducted an online/phone survey of 1,078 adult gun owners. Respondents were asked about their individual support for seven gun safety policies and their perceptions of other gun owners' support for those policies. We used two-sample t-tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between perceived and individual support. We found that gun owners underestimated fellow gun owners' support for gun violence prevention policy, especially if they personally opposed that policy. Gun owners' perception of fellow gun owners' support for a policy was significantly associated with the likelihood of individual support for that policy for all laws examined. These findings have important implications for correcting misperceptions of the level of gun owner support for gun safety policies as well as conducting and targeting educational campaigns to respond to and correct media misinformation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2785569-7
ISSN	2211-3355
ISSN	2211-3355
DOI	10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102324
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Article: Gun owners' assessment of gun safety policy: their underlying principles and detailed opinions.

Grene, Kathleen / Dharani, Amani / Siegel, Michael

Injury epidemiology

2023 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 21

Abstract: Background: While gun owners are frequently surveyed, we are not aware of any study that has examined principles held by gun owners that underlie their gun policy opinions, or their opinions about specific provisions of each policy. To find the common ... ...

Abstract	Background: While gun owners are frequently surveyed, we are not aware of any study that has examined principles held by gun owners that underlie their gun policy opinions, or their opinions about specific provisions of each policy. To find the common ground between gun owners and non-gun owners, this paper aims to answer the following: (1) What underlying principles affects gun owner support for gun policies; (2) how do gun owners' attitudes change depending on the specific provisions within these policies? Methods: In May 2022, a survey was administered by NORC at the University of Chicago and completed by adult gun owners (n = 1078) online or by phone. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA. The survey used a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate gun owners' principles and attitudes toward firearm regulation, such as red flag laws, and possible provisions to these policies. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 96 adult gun owners and non-gun owners to further clarify points in the survey for the former and to ascertain support for the same policies and their potential provisions for the latter. Results: The principle that gun owners identified with the most concerned keeping guns out of the hands of those with an increased risk for violence. There was significant overlap among gun owners and non-gun owners on policy support, especially with this central theme that those with a history of violence should be prevented from accessing a firearm. The degree of support for policies was different depending on what provisions were said to be included in the policy. For example, the degree of support for universal background checks ranged from 19.9 to 78.4% depending on the details of the legislation. Conclusion: This research demonstrates common ground between gun owners and non-gun owners: It informs the gun safety policy community about gun owners' views and principles on gun safety policy and which policy provisions impact their support for a given law. This paper suggests that an effective, mutually agreed upon gun safety policy is possible.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2764253-7
ISSN	2197-1714
ISSN	2197-1714
DOI	10.1186/s40621-023-00430-z
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Book: Marketing public health

Siegel, Michael / Lotenberg Doner, Lynne

strategies to promote social change

2007

Author's details	Michael Siegel ; Lynne Doner Lotenberg
Keywords	Public Health ; Marketing of Health Services ; Social Change
Language	English
Size	XX, 608 S. : Ill.
Edition	2. ed.
Publisher	Jones and Bartlett Publ
Publishing place	Boston, Mass. u.a.
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT015268458
ISBN	978-0-7637-3891-4 ; 0-7637-3891-3
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Re-examining the Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction: A Cautionary Tale.

Critcher, Clayton R / Siegel, Michael

American journal of preventive medicine

2021 Volume 61, Issue 4, Page(s) 474–482

Abstract: Introduction: Cross-sectional analyses have suggested that e-cigarette use, independent of combustible cigarette use, elevates the risk of myocardial infarction. Previous researchers confused their own models' assumptions that these risks were ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Cross-sectional analyses have suggested that e-cigarette use, independent of combustible cigarette use, elevates the risk of myocardial infarction. Previous researchers confused their own models' assumptions that these risks were independent with the idea that their analyses validated the presence of independent risks. This study avoids this pitfall. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of the 2014-2019 National Health Interview Surveys (N=175,546) were conducted in 2020. Results: Logistic regressions found that e-cigarette use was associated with having had a myocardial infarction, but this association significantly varied on the basis of one's smoking history. With a host of demographic and clinical variables controlled, e-cigarette use was associated with lifetime myocardial infarction occurrence only among current smokers. A counterfactual analysis first removed all (current or former) e-cigarette‒using respondents who had suffered a myocardial infarction without a history of smoking. The independent-effects model used in previous research misleadingly indicated that daily vaping increases never smokers' odds of having had a myocardial infarction by 1.55 (95% CI=1.11, 2.15), even though no such myocardial infarction sufferers remained in the analyzed data. The association between myocardial infarction and vaping daily has shown a significant annual decline (AOR=0.81, 95% CI=0.67, 0.98). Conclusions: There is no reliable evidence that e-cigarette use is associated with ever having had a myocardial infarction among never smokers. Contrary to concerns that the harms associated with e-cigarettes are only now emerging after more years of possible product use, the only evidence of time-dependent variation in the association between e-cigarette use and myocardial infarction ran counter to this possibility. The scientific community must insist that researchers engage in accurate public communication of peer-reviewed findings.
MeSH term(s)	Cross-Sectional Studies ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology ; Myocardial Infarction/etiology ; Vaping/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632646-8
ISSN	1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
ISSN (online)	1873-2607
ISSN	0749-3797
DOI	10.1016/j.amepre.2021.05.003
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Article ; Online: Cross-Sectional Analyses Can Evaluate the Plausibility of, but Not Validate, Causal Accounts.

Critcher, Clayton R / Siegel, Michael

American journal of preventive medicine

2021 Volume 62, Issue 2, Page(s) e141–e143

MeSH term(s)	Causality ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	632646-8
ISSN	1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
ISSN (online)	1873-2607
ISSN	0749-3797
DOI	10.1016/j.amepre.2021.09.009
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