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Article ; Online: Mountain lions avoid burned areas and increase risky behavior after wildfire in a fragmented urban landscape.

Blakey, Rachel V / Sikich, Jeff A / Blumstein, Daniel T / Riley, Seth P D

2022 Volume 32, Issue 21, Page(s) 4762–4768.e5

Abstract: Urban environments are high risk areas for large carnivores, where anthropogenic disturbances can reduce fitness and increase mortality risk. ...

Abstract	Urban environments are high risk areas for large carnivores, where anthropogenic disturbances can reduce fitness and increase mortality risk.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Puma/genetics ; Wildfires ; Urbanization ; Fires ; Risk-Taking
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.082
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Article: First reproductive signs of inbreeding depression in Southern California male mountain lions (Puma concolor)

Huffmeyer, Audra A. / Sikich, Jeff A. / Vickers, T. Winston / Riley, Seth P.D. / Wayne, Robert K.

Elsevier Inc. Theriogenology. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 177

2022

Abstract: Long-term studies of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Southern California have documented persistent small population sizes and the lowest genetic variation of any mountain lion population, except for the Federally endangered mountain lion subspecies, ... ...

Abstract	Long-term studies of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Southern California have documented persistent small population sizes and the lowest genetic variation of any mountain lion population, except for the Federally endangered mountain lion subspecies, the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). There is overwhelming molecular evidence supporting inbreeding and low genetic diversity in these Southern California populations but there is a lack of phenotypical evidence of inbreeding depression. The primary goal of this study was to assess male mountain lions, in Southern California, for teratospermia (>60% abnormal sperm production), one of the first signs of inbreeding depression in mountain lions that are associated with decreased reproduction and population decline. From December 2019 to December 2020, we surveyed mountain lions during live captures, after mortality events, and in images collected from camera traps in the following populations: Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Susana Mountains, Santa Ana Mountains, and the Eastern Peninsular Range. Mountain lions were sampled for known physical abnormalities associated with inbreeding depression such as teratospermia, cryptorchidism, and distal tail kinks. For teratospermia, we extracted testes from five males post-mortem to assess sperm morphology. Epididymal sperm evaluations revealed all males were teratospermic. Across all samples, on average, 93% of observed spermatozoa were abnormal. We physically examined 32 mountain lions (males and females) for distal tail kinks, and we observed one individual affected. We examined 15 male mountain lions for cryptorchidism, and we observed one unilaterally cryptorchid male and one male with testes that differed significantly in size, likely reflecting asynchronous migration of the testes during puberty. Further, we identified three other animals in camera-trap images that had distal tail kinks, for a total of four. In conclusion, from December 2019 to December 2020, we identified nine individuals exhibiting physical signs of inbreeding depression. These reproductive and physical signs of inbreeding depression in Southern California mountain lions increase the urgency of conservation efforts in the region.
Keywords	Puma concolor coryi ; animal reproduction ; cameras ; cryptorchidism ; epididymis ; genetic variation ; males ; mortality ; population dynamics ; puberty ; spermatogenesis ; spermatozoa ; tail ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Size	p. 157-164.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	189232-0
ISSN	1879-3231 ; 0093-691X
ISSN (online)	1879-3231
ISSN	0093-691X
DOI	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.016
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Big Cats in the Big City: Spatial Ecology of Mountain Lions in Greater Los Angeles

RILEY, SETH P. D. / SIKICH, JEFF A. / BENSON, JOHN F.

journal of wildlife management. 2021 Nov., v. 85, no. 8

2021

Abstract: Large carnivores can represent the ultimate challenge for conservation in developed landscapes because of their large area requirements and potential for conflict with humans. Some large carnivores such as mountain lions (Puma concolor) can use a wide ... ...

Abstract	Large carnivores can represent the ultimate challenge for conservation in developed landscapes because of their large area requirements and potential for conflict with humans. Some large carnivores such as mountain lions (Puma concolor) can use a wide range of biomes and vegetation types, and in southern California, USA, they persist in metropolitan Los Angeles, a megacity of 18 million people. Understanding how large carnivores use highly altered landscapes is important for their conservation and management. We estimated home range size, landscape use, and landscape selection for mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains and surrounding areas for 29 subadult and adult animals from 2002 to 2016, using 128,133 locations from global positioning system (GPS)‐collars. Home range size was similar to that reported by other researchers; home ranges averaged 372 km² for adult males and 134 km² for adult females, except for 2 adult males in isolated habitat fragments that maintained 2 of the smallest adult male home ranges ever recorded (24 km² and 54 km²). Mountain lions very rarely entered developed areas, consistently avoided altered open areas such as golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaped spaces, and showed a positive relationship between home range size and amount of development, all indicating that developed areas have reduced value for mountain lions. Mountain lions from all sex and age classes selected areas closer to development than expected by chance, which could be related to the presence of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) or other prey in or adjacent to urbanization. For 2 adult males that occupied home ranges within the most urban portions of our study area, their response to urban development differed strongly across diurnal periods, ranging from avoidance during the day to selection at night. Shrub vegetation types, especially chaparral, were important in terms of habitat use and resource selection, highlighting their importance for conservation of the species in southern California. North America's largest felid can thrive in shrublands and persist even in one of the world's largest cities, although they only very rarely venture into developed areas within that city. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Keywords	Odocoileus hemionus ; Puma concolor ; adults ; chaparral ; cities ; habitats ; home range ; landscapes ; males ; shrublands ; shrubs ; urbanization ; wildlife management ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 1527-1542.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410712-3
ISSN	0022-541X
ISSN	0022-541X
DOI	10.1002/jwmg.22127
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Article ; Online: First reproductive signs of inbreeding depression in Southern California male mountain lions (Puma concolor).

Huffmeyer, Audra A / Sikich, Jeff A / Vickers, T Winston / Riley, Seth P D / Wayne, Robert K

Theriogenology

2021 Volume 177, Page(s) 157–164

Abstract	Long-term studies of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Southern California have documented persistent small population sizes and the lowest genetic variation of any mountain lion population, except for the Federally endangered mountain lion subspecies, the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). There is overwhelming molecular evidence supporting inbreeding and low genetic diversity in these Southern California populations but there is a lack of phenotypical evidence of inbreeding depression. The primary goal of this study was to assess male mountain lions, in Southern California, for teratospermia (>60% abnormal sperm production), one of the first signs of inbreeding depression in mountain lions that are associated with decreased reproduction and population decline. From December 2019 to December 2020, we surveyed mountain lions during live captures, after mortality events, and in images collected from camera traps in the following populations: Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Susana Mountains, Santa Ana Mountains, and the Eastern Peninsular Range. Mountain lions were sampled for known physical abnormalities associated with inbreeding depression such as teratospermia, cryptorchidism, and distal tail kinks. For teratospermia, we extracted testes from five males post-mortem to assess sperm morphology. Epididymal sperm evaluations revealed all males were teratospermic. Across all samples, on average, 93% of observed spermatozoa were abnormal. We physically examined 32 mountain lions (males and females) for distal tail kinks, and we observed one individual affected. We examined 15 male mountain lions for cryptorchidism, and we observed one unilaterally cryptorchid male and one male with testes that differed significantly in size, likely reflecting asynchronous migration of the testes during puberty. Further, we identified three other animals in camera-trap images that had distal tail kinks, for a total of four. In conclusion, from December 2019 to December 2020, we identified nine individuals exhibiting physical signs of inbreeding depression. These reproductive and physical signs of inbreeding depression in Southern California mountain lions increase the urgency of conservation efforts in the region.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; California ; Female ; Inbreeding ; Inbreeding Depression ; Male ; Puma ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189232-0
ISSN	1879-3231 ; 0093-691X
ISSN (online)	1879-3231
ISSN	0093-691X
DOI	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.016
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Article ; Online: Individual and Population Level Resource Selection Patterns of Mountain Lions Preying on Mule Deer along an Urban-Wildland Gradient.

Benson, John F / Sikich, Jeff A / Riley, Seth P D

PloS one

2016 Volume 11, Issue 7, Page(s) e0158006

Abstract: Understanding population and individual-level behavioral responses of large carnivores to human disturbance is important for conserving top predators in fragmented landscapes. However, previous research has not investigated resource selection at ... ...

Abstract	Understanding population and individual-level behavioral responses of large carnivores to human disturbance is important for conserving top predators in fragmented landscapes. However, previous research has not investigated resource selection at predation sites of mountain lions in highly urbanized areas. We quantified selection of natural and anthropogenic landscape features by mountain lions at sites where they consumed their primary prey, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), in and adjacent to urban, suburban, and rural areas in greater Los Angeles. We documented intersexual and individual-level variation in the environmental conditions present at mule deer feeding sites relative to their availability across home ranges. Males selected riparian woodlands and areas closer to water more than females, whereas females selected developed areas marginally more than males. Females fed on mule deer closer to developed areas and farther from riparian woodlands than expected based on the availability of these features across their home ranges. We suggest that mortality risk for females and their offspring associated with encounters with males may have influenced the different resource selection patterns between sexes. Males appeared to select mule deer feeding sites mainly in response to natural landscape features, while females may have made kills closer to developed areas in part because these are alternative sites where deer are abundant. Individual mountain lions of both sexes selected developed areas more strongly within home ranges where development occurred less frequently. Thus, areas near development may represent a trade-off for mountain lions such that they may benefit from foraging near development because of abundant prey, but as the landscape becomes highly urbanized these benefits may be outweighed by human disturbance.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Deer/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Food Chain ; Homing Behavior ; Humans ; Los Angeles ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Puma/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Telemetry ; Urbanization
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0158006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Multi-population puma connectivity could restore genomic diversity to at-risk coastal populations in California.

Gustafson, Kyle D / Gagne, Roderick B / Buchalski, Michael R / Vickers, T Winston / Riley, Seth P D / Sikich, Jeff A / Rudd, Jaime L / Dellinger, Justin A / LaCava, Melanie E F / Ernest, Holly B

Evolutionary applications

2022 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 286–299

Abstract: Urbanization is decreasing wildlife habitat and connectivity worldwide, including for apex predators, such as the puma ( ...

Abstract	Urbanization is decreasing wildlife habitat and connectivity worldwide, including for apex predators, such as the puma (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2405496-3
ISSN	1752-4563 ; 1752-4571
ISSN (online)	1752-4563
ISSN	1752-4571
DOI	10.1111/eva.13341
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Article ; Online: Pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the urban wildlife of southern California.

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 14368

Abstract: Leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world, is broadly understudied in multi-host wildlife systems. Knowledge gaps regarding Leptospira circulation in wildlife, particularly in densely populated areas, contribute to frequent ... ...

Abstract	Leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world, is broadly understudied in multi-host wildlife systems. Knowledge gaps regarding Leptospira circulation in wildlife, particularly in densely populated areas, contribute to frequent misdiagnoses in humans and domestic animals. We assessed Leptospira prevalence levels and risk factors in five target wildlife species across the greater Los Angeles region: striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), coyotes (Canis latrans), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). We sampled more than 960 individual animals, including over 700 from target species in the greater Los Angeles region, and an additional 266 sampled opportunistically from other California regions and species. In the five target species seroprevalences ranged from 5 to 60%, and infection prevalences ranged from 0.8 to 15.2% in all except fox squirrels (0%). Leptospira phylogenomics and patterns of serologic reactivity suggest that mainland terrestrial wildlife, particularly mesocarnivores, could be the source of repeated observed introductions of Leptospira into local marine and island ecosystems. Overall, we found evidence of widespread Leptospira exposure in wildlife across Los Angeles and surrounding regions. This indicates exposure risk for humans and domestic animals and highlights that this pathogen can circulate endemically in many wildlife species even in densely populated urban areas.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Leptospira/genetics ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; Mephitidae ; Los Angeles ; Animals, Domestic ; Coyotes ; Didelphis ; Geraniaceae ; Raccoons ; Sciuridae
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-40322-2
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Article ; Online: The ecology of human-caused mortality for a protected large carnivore.

Benson, John F / Dougherty, Kyle D / Beier, Paul / Boyce, Walter M / Cristescu, Bogdan / Gammons, Daniel J / Garcelon, David K / Higley, J Mark / Martins, Quinton E / Nisi, Anna C / Riley, Seth P D / Sikich, Jeff A / Stephenson, Thomas R / Vickers, T Winston / Wengert, Greta M / Wilmers, Christopher C / Wittmer, Heiko U / Dellinger, Justin A

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2023 Volume 120, Issue 13, Page(s) e2220030120

Abstract: Mitigating human-caused mortality for large carnivores is a pressing global challenge for wildlife conservation. However, mortality is almost exclusively studied at local (within-population) scales creating a mismatch between our understanding of risk ... ...

Abstract	Mitigating human-caused mortality for large carnivores is a pressing global challenge for wildlife conservation. However, mortality is almost exclusively studied at local (within-population) scales creating a mismatch between our understanding of risk and the spatial extent most relevant to conservation and management of wide-ranging species. Here, we quantified mortality for 590 radio-collared mountain lions statewide across their distribution in California to identify drivers of human-caused mortality and investigate whether human-caused mortality is additive or compensatory. Human-caused mortality, primarily from conflict management and vehicles, exceeded natural mortality despite mountain lions being protected from hunting. Our data indicate that human-caused mortality is additive to natural mortality as population-level survival decreased as a function of increasing human-caused mortality and natural mortality did not decrease with increased human-caused mortality. Mortality risk increased for mountain lions closer to rural development and decreased in areas with higher proportions of citizens voting to support environmental initiatives. Thus, the presence of human infrastructure and variation in the mindset of humans sharing landscapes with mountain lions appear to be primary drivers of risk. We show that human-caused mortality can reduce population-level survival of large carnivores across large spatial scales, even when they are protected from hunting.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Ecosystem ; Puma ; Ecology ; Carnivora ; Conservation of Natural Resources
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2220030120
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Article: Conserving ecological roles of top predators in isolated mountains.

Benson, John F / Mahoney, Peter J / Vickers, T Winston / Sikich, Jeff A / Beier, Paul / Riley, Seth P D / Ernest, Holly B / Boyce, Walter M

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2019 Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) e02029

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Predatory Behavior ; Puma
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2029
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Article: Extinction vortex dynamics of top predators isolated by urbanization.

Benson, John F / Mahoney, Peter J / Vickers, T Winston / Sikich, Jeff A / Beier, Paul / Riley, Seth P D / Ernest, Holly B / Boyce, Walter M

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2019 Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) e01868

Abstract: Extinction risk is elevated in small, isolated populations due to demographic and genetic interactions. Therefore, it is critical to model these processes realistically in population viability analyses (PVA) to inform local management and contribute to a ...

Abstract	Extinction risk is elevated in small, isolated populations due to demographic and genetic interactions. Therefore, it is critical to model these processes realistically in population viability analyses (PVA) to inform local management and contribute to a greater understanding of mechanisms within the extinction vortex. We conducted PVA's for two small mountain lion populations isolated by urbanization in southern California to predict population growth, extinction probability, and loss of genetic diversity with empirical data. Specifically, we (1) provide the first PVA for isolated mountain lions in the Santa Ana Mountains (SAM) that considers both demographic and genetic risk factors and (2) test the hypothesis that variation in abundance and mortality between the SAM and Santa Monica Mountains (SMM) result in differences in population growth, loss of heterozygosity, and extinction probability. Our models predicted 16-21% probability of local extinction in the SAM due purely to demographic processes over 50 yr with current low levels or no immigration. Our models also predicted that genetic diversity will further erode in the SAM such that concern regarding inbreeding depression is warranted unless gene flow is increased, and that if inbreeding depression occurs, rapid local extinction will be highly likely. Dynamics of the two populations were broadly similar, but they also exhibited differences driven by larger population size and higher mortality in the SAM. Density-independent scenarios predicted a rapidly increasing population in the SMM, whereas growth potential did not differ from a stable trend in the SAM. Demographic extinction probability and loss of heterozygosity were greater in the SMM for density-dependent scenarios without immigration. However, higher levels of immigration had stronger, positive influences on both demographic viability and retention of genetic diversity in the SMM driven by lower abundance and higher adult survival. Our results elucidate demographic and genetic threats to small populations within the extinction vortex, and how these vary relative to demographic structure. Importantly, simulating seemingly attainable increases in connectivity was sufficient to greatly reduce extinction probability. Our work highlights that conservation of large carnivores is achievable within urbanized landscapes, but requires land protection, connectivity, and strategies to promote coexistence with humans.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; California ; Demography ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Puma ; Urbanization
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.1868
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