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Article ; Online: Impact of text-to-speech features on the reading comprehension of children with reading and language difficulties.

Keelor, Jennifer L / Creaghead, Nancy A / Silbert, Noah H / Breit, Allison D / Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi

2023 Volume 73, Issue 3, Page(s) 469–486

Abstract: This study investigated the reading comprehension scores of students with reading and language difficulties after reading a passage with and without text-to-speech (TTS). Students, ages 8 to 12 years, read five passages under the following conditions: (a) ...

Abstract	This study investigated the reading comprehension scores of students with reading and language difficulties after reading a passage with and without text-to-speech (TTS). Students, ages 8 to 12 years, read five passages under the following conditions: (a) silent read, (b) read aloud, (c) listen only, (d) TTS with no highlighting, and (e) TTS with highlighting. Students answered multiple-choice comprehension questions following each condition. Mixed ANOVAs were performed to determine whether TTS improved reading comprehension. TTS significantly improved comprehension in comparison to no TTS, and specifically, TTS with no highlighting and TTS with highlighting resulted in significantly higher comprehension scores compared to silent read. No other significant differences were found across conditions including between the presentational features of TTS, specifically TTS with no highlighting and TTS with highlighting conditions. Students were grouped as dyslexia only or reading and language impairment based on their test results. Findings suggested that students with dyslexia only scored significantly higher on reading comprehension questions in all reading conditions and derived significantly more benefit in reading comprehension from TTS and the listen only condition compared to students with Reading and Language Impairment. Overall, TTS may be a helpful tool for supporting the reading comprehension of students with reading and language difficulties, particularly for students with dyslexia only; however, further studies are needed to explore the benefits of TTS' presentational features such as highlighting with students with reading and language difficulties.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Comprehension ; Dyslexia ; Speech ; Reading ; Language Development Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	11939-8
ISSN	1934-7243 ; 0736-9387
ISSN (online)	1934-7243
ISSN	0736-9387
DOI	10.1007/s11881-023-00281-9
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Article ; Online: Syllable structure and integration of voicing and manner of articulation information in labial consonant identification.

Silbert, Noah H

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2012 Volume 131, Issue 5, Page(s) 4076–4086

Abstract: Speech perception requires the integration of information from multiple phonetic and phonological dimensions. A sizable literature exists on the relationships between multiple phonetic dimensions and single phonological dimensions (e.g., spectral and ... ...

Abstract	Speech perception requires the integration of information from multiple phonetic and phonological dimensions. A sizable literature exists on the relationships between multiple phonetic dimensions and single phonological dimensions (e.g., spectral and temporal cues to stop consonant voicing). A much smaller body of work addresses relationships between phonological dimensions, and much of this has focused on sequences of phones. However, strong assumptions about the relevant set of acoustic cues and/or the (in)dependence between dimensions limit previous findings in important ways. Recent methodological developments in the general recognition theory framework enable tests of a number of these assumptions and provide a more complete model of distinct perceptual and decisional processes in speech sound identification. A hierarchical Bayesian Gaussian general recognition theory model was fit to data from two experiments investigating identification of English labial stop and fricative consonants in onset (syllable initial) and coda (syllable final) position. The results underscore the importance of distinguishing between conceptually distinct processing levels and indicate that, for individual subjects and at the group level, integration of phonological information is partially independent with respect to perception and that patterns of independence and interaction vary with syllable position.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation/methods ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; Cues ; Decision Making ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Phonetics ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology ; Speech Acoustics ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Voice/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/1.3699209
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Article ; Online: Development and validation of a digits-in-noise hearing test in Persian.

Motlagh Zadeh, Lina / Silbert, Noah H / Sternasty, Katherine / Moore, David R

International journal of audiology

2020 Volume 60, Issue 3, Page(s) 202–209

Abstract: Objective: The prevalence of unrecognised and late-diagnosed hearing loss is higher in low- and middle-income than in high-income countries, due in part to lack of access to hearing services. Because hearing screening is important for early ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The prevalence of unrecognised and late-diagnosed hearing loss is higher in low- and middle-income than in high-income countries, due in part to lack of access to hearing services. Because hearing screening is important for early identification of hearing loss, development of an accessible, self-screening test that can detect hearing loss reliably and quickly would provide significant benefits, especially for underserved populations. This study aimed to develop and validate a new version of the digits-in-noise (DIN) test for Persian speaking countries. Design: Recordings of Persian digits 0-9 were binaurally presented in broadband speech-shaped noise. Using fitted speech intelligibility functions, digits were homogenised to achieve equal perceptual difficulty across stimuli. The evaluation was established by reference to existing English DIN tests. Study sample: Thirty Persian speaking young adults with normal hearing thresholds (≤20 dB HL, 0.25-8 kHz). Results: Speech intelligibility functions produced a mean speech reception threshold (SRT) of -7.7 dB, corresponding closely to previously developed DIN tests. There was no significant difference between test and retest SRTs, indicating high reliability of the test. Our findings suggest that language-specific factors need to be considered for cross-language comparison of DIN-SRTs. Conclusion: This study introduces a convenient tool for future hearing screening in Persian speaking countries with limited access to audiology services.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Threshold ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Language ; Reproducibility of Results ; Speech Intelligibility ; Speech Perception ; Speech Reception Threshold Test ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2073098-6
ISSN	1708-8186 ; 1499-2027
ISSN (online)	1708-8186
ISSN	1499-2027
DOI	10.1080/14992027.2020.1814969
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Article ; Online: Improved Sensitivity of Digits-in-Noise Test to High-Frequency Hearing Loss.

Motlagh Zadeh, Lina / Silbert, Noah H / Swanepoel, De Wet / Moore, David R

Ear and hearing

2021 Volume 42, Issue 3, Page(s) 565–573

Abstract: Objectives: Hearing loss is most commonly observed at high frequencies. High-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) precedes and predicts hearing loss at lower frequencies. It was previously shown that an automated, self-administered digits-in-noise (DIN) test ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Hearing loss is most commonly observed at high frequencies. High-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) precedes and predicts hearing loss at lower frequencies. It was previously shown that an automated, self-administered digits-in-noise (DIN) test can be sensitized for detection of HFHL by low-pass filtering the speech-shaped masking noise at 1.5 kHz. This study was designed to investigate whether sensitivity of the DIN to HFHL can be enhanced further using low-pass noise filters with higher cutoff frequencies. Design: The US-English digits 0 to 9, homogenized for audibility, were binaurally presented in different noise maskers including one broadband and three low-pass (cutoff at 2, 4, and 8 kHz) filtered speech-shaped noises. DIN-speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were obtained from 60 normal hearing (NH), and 40 mildly hearing impaired listeners with bilateral symmetric sensorineural hearing loss. Standard and extended high-frequency audiometric pure-tone averages (PTAs) were compared with the DIN-SRTs. Results: Narrower masking noise bandwidth generally produced better (more sensitive) mean DIN-SRTs. There were strong and significant correlations between SRT and PTA in the hearing impaired group. Lower frequency PTALF 0.5,1, 2, 4 kHz had the highest correlation and the steepest slope with SRTs obtained from the 2-kHz filter. Higher frequency PTAHF 4,8,10,12.5 kHz correlated best with SRTs obtained from 4- and 8-kHz filtered noise. The 4-kHz low-pass filter also had the highest sensitivity (92%) and equally highest (with the 8-kHz filter) specificity (90%) for detecting an average PTAHF of 20 dB or more. Conclusions: Of the filters used, DIN sensitivity to higher frequency hearing loss was greatest using the 4-kHz low-pass filter. These results suggest that low-pass filtered noise may be usefully substituted for broadband noise to improve earlier detection of HFHL using DIN.
MeSH term(s)	Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Auditory Threshold ; Hearing Loss, High-Frequency/diagnosis ; Humans ; Noise ; Speech ; Speech Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	603093-2
ISSN	1538-4667 ; 0196-0202
ISSN (online)	1538-4667
ISSN	0196-0202
DOI	10.1097/AUD.0000000000000956
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Article ; Online: Modeling talker- and listener-based sources of variability in babble-induced consonant confusions.

Silbert, Noah H / Motlagh Zadeh, Lina

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2018 Volume 143, Issue 5, Page(s) 2780

Abstract: Speech communication often occurs in the presence of noise. Patterns of perceptual errors induced by background noise are influenced by properties of the listener and of the noise and target speech. The present study introduces a modification of ... ...

Abstract	Speech communication often occurs in the presence of noise. Patterns of perceptual errors induced by background noise are influenced by properties of the listener and of the noise and target speech. The present study introduces a modification of multilevel general recognition theory in which talker- and listener-based variability in confusion patterns are modeled as global or dimension-specific scaling of shared, group-level perceptual distributions. Listener-specific perceptual correlations and response bias are also modeled as random variables. This model is applied to identification-confusion data from 11 listeners' identifications of ten tokens of each of four consonant categories-[t], [d], [s], [z]-produced by 20 talkers in CV syllables and masked by 10-talker babble. The results indicate that dimension-specific scaling for both listeners and talkers provides a good account of confusion patterns. These findings are discussed in relation to other recent research showing substantial listener-, talker-, and token-based sources of variability in noise-masked speech perception.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/1.5037091
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Article ; Online: Bilingualism leads to greater auditory capacity.

Motlagh Zadeh, Lina / Jalilvand Karimi, Leyla / Silbert, Noah H

International journal of audiology

2018 Volume 57, Issue 11, Page(s) 831–837

Abstract: The objective of this article is to investigate the effects of bilingualism on auditory capacity of young adults using a dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) test. Listeners were asked to identify distinct CVs dichotically presented to each ear through ... ...

Abstract	The objective of this article is to investigate the effects of bilingualism on auditory capacity of young adults using a dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) test. Listeners were asked to identify distinct CVs dichotically presented to each ear through headphones. CV identification accuracy in both ears served as a measure of auditory capacity of listeners. Eighty normal hearing participants including 40 bilinguals (23 males and 17 females) and 40 monolinguals (11 males and 29 females) were used as study sample. Members of the bilingual group acquired their second language before entering elementary school. The bilingual listeners had higher mean both-ear-correct scores than did monolingual listeners, indicating a greater auditory capacity in the bilingual group than in the monolingual group. The finding of greater auditory capacity in bilinguals using a task requiring divided attention reflects greater ability to store and recall auditory information in bilinguals. However, the inconsistency of results across studies of bilingual advantages indicates that there is a need for further research in this area using both linguistic and non-linguistic tasks and considering age of acquisition as a possible moderating variable.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention ; Dichotic Listening Tests ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Multilingualism ; Speech Acoustics ; Speech Perception ; Voice Quality ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2073098-6
ISSN	1708-8186 ; 1499-2027
ISSN (online)	1708-8186
ISSN	1499-2027
DOI	10.1080/14992027.2018.1516896
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Article ; Online: Technical clarification to Silbert and Thomas (2013): "decisional separability, model identification, and statistical inference in the general recognition theory framework".

Thomas, Robin D / Silbert, Noah H

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2013 Volume 21, Issue 2, Page(s) 574–575

Abstract: We offer a minor technical correction to the published proof of part (ii) of the main theorem in Silbert and Thomas (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1-20, 2013) that somewhat limits the scope of the equivalence observed in that work. Specifically, in ... ...

Abstract	We offer a minor technical correction to the published proof of part (ii) of the main theorem in Silbert and Thomas (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1-20, 2013) that somewhat limits the scope of the equivalence observed in that work. Specifically, in order for a mean shift integrality with decisional separability to be mimicked by a perceptually separable but nondecisionally separable configuration, one needs to assume stimulus invariance. This holds when all of the covariance matrices in the stimulus configuration are equal to each other. We note that part (i) of the theorem is unaffected by this modification; an empirical finding of perceptual separability and the failure of decisional separability can be mimicked by a perceptually nonseparable, decisionally separable configuration without restricting the covariance matrices to be equal. We also note that stimulus invariance is often assumed in simple designs (e.g., Macmillan & Ornstein in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 1261-1285, 1998), due to the implausibility of different perceptual correlations being present within stimuli perched very closely in perceptual space.
MeSH term(s)	Decision Making/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-013-0529-6
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Article ; Online: Fidelity of Automatic Speech Processing for Adult and Child Talker Classifications.

VanDam, Mark / Silbert, Noah H

PloS one

2016 Volume 11, Issue 8, Page(s) e0160588

Abstract: Automatic speech processing (ASP) has recently been applied to very large datasets of naturalistically collected, daylong recordings of child speech via an audio recorder worn by young children. The system developed by the LENA Research Foundation ... ...

Abstract	Automatic speech processing (ASP) has recently been applied to very large datasets of naturalistically collected, daylong recordings of child speech via an audio recorder worn by young children. The system developed by the LENA Research Foundation analyzes children's speech for research and clinical purposes, with special focus on of identifying and tagging family speech dynamics and the at-home acoustic environment from the auditory perspective of the child. A primary issue for researchers, clinicians, and families using the Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system is to what degree the segment labels are valid. This classification study evaluates the performance of the computer ASP output against 23 trained human judges who made about 53,000 judgements of classification of segments tagged by the LENA ASP. Results indicate performance consistent with modern ASP such as those using HMM methods, with acoustic characteristics of fundamental frequency and segment duration most important for both human and machine classifications. Results are likely to be important for interpreting and improving ASP output.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustics ; Adult ; Automation ; Humans ; Infant ; Informatics/methods ; Speech/classification ; Statistics as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0160588
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Article ; Online: Decisional separability, model identification, and statistical inference in the general recognition theory framework.

Silbert, Noah H / Thomas, Robin D

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2012 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–20

Abstract: Recent work in the general recognition theory (GRT) framework indicates that there are serious problems with some of the inferential machinery designed to detect perceptual and decisional interactions in multidimensional identification and categorization ...

Abstract	Recent work in the general recognition theory (GRT) framework indicates that there are serious problems with some of the inferential machinery designed to detect perceptual and decisional interactions in multidimensional identification and categorization (Mack, Richler, Gauthier, & Palmeri, 2011). These problems are more extensive than previously recognized, as we show through new analytic and simulation-based results indicating that failure of decisional separability is not identifiable in the Gaussian GRT model with either of two common response selection models. We also describe previously unnoticed formal implicational relationships between seemingly distinct tests of perceptual and decisional interactions. Augmenting these formal results with further simulations, we show that tests based on marginal signal detection parameters produce unacceptably high rates of incorrect statistical significance. We conclude by discussing the scope of the implications of these results, and we offer a brief sketch of a new set of recommendations for testing relationships between dimensions in perception and response selection in the full-factorial identification paradigm.
MeSH term(s)	Decision Making ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Psychological Theory ; Recognition, Psychology ; Signal Detection, Psychological
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-012-0329-4
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Article ; Online: Extended high-frequency hearing enhances speech perception in noise.

Motlagh Zadeh, Lina / Silbert, Noah H / Sternasty, Katherine / Swanepoel, De Wet / Hunter, Lisa L / Moore, David R

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2019 Volume 116, Issue 47, Page(s) 23753–23759

Abstract: Young healthy adults can hear tones up to at least 20 kHz. However, clinical audiometry, by which hearing loss is diagnosed, is limited at high frequencies to 8 kHz. Evidence suggests there is salient information at extended high frequencies (EHFs; 8 to ... ...

Abstract	Young healthy adults can hear tones up to at least 20 kHz. However, clinical audiometry, by which hearing loss is diagnosed, is limited at high frequencies to 8 kHz. Evidence suggests there is salient information at extended high frequencies (EHFs; 8 to 20 kHz) that may influence speech intelligibility, but whether that information is used in challenging listening conditions remains unknown. Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments is the most common concern people have about their hearing and usually the first sign of age-related hearing loss. Digits-in-noise (DIN), a widely used test of speech-in-noise perception, can be sensitized for detection of high-frequency hearing loss by low-pass filtering the broadband masking noise. Here, we used standard and EHF audiometry, self-report, and successively higher cutoff frequency filters (2 to 8 kHz) in a DIN test to investigate contributions of higher-frequency hearing to speech-in-noise perception. Three surprising results were found. First, 74 of 116 "normally hearing," mostly younger adults had some hearing loss at frequencies above 8 kHz. Early EHF hearing loss may thus be an easily measured, preventive warning to protect hearing. Second, EHF hearing loss correlated with self-reported difficulty hearing in noise. Finally, even with the broadest filtered noise (≤8 kHz), DIN hearing thresholds were significantly better (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Hearing/physiology ; Hearing Loss/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Noise ; Speech Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1903315116
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