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Article ; Online: Prospects for rotavirus vaccine introduction in the Philippines: Bridging the available evidence into immunization policy.

Lopez, Anna Lena / Raguindin, Peter Francis / Silva, Maria Wilda T

2019 Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) 1260–1264

Abstract: Rotavirus (RV) diarrhea is one of the most common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the world. The World Health Organization has recommended RV vaccines' use in national immunization programs since 2009. However, access to vaccines remain ... ...

Abstract	Rotavirus (RV) diarrhea is one of the most common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the world. The World Health Organization has recommended RV vaccines' use in national immunization programs since 2009. However, access to vaccines remain limited, particularly for most low- and middle-income countries where the burden of the disease is high. The Philippines is a lower-middle income country in Asia where RV vaccination remains limited. Recent studies in the Philippines indicate an estimated vaccine effectiveness of 60% against RV hospitalization, and a 50-60% reduction of all cause diarrhea among children aged under 5 within the population. Furthermore, we estimate that 225 rotavirus cases can be prevented per 1000 children vaccinated against RV. This information will be crucial as policymakers decide on expanding RV vaccination nationwide.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Diarrhea/prevention & control ; Diarrhea/virology ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/economics ; Immunization Programs/legislation & jurisprudence ; Infant ; Philippines ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Rotavirus Vaccines/economics ; Vaccination/economics ; Vaccination/legislation & jurisprudence ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Attenuated/economics
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines ; Vaccines, Attenuated
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2664176-8
ISSN	2164-554X ; 2164-5515
ISSN (online)	2164-554X
ISSN	2164-5515
DOI	10.1080/21645515.2018.1551673
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Article: Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among children in the Philippines, 2018

Minta, Anna A / Silva, Maria Wilda T / Shrestha, Achyut / de Quiroz-Castro, Maricel / Tohme, Rania A / Quimson, Mario E / Jiz, Mario Antonio / Woodring, Joseph

Vaccine. 2021 Apr. 01, v. 39, no. 14

2021

Abstract: The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) set a hepatitis B virus (HBV) control target to achieve HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence of <1% among children aged 5 years by 2017. The estimated HBsAg prevalence in the Philippines among ... ...

Abstract	The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) set a hepatitis B virus (HBV) control target to achieve HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence of <1% among children aged 5 years by 2017. The estimated HBsAg prevalence in the Philippines among adults was 16.7% during the pre-vaccine era. We estimated the HBsAg seroprevalence among children aged 5–7 years to measure the impact of vaccination.We conducted a household serosurvey, using a three-stage cluster survey methodology (provinces, clusters, and households). We estimated HBsAg prevalence using a rapid, point-of-care HBsAg test and calculated vaccination coverage by reviewing vaccination records or by caregiver recall. A questionnaire was administered to assess demographic variables for the child and family. We assessed the association between chronic HBV infection, vaccination coverage, and demographic variables, accounting for the complex survey design.Of the 2178 children tested, HBsAg was detected in 15 children [0.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 1.7]. Only two of the HBsAg-positive children had been fully vaccinated against HBV. Based on documented vaccination or caregiver recall for the survey population, hepatitis B vaccine birth dose (HepB-BD) coverage was 53%, and the third dose hepatitis B vaccination (HepB3) coverage was 73 percent. Among the 1362 children with documented HepB-BD, timely HepB-BD coverage (given within 24 h of birth) was 43%; children born outside a health facility were less likely to receive a timely HepB-BD than those born in a health facility (adjusted odds ratio 0.10, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.23).HBsAg prevalence among children in the Philippines has decreased compared to the prevalence among adults in the pre-vaccination era. Strategies to further reduce HBsAg prevalence include ensuring that all children, whether born in health facilities or at home, receive a timely HepB-BD, and increasing HepB-BD and HepB3 coverage to reach the WPR goals of ≥95% coverage.
Keywords	Hepatitis B virus ; Philippines ; World Health Organization ; caregivers ; children ; confidence interval ; hepatitis B ; hepatitis B antigens ; odds ratio ; point-of-care systems ; questionnaires ; seroprevalence ; surface antigens ; surveys ; vaccination ; vaccines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0401
Size	p. 1982-1989.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.042
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines prior to routine immunization.

Lopez, Anna Lena / Raguindin, Peter Francis / Aldaba, Josephine G / Avelino, Ferchito / Sy, Ava Kristy / Heffelfinger, James D / Silva, Maria Wilda T

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2020 Volume 102, Page(s) 344–351

Abstract: Background: Findings were published in 2015 that highlighted the endemicity of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in the Philippines. The policymakers responded by conducting an immunization campaign and strengthening the surveillance system. Using data on the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Findings were published in 2015 that highlighted the endemicity of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in the Philippines. The policymakers responded by conducting an immunization campaign and strengthening the surveillance system. Using data on the revitalized surveillance system, the epidemiology of JE in the country was updated. Methods: Electronic databases were searched, and conference proceedings related to JE in the Philippines were identified until 31 December 2018. Surveillance data from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2017 were used. The 2015 population census was used to estimate the national and regional incidence for children aged <15 years. Results: Four studies reported the seroprevalence of JE in the Philippines, which showed increasing seroprevalence with increasing age. Seroprevalence rates were from 0% for infants (aged <1 year) to 65.7% in adolescents (12-18 years) before the immunization campaign. Among five studies on the clinical profile of JE, case fatality ranged from 0 to 21.1% and neurologic sequelae ranged from 5.2 to 81.8% of diagnosed cases. In the surveillance data, JE cases peaked annually from July to October, coinciding with the wet season. The national incidence was estimated at a minimum of 0.7 JE cases/100,000 among children aged <15 years, but higher rates were seen in the northern regions of the country. Conclusion: Improved surveillance affirmed the burden of JE in the Philippines. A subnational immunization campaign in April 2019 was conducted in the northern regions of the country. This paper highlights the importance of including the JE vaccine in the immunization program and sustained high-quality surveillance to monitor its impact on JE control.
MeSH term(s)	Databases, Factual ; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology ; Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Chemical Substances	Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-27
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.061
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Article: Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in the Philippines: A modeling study

Villanueva-Uy, Maria Esterlita T. / Lam, Hilton Y. / Aldaba, Josephine G. / Uy, Tristan Marvin Z. / Valverde, Haidee A. / Silva, Maria Wilda T. / Mooney, Jessica / Clark, Andrew / Pecenka, Clint

Vaccine. 2021 Nov. 26, v. 39, no. 48

2021

Abstract: Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under five years of age in the Philippines. Rotavirus (RV) vaccination was introduced into the national immunization program (NIP) in 2012 but has since ... ...

Abstract	Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under five years of age in the Philippines. Rotavirus (RV) vaccination was introduced into the national immunization program (NIP) in 2012 but has since been limited to one region due to cost considerations and conflicting local cost-effectiveness estimates. Updated estimates of the cost-effectiveness of RV vaccination are required to inform prioritization of national immunization activities. We calculated the potential costs and benefits of rotavirus vaccination over a 10-year-period (2021–2031) from a government and societal perspective, comparing four alternative rotavirus vaccines: Rotavac, Rotasiil, Rotarix and Rotateq. For each vaccine, a proportionate outcomes model was used to calculate the expected number of disease events, DALYs, vaccination program costs, and healthcare costs, with and without vaccination. The primary outcome measure was the cost per DALY averted. Assuming each product would generate similar benefits, the dominant (lowest cost) product was identified. We then calculated the cost-effectiveness (US$ per Disability Adjusted Life Year [DALY] averted) of the least costly product and compared it to willingness-to-pay thresholds of 0.5 and 1 times the national GDP per capita ($3,485), and ran deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Introducing any of the four rotavirus vaccines would avert around 40% of RVGE visits, hospitalizations, and deaths over the period 2021–2031. Over the same ten-year period, the incremental cost of vaccination from a government perspective was estimated to be around $104, $105, $220, and $277 million for Rotavac, Rotasiil, Rotarix and Rotateq, respectively. The equivalent cost from a societal perspective was $58, $60, $178 and $231 million. The cost-effectiveness of the least costly product (Rotavac) was $1,148 ($830–$1682) from a government perspective and $646 ($233–1277) from a societal perspective. All other products offered similar benefits but at a higher cost. There is a >99% probability that Rotavac would be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold set at 0.5 times the national GDP per capita. Both Rotavac and Rotasiil are likely to be cost-effective options in the Philippines, but it is not possible to say definitively which product should be preferred. Rotarix and Rotateq are expected to offer similar benefits at more cost, so would need to be priced far more competitively to be considered for introduction.
Keywords	Philippines ; Rotavirus ; cost effectiveness ; death ; gastroenteritis ; models ; prioritization ; probability ; vaccination ; vaccines ; willingness to pay
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1126
Size	p. 7091-7100.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.075
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Article ; Online: Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in the Philippines: A modeling study.

Villanueva-Uy, Maria Esterlita T / Lam, Hilton Y / Aldaba, Josephine G / Uy, Tristan Marvin Z / Valverde, Haidee A / Silva, Maria Wilda T / Mooney, Jessica / Clark, Andrew / Pecenka, Clint

Vaccine

2021 Volume 39, Issue 48, Page(s) 7091–7100

Abstract: Introduction: Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under five years of age in the Philippines. Rotavirus (RV) vaccination was introduced into the national immunization program (NIP) in 2012 ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under five years of age in the Philippines. Rotavirus (RV) vaccination was introduced into the national immunization program (NIP) in 2012 but has since been limited to one region due to cost considerations and conflicting local cost-effectiveness estimates. Updated estimates of the cost-effectiveness of RV vaccination are required to inform prioritization of national immunization activities. Methods: We calculated the potential costs and benefits of rotavirus vaccination over a 10-year-period (2021-2031) from a government and societal perspective, comparing four alternative rotavirus vaccines: Rotavac, Rotasiil, Rotarix and Rotateq. For each vaccine, a proportionate outcomes model was used to calculate the expected number of disease events, DALYs, vaccination program costs, and healthcare costs, with and without vaccination. The primary outcome measure was the cost per DALY averted. Assuming each product would generate similar benefits, the dominant (lowest cost) product was identified. We then calculated the cost-effectiveness (US$ per Disability Adjusted Life Year [DALY] averted) of the least costly product and compared it to willingness-to-pay thresholds of 0.5 and 1 times the national GDP per capita ($3,485), and ran deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Results: Introducing any of the four rotavirus vaccines would avert around 40% of RVGE visits, hospitalizations, and deaths over the period 2021-2031. Over the same ten-year period, the incremental cost of vaccination from a government perspective was estimated to be around $104, $105, $220, and $277 million for Rotavac, Rotasiil, Rotarix and Rotateq, respectively. The equivalent cost from a societal perspective was $58, $60, $178 and $231 million. The cost-effectiveness of the least costly product (Rotavac) was $1,148 ($830-$1682) from a government perspective and $646 ($233-1277) from a societal perspective. All other products offered similar benefits but at a higher cost. There is a >99% probability that Rotavac would be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold set at 0.5 times the national GDP per capita. Conclusion: Both Rotavac and Rotasiil are likely to be cost-effective options in the Philippines, but it is not possible to say definitively which product should be preferred. Rotarix and Rotateq are expected to offer similar benefits at more cost, so would need to be priced far more competitively to be considered for introduction.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.075
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Article ; Online: Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among children in the Philippines, 2018.

Minta, Anna A / Silva, Maria Wilda T / Shrestha, Achyut / de Quiroz-Castro, Maricel / Tohme, Rania A / Quimson, Mario E / Jiz, Mario Antonio / Woodring, Joseph

Vaccine

2021 Volume 39, Issue 14, Page(s) 1982–1989

Abstract	The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) set a hepatitis B virus (HBV) control target to achieve HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence of <1% among children aged 5 years by 2017. The estimated HBsAg prevalence in the Philippines among adults was 16.7% during the pre-vaccine era. We estimated the HBsAg seroprevalence among children aged 5-7 years to measure the impact of vaccination. We conducted a household serosurvey, using a three-stage cluster survey methodology (provinces, clusters, and households). We estimated HBsAg prevalence using a rapid, point-of-care HBsAg test and calculated vaccination coverage by reviewing vaccination records or by caregiver recall. A questionnaire was administered to assess demographic variables for the child and family. We assessed the association between chronic HBV infection, vaccination coverage, and demographic variables, accounting for the complex survey design. Of the 2178 children tested, HBsAg was detected in 15 children [0.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 1.7]. Only two of the HBsAg-positive children had been fully vaccinated against HBV. Based on documented vaccination or caregiver recall for the survey population, hepatitis B vaccine birth dose (HepB-BD) coverage was 53%, and the third dose hepatitis B vaccination (HepB3) coverage was 73 percent. Among the 1362 children with documented HepB-BD, timely HepB-BD coverage (given within 24 h of birth) was 43%; children born outside a health facility were less likely to receive a timely HepB-BD than those born in a health facility (adjusted odds ratio 0.10, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.23). HBsAg prevalence among children in the Philippines has decreased compared to the prevalence among adults in the pre-vaccination era. Strategies to further reduce HBsAg prevalence include ensuring that all children, whether born in health facilities or at home, receive a timely HepB-BD, and increasing HepB-BD and HepB3 coverage to reach the WPR goals of ≥95% coverage.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology ; Hepatitis B/prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.042
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Article: Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus types 1 and 2 affecting the Republic of the Philippines and Malaysia, 2019–2021

Snider, Cynthia J. / Boualam, Liliane / Tallis, Graham / Takashima, Yoshihiro / Abeyasinghe, Rabindra / Lo, Ying-Ru / Grabovac, Varja / Avagyan, Tigran / Aslam, Syeda Kanwal / Eltayeb, Abu Obeida / Aung, Khin Devi / Wang, Xiaojun / Shrestha, Achyut / Ante-Orozco, Carla / Silva, Maria Wilda T. / Lapastora-Sucaldito, Nemia / Apostol, Lea Necitas G. / Jikal, Muhammad Bin Hj / Miraj, Waheed /

Lodhi, Faisal / Kim, Hyung Joon / Rusli, Norhayati / Thorley, Bruce R. / Kaye, Matthew B. / Nishimura, Yorihiro / Arita, Minetaro / Sani, Jamiatul Aida Md / Rundi, Christina / Feldon, Keith

Vaccine. 2022,

2022

Abstract: Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus serotypes 1 and 2 (cVDPV1, cVDPV2) were confirmed in the Republic of the Philippines in September 2019 and were subsequently confirmed in Malaysia by early 2020. There is continuous ... ...

Abstract	Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus serotypes 1 and 2 (cVDPV1, cVDPV2) were confirmed in the Republic of the Philippines in September 2019 and were subsequently confirmed in Malaysia by early 2020. There is continuous population subgroup movement in specific geographies between the two countries. Outbreak response efforts focused on sequential supplemental immunization activities with monovalent Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (bOPV, containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) as well as activities to enhance poliovirus surveillance sensitivity to detect virus circulation. A total of six cVDPV1 cases, 13 cVDPV2 cases, and one immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 case were detected, and there were 35 cVDPV1 and 31 cVDPV2 isolates from environmental surveillance sewage collection sites. No further cVDPV1 or cVDPV2 have been detected in either country since March 2020. Response efforts in both countries encountered challenges, particularly those caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Important lessons were identified and could be useful for other countries that experience outbreaks of concurrent cVDPV serotypes.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Philippines ; environmental monitoring ; immunization ; serotypes ; sewage ; vaccines ; viruses ; Malaysia
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.022
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus types 1 and 2 affecting the Republic of the Philippines and Malaysia, 2019-2021.

Snider, Cynthia J / Boualam, Liliane / Tallis, Graham / Takashima, Yoshihiro / Abeyasinghe, Rabindra / Lo, Ying-Ru / Grabovac, Varja / Avagyan, Tigran / Aslam, Syeda Kanwal / Eltayeb, Abu Obeida / Aung, Khin Devi / Wang, Xiaojun / Shrestha, Achyut / Ante-Orozco, Carla / Silva, Maria Wilda T / Lapastora-Sucaldito, Nemia / Apostol, Lea Necitas G / Jikal, Muhammad Bin Hj / Miraj, Waheed /

Lodhi, Faisal / Kim, Hyung Joon / Rusli, Norhayati / Thorley, Bruce R / Kaye, Matthew B / Nishimura, Yorihiro / Arita, Minetaro / Sani, Jamiatul Aida Md / Rundi, Christina / Feldon, Keith

Vaccine

2022 Volume 41 Suppl 1, Page(s) A58–A69

Abstract	Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus serotypes 1 and 2 (cVDPV1, cVDPV2) were confirmed in the Republic of the Philippines in September 2019 and were subsequently confirmed in Malaysia by early 2020. There is continuous population subgroup movement in specific geographies between the two countries. Outbreak response efforts focused on sequential supplemental immunization activities with monovalent Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (bOPV, containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) as well as activities to enhance poliovirus surveillance sensitivity to detect virus circulation. A total of six cVDPV1 cases, 13 cVDPV2 cases, and one immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 case were detected, and there were 35 cVDPV1 and 31 cVDPV2 isolates from environmental surveillance sewage collection sites. No further cVDPV1 or cVDPV2 have been detected in either country since March 2020. Response efforts in both countries encountered challenges, particularly those caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Important lessons were identified and could be useful for other countries that experience outbreaks of concurrent cVDPV serotypes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Poliovirus ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.022
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