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  1. Article ; Online: Deep learning of antibody epitopes using molecular permutation vectors

    Vardaxis, Ioannis / Simovski, Boris / Anzar, Irantzu / Stratford, Richard / Clancy, Trevor

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: The accurate computational prediction of B cell epitopes can vastly reduce the cost and time required for identifying potential epitope candidates for the design of vaccines and immunodiagnostics. However, current computational tools for B cell epitope ... ...

    Abstract The accurate computational prediction of B cell epitopes can vastly reduce the cost and time required for identifying potential epitope candidates for the design of vaccines and immunodiagnostics. However, current computational tools for B cell epitope prediction perform poorly and are not fit-for-purpose, and there remains enormous room for improvement and the need for superior prediction strategies. Here we propose a novel approach that improves B cell epitope prediction by encoding epitopes as binary molecular permutation vectors that represent the position and structural properties of the amino acids within a protein antigen sequence that interact with an antibody, rather than the traditional approach of defining epitopes as scores per amino acid on a protein sequence that pertain to their probability of partaking in a B cell epitope antibody interaction. In addition to defining epitopes as a binary molecular permutation vectors, the approach also uses the 3D macrostructure features of the unbound 3D protein structures, and in turn uses these features to train another deep learning model on the corresponding antibody-bound protein 3D structures. We demonstrate that the strategy predicts B cell epitopes with improved accuracy compared to the existing tools, and reliably identifies the majority of experimentally verified epitopes on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 not seen by the model in training. With the approach described herein, a primary protein sequence with the query molecular permutation vector alone is required to predict B cell epitopes in a reliable manner, potentially advancing the use of computational prediction of B cell epitopes in biomedical research applications.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-21
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2024.03.20.585661
    Database COVID19

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  2. Article ; Online: The interplay between neoantigens and immune cells in sarcomas treated with checkpoint inhibition.

    Anzar, Irantzu / Malone, Brandon / Samarakoon, Pubudu / Vardaxis, Ioannis / Simovski, Boris / Fontenelle, Hugues / Meza-Zepeda, Leonardo A / Stratford, Richard / Keung, Emily Z / Burgess, Melissa / Tawbi, Hussein A / Myklebost, Ola / Clancy, Trevor

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1226445

    Abstract: Introduction: Sarcomas are comprised of diverse bone and connective tissue tumors with few effective therapeutic options for locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic disease. Recent advances in immunotherapy, in particular immune checkpoint ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Sarcomas are comprised of diverse bone and connective tissue tumors with few effective therapeutic options for locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic disease. Recent advances in immunotherapy, in particular immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), have shown promising outcomes in several cancer indications. Unfortunately, ICI therapy has provided only modest clinical responses and seems moderately effective in a subset of the diverse subtypes.
    Methods: To explore the immune parameters governing ICI therapy resistance or immune escape, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on tumors and their matched normal blood, in addition to RNA-seq from tumors of 31 sarcoma patients treated with pembrolizumab. We used advanced computational methods to investigate key immune properties, such as neoantigens and immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
    Results: A multifactorial analysis suggested that expression of high quality neoantigens in the context of specific immune cells in the TME are key prognostic markers of progression-free survival (PFS). The presence of several types of immune cells, including T cells, B cells and macrophages, in the TME were associated with improved PFS. Importantly, we also found the presence of both CD8+ T cells and neoantigens together was associated with improved survival compared to the presence of CD8+ T cells or neoantigens alone. Interestingly, this trend was not identified with the combined presence of CD8+ T cells and TMB; suggesting that a combined CD8+ T cell and neoantigen effect on PFS was important.
    Discussion: The outcome of this study may inform future trials that may lead to improved outcomes for sarcoma patients treated with ICI.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Sarcoma/drug therapy ; Antigens, Neoplasm ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; RNA-Seq ; Tumor Microenvironment
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Neoplasm
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226445
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Mind the gaps: overlooking inaccessible regions confounds statistical testing in genome analysis.

    Domanska, Diana / Kanduri, Chakravarthi / Simovski, Boris / Sandve, Geir Kjetil

    BMC bioinformatics

    2018  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 481

    Abstract: Background: The current versions of reference genome assemblies still contain gaps represented by stretches of Ns. Since high throughput sequencing reads cannot be mapped to those gap regions, the regions are depleted of experimental data. Moreover, ... ...

    Abstract Background: The current versions of reference genome assemblies still contain gaps represented by stretches of Ns. Since high throughput sequencing reads cannot be mapped to those gap regions, the regions are depleted of experimental data. Moreover, several technology platforms assay a targeted portion of the genomic sequence, meaning that regions from the unassayed portion of the genomic sequence cannot be detected in those experiments. We here refer to all such regions as inaccessible regions, and hypothesize that ignoring these regions in the null model may increase false findings in statistical testing of colocalization of genomic features.
    Results: Our explorative analyses confirm that the genomic regions in public genomic tracks intersect very little with assembly gaps of human reference genomes (hg19 and hg38). The little intersection was observed only at the beginning and end portions of the gap regions. Further, we simulated a set of synthetic tracks by matching the properties of real genomic tracks in a way that nullified any true association between them. This allowed us to test our hypothesis that not avoiding inaccessible regions (as represented by assembly gaps) in the null model would result in spurious inflation of statistical significance. We contrasted the distributions of test statistics and p-values of Monte Carlo-based permutation tests that either avoided or did not avoid assembly gaps in the null model when testing colocalization between a pair of tracks. We observed that the statistical tests that did not account for assembly gaps in the null model resulted in a distribution of the test statistic that is shifted to the right and a distribution of p-values that is shifted to the left (indicating inflated significance). We observed a similar level of inflated significance in hg19 and hg38, despite assembly gaps covering a smaller proportion of the latter reference genome.
    Conclusion: We provide empirical evidence demonstrating that inaccessible regions, even when covering only a few percentages of the genome, can lead to a substantial amount of false findings if not accounted for in statistical colocalization analysis.
    MeSH term(s) Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Statistics as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041484-5
    ISSN 1471-2105 ; 1471-2105
    ISSN (online) 1471-2105
    ISSN 1471-2105
    DOI 10.1186/s12859-018-2438-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Artificial intelligence predicts the immunogenic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 leading to universal blueprints for vaccine designs.

    Malone, Brandon / Simovski, Boris / Moliné, Clément / Cheng, Jun / Gheorghe, Marius / Fontenelle, Hugues / Vardaxis, Ioannis / Tennøe, Simen / Malmberg, Jenny-Ann / Stratford, Richard / Clancy, Trevor

    Scientific reports

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 22375

    Abstract: The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goal of this study was to use artificial intelligence ( ...

    Abstract The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goal of this study was to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict blueprints for designing universal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, that contain a sufficiently broad repertoire of T-cell epitopes capable of providing coverage and protection across the global population. To help achieve these aims, we profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome across the most frequent 100 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles in the human population, using host-infected cell surface antigen presentation and immunogenicity predictors from the NEC Immune Profiler suite of tools, and generated comprehensive epitope maps. We then used these epitope maps as input for a Monte Carlo simulation designed to identify statistically significant "epitope hotspot" regions in the virus that are most likely to be immunogenic across a broad spectrum of HLA types. We then removed epitope hotspots that shared significant homology with proteins in the human proteome to reduce the chance of inducing off-target autoimmune responses. We also analyzed the antigen presentation and immunogenic landscape of all the nonsynonymous mutations across 3,400 different sequences of the virus, to identify a trend whereby SARS-COV-2 mutations are predicted to have reduced potential to be presented by host-infected cells, and consequently detected by the host immune system. A sequence conservation analysis then removed epitope hotspots that occurred in less-conserved regions of the viral proteome. Finally, we used a database of the HLA haplotypes of approximately 22,000 individuals to develop a "digital twin" type simulation to model how effective different combinations of hotspots would work in a diverse human population; the approach identified an optimal constellation of epitope hotspots that could provide maximum coverage in the global population. By combining the antigen presentation to the infected-host cell surface and immunogenicity predictions of the NEC Immune Profiler with a robust Monte Carlo and digital twin simulation, we have profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and identified a subset of epitope hotspots that could be harnessed in a vaccine formulation to provide a broad coverage across the global population.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/virology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Machine Learning ; Mutation ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Proteome ; Proteomics/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Software ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; HLA Antigens ; Proteome ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-78758-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: ClusTrack: feature extraction and similarity measures for clustering of genome-wide data sets.

    Rydbeck, Halfdan / Sandve, Geir Kjetil / Ferkingstad, Egil / Simovski, Boris / Rye, Morten / Hovig, Eivind

    PloS one

    2015  Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) e0123261

    Abstract: Clustering is a popular technique for explorative analysis of data, as it can reveal subgroupings and similarities between data in an unsupervised manner. While clustering is routinely applied to gene expression data, there is a lack of appropriate ... ...

    Abstract Clustering is a popular technique for explorative analysis of data, as it can reveal subgroupings and similarities between data in an unsupervised manner. While clustering is routinely applied to gene expression data, there is a lack of appropriate general methodology for clustering of sequence-level genomic and epigenomic data, e.g. ChIP-based data. We here introduce a general methodology for clustering data sets of coordinates relative to a genome assembly, i.e. genomic tracks. By defining appropriate feature extraction approaches and similarity measures, we allow biologically meaningful clustering to be performed for genomic tracks using standard clustering algorithms. An implementation of the methodology is provided through a tool, ClusTrack, which allows fine-tuned clustering analyses to be specified through a web-based interface. We apply our methods to the clustering of occupancy of the H3K4me1 histone modification in samples from a range of different cell types. The majority of samples form meaningful subclusters, confirming that the definitions of features and similarity capture biological, rather than technical, variation between the genomic tracks. Input data and results are available, and can be reproduced, through a Galaxy Pages document at http://hyperbrowser.uio.no/hb/u/hb-superuser/p/clustrack. The clustering functionality is available as a Galaxy tool, under the menu option "Specialized analyzis of tracks", and the submenu option "Cluster tracks based on genome level similarity", at the Genomic HyperBrowser server: http://hyperbrowser.uio.no/hb/.
    MeSH term(s) Cluster Analysis ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Software
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-04-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0123261
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Artificial intelligence predicts the immunogenic landscape of SARS-CoV-2: toward universal blueprints for vaccine designs

    Malone, Brandon / Simovski, Boris / Moline, Clement / Cheng, Jun / Gheorghe, Marius / Fontenelle, Hugues / Vardaxis, Ioannis / Tennoe, Simen / Malmberg, Jenny-Ann / Stratford, Richard / Clancy, Trevor

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goals of this study were to use artificial ... ...

    Abstract The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goals of this study were to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict blueprints for designing universal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, that contain a sufficiently broad repertoire of T-cell epitopes capable of providing coverage and protection across the global population. To help achieve these aims, we profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome across the most frequent 100 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles in the human population, using host-infected cell surface antigen presentation and immunogenicity predictors from the NEC Immune Profiler suite of tools, and generated comprehensive epitope maps. We then used these epitope maps as input for a Monte Carlo simulation designed to identify statistically significant epitope hotspot regions in the virus that are most likely to be immunogenic across a broad spectrum of HLA types. We then removed epitope hotspots that shared significant homology with proteins in the human proteome to reduce the chance of inducing off-target autoimmune responses. We also analyzed the antigen presentation and immunogenic landscape of all the nonsynonymous mutations across 3400 different sequences of the virus, to identify a trend whereby SARS-COV-2 mutations are predicted to have reduced potential to be presented by host-infected cells, and consequently detected by the host immune system. A sequence conservation analysis then removed epitope hotspots that occurred in less-conserved regions of the viral proteome. Finally, we used a database of the HLA genotypes of approximately 22 000 individuals to develop a digital twin type simulation to model how effective different combinations of hotspots would work in a diverse human population, and used the approach to identify an optimal constellation of epitopes hotspots that could provide maximum coverage in the global population. By combining the antigen presentation to the infected-host cell surface and immunogenicity predictions of the NEC Immune Profiler with a robust Monte Carlo and digital twin simulation, we have managed to profile the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and identify a subset of epitope hotspots that could be harnessed in a vaccine formulation to provide a broad coverage across the global population.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-21
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.04.21.052084
    Database COVID19

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  7. Article ; Online: Artificial intelligence predicts the immunogenic landscape of SARS-CoV-2: toward universal blueprints for vaccine designs

    Malone, Brandon / Simovski, Boris / Moliné, Clément / Cheng, Jun / Gheorghe, Marius / Fontenelle, Hugues / Vardaxis, Ioannis / Tennøe, Simen / Malmberg, Jenny-Ann / Stratford, Richard / Clancy, Trevor

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goals of this study were to use artificial ... ...

    Abstract The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goals of this study were to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict blueprints for designing universal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, that contain a sufficiently broad repertoire of T-cell epitopes capable of providing coverage and protection across the global population. To help achieve these aims, we profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome across the most frequent 100 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles in the human population, using host-infected cell surface antigen presentation and immunogenicity predictors from the NEC Immune Profiler suite of tools, and generated comprehensive epitope maps. We then used these epitope maps as input for a Monte Carlo simulation designed to identify statistically significant “epitope hotspot” regions in the virus that are most likely to be immunogenic across a broad spectrum of HLA types. We then removed epitope hotspots that shared significant homology with proteins in the human proteome to reduce the chance of inducing off-target autoimmune responses. We also analyzed the antigen presentation and immunogenic landscape of all the nonsynonymous mutations across 3400 different sequences of the virus, to identify a trend whereby SARS-COV-2 mutations are predicted to have reduced potential to be presented by host-infected cells, and consequently detected by the host immune system. A sequence conservation analysis then removed epitope hotspots that occurred in less-conserved regions of the viral proteome. Finally, we used a database of the HLA genotypes of approximately 22 000 individuals to develop a “digital twin” type simulation to model how effective different combinations of hotspots would work in a diverse human population, and used the approach to identify an optimal constellation of epitopes hotspots that could provide maximum coverage in the global population. By combining the antigen presentation to the infected-host cell surface and immunogenicity predictions of the NEC Immune Profiler with a robust Monte Carlo and digital twin simulation, we have managed to profile the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and identify a subset of epitope hotspots that could be harnessed in a vaccine formulation to provide a broad coverage across the global population.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher BioRxiv; WHO
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.04.21.052084
    Database COVID19

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  8. Article ; Online: Coloc-stats: a unified web interface to perform colocalization analysis of genomic features.

    Simovski, Boris / Kanduri, Chakravarthi / Gundersen, Sveinung / Titov, Dmytro / Domanska, Diana / Bock, Christoph / Bossini-Castillo, Lara / Chikina, Maria / Favorov, Alexander / Layer, Ryan M / Mironov, Andrey A / Quinlan, Aaron R / Sheffield, Nathan C / Trynka, Gosia / Sandve, Geir K

    Nucleic acids research

    2018  Volume 46, Issue W1, Page(s) W186–W193

    Abstract: Functional genomics assays produce sets of genomic regions as one of their main outputs. To biologically interpret such region-sets, researchers often use colocalization analysis, where the statistical significance of colocalization (overlap, spatial ... ...

    Abstract Functional genomics assays produce sets of genomic regions as one of their main outputs. To biologically interpret such region-sets, researchers often use colocalization analysis, where the statistical significance of colocalization (overlap, spatial proximity) between two or more region-sets is tested. Existing colocalization analysis tools vary in the statistical methodology and analysis approaches, thus potentially providing different conclusions for the same research question. As the findings of colocalization analysis are often the basis for follow-up experiments, it is helpful to use several tools in parallel and to compare the results. We developed the Coloc-stats web service to facilitate such analyses. Coloc-stats provides a unified interface to perform colocalization analysis across various analytical methods and method-specific options (e.g. colocalization measures, resolution, null models). Coloc-stats helps the user to find a method that supports their experimental requirements and allows for a straightforward comparison across methods. Coloc-stats is implemented as a web server with a graphical user interface that assists users with configuring their colocalization analyses. Coloc-stats is freely available at https://hyperbrowser.uio.no/coloc-stats/.
    MeSH term(s) Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; GATA1 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Genomics/methods ; Internet ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Software ; User-Computer Interface
    Chemical Substances GATA1 Transcription Factor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 186809-3
    ISSN 1362-4962 ; 1362-4954 ; 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
    ISSN (online) 1362-4962 ; 1362-4954
    ISSN 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
    DOI 10.1093/nar/gky474
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: GSuite HyperBrowser: integrative analysis of dataset collections across the genome and epigenome.

    Simovski, Boris / Vodák, Daniel / Gundersen, Sveinung / Domanska, Diana / Azab, Abdulrahman / Holden, Lars / Holden, Marit / Grytten, Ivar / Rand, Knut / Drabløs, Finn / Johansen, Morten / Mora, Antonio / Lund-Andersen, Christin / Fromm, Bastian / Eskeland, Ragnhild / Gabrielsen, Odd Stokke / Ferkingstad, Egil / Nakken, Sigve / Bengtsen, Mads /
    Nederbragt, Alexander Johan / Thorarensen, Hildur Sif / Akse, Johannes Andreas / Glad, Ingrid / Hovig, Eivind / Sandve, Geir Kjetil

    GigaScience

    2017  Volume 6, Issue 7, Page(s) 1–12

    Abstract: Background: Recent large-scale undertakings such as ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics have generated experimental data mapped to the human reference genome (as genomic tracks) representing a variety of functional elements across a large number of cell ... ...

    Abstract Background: Recent large-scale undertakings such as ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics have generated experimental data mapped to the human reference genome (as genomic tracks) representing a variety of functional elements across a large number of cell types. Despite the high potential value of these publicly available data for a broad variety of investigations, little attention has been given to the analytical methodology necessary for their widespread utilisation.
    Findings: We here present a first principled treatment of the analysis of collections of genomic tracks. We have developed novel computational and statistical methodology to permit comparative and confirmatory analyses across multiple and disparate data sources. We delineate a set of generic questions that are useful across a broad range of investigations and discuss the implications of choosing different statistical measures and null models. Examples include contrasting analyses across different tissues or diseases. The methodology has been implemented in a comprehensive open-source software system, the GSuite HyperBrowser. To make the functionality accessible to biologists, and to facilitate reproducible analysis, we have also developed a web-based interface providing an expertly guided and customizable way of utilizing the methodology. With this system, many novel biological questions can flexibly be posed and rapidly answered.
    Conclusions: Through a combination of streamlined data acquisition, interoperable representation of dataset collections, and customizable statistical analysis with guided setup and interpretation, the GSuite HyperBrowser represents a first comprehensive solution for integrative analysis of track collections across the genome and epigenome. The software is available at: https://hyperbrowser.uio.no.
    MeSH term(s) Datasets as Topic/standards ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics/methods ; Epigenomics/standards ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Software ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; Whole Genome Sequencing/standards
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-04-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2708999-X
    ISSN 2047-217X ; 2047-217X
    ISSN (online) 2047-217X
    ISSN 2047-217X
    DOI 10.1093/gigascience/gix032
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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