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  1. Article ; Online: Heme Proteins and Kidney Injury: Beyond Rhabdomyolysis.

    Nath, Karl A / Singh, Raman Deep / Croatt, Anthony J / Adams, Christopher M

    Kidney360

    2022  Volume 3, Issue 11, Page(s) 1969–1979

    Abstract: Heme proteins, the stuff of life, represent an ingenious biologic strategy that capitalizes on the biochemical versatility of heme, and yet is one that avoids the inherent risks to cellular vitality posed by unfettered and promiscuously reactive heme. ... ...

    Abstract Heme proteins, the stuff of life, represent an ingenious biologic strategy that capitalizes on the biochemical versatility of heme, and yet is one that avoids the inherent risks to cellular vitality posed by unfettered and promiscuously reactive heme. Heme proteins, however, may be a double-edged sword because they can damage the kidney in certain settings. Although such injury is often viewed mainly within the context of rhabdomyolysis and the nephrotoxicity of myoglobin, an increasing literature now attests to the fact that involvement of heme proteins in renal injury ranges well beyond the confines of this single disease (and its analog, hemolysis); indeed, through the release of the defining heme motif, destabilization of intracellular heme proteins may be a common pathway for acute kidney injury, in general, and irrespective of the underlying insult. This brief review outlines current understanding regarding processes underlying such heme protein-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Topics covered include, among others, the basis for renal injury after the exposure of the kidney to and its incorporation of myoglobin and hemoglobin; auto-oxidation of myoglobin and hemoglobin; destabilization of heme proteins and the release of heme; heme/iron/oxidant pathways of renal injury; generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species by NOX, iNOS, and myeloperoxidase; and the role of circulating cell-free hemoglobin in AKI and CKD. Also covered are the characteristics of the kidney that render this organ uniquely vulnerable to injury after myolysis and hemolysis, and pathobiologic effects emanating from free, labile heme. Mechanisms that defend against the toxicity of heme proteins are discussed, and the review concludes by outlining the therapeutic strategies that have arisen from current understanding of mechanisms of renal injury caused by heme proteins and how such mechanisms may be interrupted.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Myoglobin/adverse effects ; Hemolysis ; Rhabdomyolysis/chemically induced ; Kidney/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/etiology ; Heme/adverse effects ; Hemoglobins/adverse effects ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
    Chemical Substances Myoglobin ; Heme (42VZT0U6YR) ; Hemoglobins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0005442022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Induction of p16Ink4a Gene Expression in Heme Protein-Induced AKI and by Heme: Pathophysiologic Implications.

    Nath, Karl A / Singh, Raman Deep / Croatt, Anthony J / Ackerman, Allan W / Grande, Joseph P / O'Brien, Daniel R / Garovic, Vesna D / Adams, Christopher M / Tchkonia, Tamara / Kirkland, James L

    Kidney360

    2024  Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 501–514

    MeSH term(s) Acute Kidney Injury/genetics ; Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism ; Humans ; Heme/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism ; Animals ; Hemeproteins/genetics ; Hemeproteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation
    Chemical Substances Heme (42VZT0U6YR) ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ; Hemeproteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0000000000000395
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: KLF11 Is a Novel Endogenous Protectant against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

    Nath, Karl A / Singh, Raman Deep / Croatt, Anthony J / Ackerman, Allan W / Grande, Joseph P / Khazaie, Khasayarsha / Chen, Y Eugene / Zhang, Jifeng

    Kidney360

    2022  Volume 3, Issue 8, Page(s) 1417–1422

    Abstract: Discovering new nephroprotectants may provide therapeutic strategies in AKI.This study provides the first evidence that KLF11, a member of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of proteins, protects against AKI.In the absence of KLF11, exaggerated ... ...

    Abstract Discovering new nephroprotectants may provide therapeutic strategies in AKI.This study provides the first evidence that KLF11, a member of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of proteins, protects against AKI.In the absence of KLF11, exaggerated induction of endothelin-1 and IL-6 occurs after ischemic renal injury and may contribute to worse AKI.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism ; Endothelin-1/metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics ; Protective Agents/metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Endothelin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; KLF11 protein, human ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Protective Agents ; Repressor Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0002272022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Apolipoprotein E is enriched in dense deposits and is a marker for dense deposit disease in C3 glomerulopathy.

    Madden, Benjamin / Singh, Raman Deep / Haas, Mark / Palma, Lilian M P / Sharma, Alok / Vargas, Maria J / Gross, LouAnn / Negron, Vivian / Nate, Torell / Charlesworth, M Cristine / Theis, Jason D / Nasr, Samih H / Nath, Karl A / Fervenza, Fernando C / Sethi, Sanjeev

    Kidney international

    2024  Volume 105, Issue 5, Page(s) 1077–1087

    Abstract: C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare disease resulting from dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement. C3G includes C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) and dense deposit disease (DDD), both of which are characterized by bright glomerular C3 staining ... ...

    Abstract C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare disease resulting from dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement. C3G includes C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) and dense deposit disease (DDD), both of which are characterized by bright glomerular C3 staining on immunofluorescence studies. However, on electron microscopy (EM), DDD is characterized by dense osmiophilic mesangial and intramembranous deposits along the glomerular basement membranes (GBM), while the deposits of C3GN are not dense. Why the deposits appear dense in DDD and not in C3GN is not known. We performed laser microdissection (LCM) of glomeruli followed by mass spectrometry (MS) in 12 cases each of DDD, C3GN, and pretransplant kidney control biopsies. LCM/MS showed marked accumulation of complement proteins C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 and complement regulating proteins CFHR5, CFHR1, and CFH in C3GN and DDD compared to controls. C3, CFH and CFHR proteins were comparable in C3GN and DDD. Yet, there were significant differences. First, there was a six-to-nine-fold increase of C5-9 in DDD compared to C3GN. Secondly, an unexpected finding was a nine-fold increase in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in DDD compared to C3GN. Most importantly, immunohistochemical and confocal staining for ApoE mirrored the dense deposit staining in the GBM in DDD but not in C3GN or control cases. Validation studies using 31 C3G cases confirmed the diagnosis of C3GN and DDD in 80.6 % based on ApoE staining. Overall, there is a higher burden of terminal complement pathway proteins in DDD compared to C3GN. Thus, our study shows that dense deposits in DDD are enriched with ApoE compared to C3GN and control cases. Hence, ApoE staining may be used as an adjunct to EM for the diagnosis of DDD and might be valuable when EM is not available.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/pathology ; Glomerulonephritis/pathology ; Kidney Glomerulus/pathology ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Apolipoproteins
    Chemical Substances Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120573-0
    ISSN 1523-1755 ; 0085-2538
    ISSN (online) 1523-1755
    ISSN 0085-2538
    DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2024.02.013
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Membranous Nephropathy in Syphilis is Associated with Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.

    Sethi, Sanjeev / Madden, Benjamin / Casal Moura, Marta / Singh, Raman Deep / Nasr, Samih H / Hou, Jean / Sharma, Alok / Nath, Karl A / Specks, Ulrich / Fervenza, Fernando C / Haas, Mark

    Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 374–384

    Abstract: Significance statement: Syphilis is a common worldwide sexually transmitted infection. Proteinuria may occur in patients with syphilis. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of proteinuria in syphilis. The target antigen of MN in syphilis ...

    Abstract Significance statement: Syphilis is a common worldwide sexually transmitted infection. Proteinuria may occur in patients with syphilis. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of proteinuria in syphilis. The target antigen of MN in syphilis is unknown. This study shows that MN in syphilis is associated with a novel target antigen called neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF). NDNF-associated MN has distinctive clinical and pathologic manifestations and NDNF appears to be the target antigen in syphilis-associated MN.
    Background: Syphilis is a common sexually transmitted infection. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common cause of proteinuria in syphilis. The target antigen is not known in most cases of syphilis-associated MN.
    Methods: We performed laser microdissection of glomeruli and mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in 250 cases (discovery cohort) of phospholipase A2 receptor-negative MN to identify novel target antigens. This was followed by immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy to localize the target antigen along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Western blot analyses using IgG eluted from frozen biopsy tissue were performed to detect binding to target antigen.
    Results: MS/MS studies of the discovery cohort revealed high total spectral counts of a novel protein, neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF), in three patients: one each with syphilis and hepatitis B, HIV (syphilis status not known), and lung tumor. Next, MS/MS studies of five cases of syphilis-MN (validation cohort) confirmed high total spectral counts of NDNF (average 45±20.4) in all (100%) cases. MS/MS of 14 cases of hepatitis B were negative for NDNF. All eight cases of NDNF-associated MN were negative for known MN antigens. Electron microscopy showed stage I MN in all cases, with superficial and hump-like deposits without GBM reaction. IgG1 was the dominant IgG subtype on MS/MS and immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy showed granular staining and colocalization of NDNF and IgG along GBM. Western blot analyses using eluate IgG of NDNF-MN showed binding to both nonreduced and reduced NDNF, while IgG eluate from phospholipase A2 receptor-MN showed no binding.
    Conclusion: NDNF is a novel antigenic target in syphilis-associated MN.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Syphilis ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Neurons ; Glomerular Basement Membrane ; Hepatitis B ; Immunoglobulin G
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1085942-1
    ISSN 1533-3450 ; 1046-6673
    ISSN (online) 1533-3450
    ISSN 1046-6673
    DOI 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000061
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Expression of ACE2 in the Intact and Acutely Injured Kidney.

    Nath, Karl A / Singh, Raman Deep / Grande, Joseph P / Garovic, Vesna D / Croatt, Anthony J / Ackerman, Allan W / Barry, Michael A / Agarwal, Anupam

    Kidney360

    2021  Volume 2, Issue 7, Page(s) 1095–1106

    Abstract: Background: The actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) oppose those of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ACE2 may be a cytoprotectant in some tissues. This study examined ACE2 expression in models of AKI.: Methods: ACE2 mRNA and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) oppose those of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ACE2 may be a cytoprotectant in some tissues. This study examined ACE2 expression in models of AKI.
    Methods: ACE2 mRNA and protein expression and ACE2 activity were assessed in murine ischemic AKI. Renal ACE2 mRNA expression was evaluated in LPS-induced AKI in wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice, in heme oxygenase-1
    Results: In ischemic AKI, ACE2 mRNA and protein expression and ACE2 activity were reduced as compared with such indices in the intact kidney. In ischemic AKI, ACE2, which, in health, is prominently expressed in the tubular epithelium, especially proximal tubules, is decreased in expression in these segments. Decreased ACE2 expression in AKI did not reflect reduced GFR, because ACE2 mRNA expression was unaltered after UUO. LPS induced renal ACE2 mRNA expression in wild-type mice, but this effect did not occur in heme oxygenase-1-deficient mice. In ischemic and LPS-induced AKI, renal expression of the Mas receptor was increased. In the intact kidney, renal ACE2 protein expression decreased in female mice as compared with male mice, but was unaltered with age.
    Conclusion: We conclude that renal ACE2 expression is decreased in ischemic AKI, characterized by decreased GFR and abundant cell death, but is upregulated in LPS-induced AKI, an effect requiring heme oxygenase-1. Determining the significance of ACE2 expression in experimental AKI merits further study. We suggest that understanding the mechanism underlying ACE2 downregulation in AKI may offer insights relevant to COVID-19: ACE2 expression is downregulated after ACE2 mediates SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry; such downregulation is proinflammatory; and AKI commonly occurs and determines outcomes in COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Kidney Injury/genetics ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Animals ; Female ; Kidney ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout
    Chemical Substances Ace2 protein, mouse (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0001562021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: An examination of the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and financial performance

    Singh, Raman Deep / Narwal, Karam Pal

    South Asian journal of management : SAJM Vol. 23, No. 3 , p. 78-101

    2016  Volume 23, Issue 3, Page(s) 78–101

    Author's details Raman Deep Singh and Karam Pal Narwal
    Keywords Electronics Industry ; Intellectual Capital ; Productivity ; Profitability ; Market Valuation
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-9999
    Publisher AMDISA
    Publishing place Hyderabad
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2446149-0 ; 2209374-6
    ISSN 0971-5428
    ISSN 0971-5428
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  8. Article ; Online: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) is a likely antigenic target in membranous nephropathy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.

    Sethi, Sanjeev / Casal Moura, Marta / Madden, Benjamin / Debiec, Hanna / Nasr, Samih H / Larsen, Christopher P / Gross, LouAnn / Negron, Vivian / Singh, Raman Deep / Nath, Karl A / Storey, Aaron J / Specks, Ulrich / Fervenza, Fernando C / Ronco, Pierre / Caza, Tiffany N

    Kidney international

    2023  Volume 104, Issue 2, Page(s) 343–352

    Abstract: Drugs are an important secondary cause of membranous nephropathy (MN) with the most common drugs associated with MN being nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Since the target antigen in NSAID-associated MN is not known, we performed laser ... ...

    Abstract Drugs are an important secondary cause of membranous nephropathy (MN) with the most common drugs associated with MN being nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Since the target antigen in NSAID-associated MN is not known, we performed laser microdissection of glomeruli followed by mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in 250 cases of PLA2R-negative MN to identify novel antigenic targets. This was followed by immunohistochemistry to localize the target antigen along the glomerular basement membrane and western blot analyses of eluates of frozen biopsy tissue to detect binding of IgG to the novel antigenic target. MS/MS studies revealed high total spectral counts of a novel protein Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 6 (PCSK 6) in five of the 250 cases in the discovery cohort. A validation cohort using protein G immunoprecipitation, MS/MS, and immunofluorescence detected PCSK6 in eight additional cases. All cases were negative for known antigens. Ten of 13 cases had a history of heavy NSAID use with no history available in one case. The mean serum creatinine and proteinuria at kidney biopsy were 0.93 ± 0.47 mg/dL and 6.5 ± 3.3 gms/day, respectively. Immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence showed granular staining for PCSK6 along the glomerular basement membrane, and confocal microscopy showed co-localization of IgG and PCSK6. IgG subclass analysis in three cases revealed codominance of IgG1 and IgG4. Western blot analysis using eluates from frozen tissue showed IgG binding to PCSK6 in PCSK6-associated but not in PLA2R-positive MN. Thus, PCSK6 may be a likely novel antigenic target in MN in patients with prolonged NSAID use.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/diagnosis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Glomerular Basement Membrane/pathology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Proprotein Convertases ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Subtilisins ; Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; Serine Endopeptidases
    Chemical Substances Immunoglobulin G ; Proprotein Convertases (EC 3.4.21.-) ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Subtilisins (EC 3.4.21.-) ; Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; PCSK6 protein, human (EC 3.4.21.-) ; Serine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120573-0
    ISSN 1523-1755 ; 0085-2538
    ISSN (online) 1523-1755
    ISSN 0085-2538
    DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2023.04.006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Prominent Mitochondrial Injury as an Early Event in Heme Protein-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

    Singh, Raman Deep / Croatt, Anthony J / Ackerman, Allan W / Grande, Joseph P / Trushina, Eugenia / Salisbury, Jeffrey L / Christensen, Trace A / Adams, Christopher M / Tchkonia, Tamara / Kirkland, James L / Nath, Karl A

    Kidney360

    2022  Volume 3, Issue 10, Page(s) 1672–1682

    Abstract: Background: Mitochondrial injury occurs in and underlies acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by ischemia-reperfusion and other forms of renal injury. However, to date, a comprehensive analysis of this issue has not been undertaken in heme protein-induced ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mitochondrial injury occurs in and underlies acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by ischemia-reperfusion and other forms of renal injury. However, to date, a comprehensive analysis of this issue has not been undertaken in heme protein-induced AKI (HP-AKI). We examined key aspects of mitochondrial function, expression of proteins relevant to mitochondrial quality control, and mitochondrial ultrastructure in HP-AKI, along with responses to heme in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.
    Methods: The long-established murine glycerol model of HP-AKI was examined at 8 and 24 hours after HP-AKI. Indices of mitochondrial function (ATP and NAD
    Results: ATP and NAD
    Conclusions: Modern concepts pertaining to AKI apply to HP-AKI. This study validates the investigation of novel, clinically relevant therapies such as NAD
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Hemeproteins/metabolism ; NAD/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/etiology ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Heme/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Hemeproteins ; NAD (0U46U6E8UK) ; Heme (42VZT0U6YR) ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0004832022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Molecular shots.

    Singh, Raman Deep / Sharma, Neel Kamal / Jindal, Neeru

    Annals of neurosciences

    2014  Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 88

    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2576191-2
    ISSN 0976-3260 ; 0972-7531
    ISSN (online) 0976-3260
    ISSN 0972-7531
    DOI 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118213
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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