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Article ; Online: Studies on Argentine Phylacia species (Hypoxylaceae) using a polythetic taxonomic approach

Lambert, Christopher / Schiefelbein, Rahel / Jaimez, Javier A. / Stadler, Marc / Sir, Esteban B.

Mycol Progress. 2023 Apr., v. 22, no. 4 p.27-27

2023

Abstract: The current study is dedicated to the taxonomy of the genus Phylacia (Hypoxylaceae) in Argentina. Fieldwork in the north of the country provided several fresh collections that were studied, using a polyphasic approach. The secondary metabolite profiles ... ...

Abstract	The current study is dedicated to the taxonomy of the genus Phylacia (Hypoxylaceae) in Argentina. Fieldwork in the north of the country provided several fresh collections that were studied, using a polyphasic approach. The secondary metabolite profiles of the specimens were generated by high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated by diode array and mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD/MS) of the stromata. This study confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites that are also found in the related genus Daldinia. The detection of binapththalene tetrol (BNT), daldinal B, and daldinol, which are also characteristic of certain species of Daldinia and Hypoxylon, further confirmed the chemotaxonomic affinities within the Hypoxylaceae. The phylogenetic affinities of several species were determined using a multi-gene genealogy based on ITS, LSU, TUB2, and RPB2 sequences, confirming that Phylacia is most closely related to Daldinia, Rhopalostroma, and Thamnomyces. The new species P. lobulata, which features a rather unique stromatal morphology and seems to exhibit apparent host specificity for the endemic tree Pseudobombax argentinum, is described.
Keywords	Daldinia ; Hypoxylon ; chemotaxonomy ; diodes ; high performance liquid chromatography ; host specificity ; indigenous species ; mass spectrometry ; new species ; phylogeny ; secondary metabolites ; Argentina
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Size	p. 27.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2226747-5
ISSN	1861-8952 ; 1617-416X
ISSN (online)	1861-8952
ISSN	1617-416X
DOI	10.1007/s11557-023-01875-8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new Hypoxylon species and widespread environmental isolates of the H. croceum complex identified by a polyphasic approach

Sir, Esteban B / Becker, Kevin / Lambert, Christopher / Bills, Gerald F / Kuhnert, Eric

Mycologia. 2019 Sept. 3, v. 111, no. 5

2019

Abstract: Two new species and a new combination of Hypoxylon from Texas were identified and described based on morphological, multigene phylogenetic (ITS [nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2], 28S [5′ 1200 bp of nuc 28S rDNA], RPB2 [partial ... ...

Abstract	Two new species and a new combination of Hypoxylon from Texas were identified and described based on morphological, multigene phylogenetic (ITS [nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2], 28S [5′ 1200 bp of nuc 28S rDNA], RPB2 [partial second largest subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II], TUB2 [partial β-tubulin]), and chemotaxonomic data. Hypoxylon olivaceopigmentum is characterized by its pulvinate to glomerate stromata, olivaceous KOH-extractable pigments, equilateral ascospores, and indehiscent perispore. Hypoxylon texense can be distinguished from morphologically similar species by its rust to dark brick KOH-extractable pigments and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of its stromatal secondary metabolites. Hypoxylon hinnuleum is proposed as the sexual morph of Nodulisporium hinnuleum, featuring dark vinaceous glomerate stromata with dark brick KOH-extractable pigments composed of cohaerin-type azaphilones and smooth equilateral ascospores with indehiscent perispore. Based on these diagnostic characters, H. hinnuleum forms a complex with H. croceum and H. minicroceum. More than 50 ITS sequences with high identity originating from North American and East Asian environmental isolates formed a well-supported clade with the type of N. hinnuleum, demonstrating the widespread distribution of the species complex. In addition, updated descriptions and comprehensive illustrations with detailed information on the diagnostic features of H. fendleri and H. perforatum are provided. The multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of Hypoxylon supported the status of the new species and broadened the knowledge about intergeneric relationships.
Keywords	DNA-directed RNA polymerase ; Hypoxylon ; ascospores ; bricks ; chemotaxonomy ; high performance liquid chromatography ; internal transcribed spacers ; new combination ; new species ; phylogeny ; secondary metabolites ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0903
Size	p. 832-856.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	281335-x
ISSN	1557-2536 ; 0027-5514
ISSN (online)	1557-2536
ISSN	0027-5514
DOI	10.1080/00275514.2019.1637705
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Article ; Online: Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new

Sir, Esteban B / Becker, Kevin / Lambert, Christopher / Bills, Gerald F / Kuhnert, Eric

Mycologia

2019 Volume 111, Issue 5, Page(s) 832–856

Abstract: Two new species and a new combination ... ...

Abstract	Two new species and a new combination of
MeSH term(s)	Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Environmental Microbiology ; Microscopy ; Phylogeny ; Pigments, Biological/analysis ; RNA Polymerase II/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spores, Fungal/cytology ; Texas ; Tubulin/genetics ; Xylariales/classification ; Xylariales/genetics ; Xylariales/isolation & purification ; Xylariales/physiology
Chemical Substances	DNA, Fungal ; DNA, Ribosomal ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Pigments, Biological ; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S ; Tubulin ; RNA Polymerase II (EC 2.7.7.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	281335-x
ISSN	1557-2536 ; 0027-5514
ISSN (online)	1557-2536
ISSN	0027-5514
DOI	10.1080/00275514.2019.1637705
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Article ; Online: Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new Hypoxylon species and widespread environmental isolates of the H. croceum complex identified by a polyphasic approach

Sir, E. / Sir, Esteban B. / Becker, Kevin / Lambert, Christopher / Bills, Gerald F. / Kuhnert, Eric

2019

Keywords	3 new taxa ; Ascomycota ; chemotaxonomy ; multigene phylogeny ; taxonomy ; Xylariales
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01
Publisher	Taylor & Francis
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new Hypoxylon species and widespread environmental isolates of the H. croceum complex identified by a polyphasic approach

Sir, E. / Sir, Esteban B. / Becker, Kevin / Lambert, Christopher / Bills, Gerald F. / Kuhnert, Eric

2019

Keywords	3 new taxa ; Ascomycota ; chemotaxonomy ; multigene phylogeny ; taxonomy ; Xylariales
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01
Publisher	Taylor & Francis
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Graphostromataceae, Hypoxylaceae, Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae

Daranagama, DinushaniA. / Hyde, KevinD. / Sir, EstebanB. / Thambugala, KasunM. / Tian, Qing / Samarakoon, MilanC. / McKenzie, EricH. C. / Jayasiri, SubashiniC. / Tibpromma, Saowaluck / Bhat, JayaramaD. / Liu, Xingzhong / Stadler, Marc

Fungal diversity. 2018 Jan., v. 88, no. 1 p.1-165

2018

Abstract: Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, we revise the families Graphostromataceae, Hypoxylaceae, ...

Abstract	Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, we revise the families Graphostromataceae, Hypoxylaceae, Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae in Xylariales. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in Graphostromataceae, 19 genera in Hypoxylaceae, four in Lopadostomataceae and 37 genera in Xylariaceae. Five genera previously treated in Xylariaceae are placed in Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis and seven genera are placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis. Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Three genera are considered as doubtful. Barrmaelia and Cannonia, presently included in Xylariaceae are transferred to Diatrypaceae and Coniochaetales respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny. Areolospora and Myconeesia are excluded from Xylariaceae and synonymized with Phaeosporis and Anthostomella respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
Keywords	Coniochaetales ; DNA ; Diatrypaceae ; Graphostromataceae ; Xylariaceae ; herbaria ; internal transcribed spacers ; phylogeny ; taxonomic keys ; tubulin ; Germany ; Italy ; Thailand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-01
Size	p. 1-165.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2424484-3
ISSN	1878-9129 ; 1560-2745
ISSN (online)	1878-9129
ISSN	1560-2745
DOI	10.1007/s13225-017-0388-y
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Article: Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa.

Zamora, Juan Carlos / Svensson, Måns / Kirschner, Roland / Olariaga, Ibai / Ryman, Svengunnar / Parra, Luis Alberto / Geml, József / Rosling, Anna / Adamčík, Slavomír / Ahti, Teuvo / Aime, M Catherine / Ainsworth, A Martyn / Albert, László / Albertó, Edgardo / García, Alberto Altés / Ageev, Dmitry / Agerer, Reinhard / Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña / Ammirati, Joe /

Andersson, Harry / Angelini, Claudio / Antonín, Vladimír / Aoki, Takayuki / Aptroot, André / Argaud, Didier / Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello / Aronsen, Arne / Arup, Ulf / Asgari, Bita / Assyov, Boris / Atienza, Violeta / Bandini, Ditte / Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís / Baral, Hans-Otto / Baroni, Tim / Barreto, Robert Weingart / Beker, Henry / Bell, Ann / Bellanger, Jean-Michel / Bellù, Francesco / Bemmann, Martin / Bendiksby, Mika / Bendiksen, Egil / Bendiksen, Katriina / Benedek, Lajos / Bérešová-Guttová, Anna / Berger, Franz / Berndt, Reinhard / Bernicchia, Annarosa / Biketova, Alona Yu / Bizio, Enrico / Bjork, Curtis / Boekhout, Teun / Boertmann, David / Böhning, Tanja / Boittin, Florent / Boluda, Carlos G / Boomsluiter, Menno W / Borovička, Jan / Brandrud, Tor Erik / Braun, Uwe / Brodo, Irwin / Bulyonkova, Tatiana / Burdsall, Harold H / Buyck, Bart / Burgaz, Ana Rosa / Calatayud, Vicent / Callac, Philippe / Campo, Emanuele / Candusso, Massimo / Capoen, Brigitte / Carbó, Joaquim / Carbone, Matteo / Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F / Castellano, Michael A / Chen, Jie / Clerc, Philippe / Consiglio, Giovanni / Corriol, Gilles / Courtecuisse, Régis / Crespo, Ana / Cripps, Cathy / Crous, Pedro W / da Silva, Gladstone Alves / da Silva, Meiriele / Dam, Marjo / Dam, Nico / Dämmrich, Frank / Das, Kanad / Davies, Linda / De Crop, Eske / De Kesel, Andre / De Lange, Ruben / De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara / Dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E / Delgat, Lynn / Demoulin, Vincent / Desjardin, Dennis E / Diederich, Paul / Dima, Bálint / Dios, Maria Martha / Divakar, Pradeep Kumar / Douanla-Meli, Clovis / Douglas, Brian / Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo / Dyer, Paul S / Eberhardt, Ursula / Ertz, Damien / Esteve-Raventós, Fernando / Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo / Evenson, Vera / Eyssartier, Guillaume / Farkas, Edit / Favre, Alain / Fedosova, Anna G / Filippa, Mario / Finy, Péter / Flakus, Adam / Fos, Simón / Fournier, Jacques / Fraiture, André / Franchi, Paolo / Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco / Friebes, Gernot / Frisch, Andreas / Fryday, Alan / Furci, Giuliana / Márquez, Ricardo Galán / Garbelotto, Matteo / García-Martín, Joaquina María / Otálora, Mónica A García / Sánchez, Dania García / Gardiennet, Alain / Garnica, Sigisfredo / Benavent, Isaac Garrido / Gates, Genevieve / da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice / Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh / Gibertoni, Tatiana B / Grebenc, Tine / Greilhuber, Irmgard / Grishkan, Bella / Groenewald, Johannes Z / Grube, Martin / Gruhn, Gérald / Gueidan, Cécile / Gulden, Gro / Gusmão, Luis Fp / Hafellner, Josef / Hairaud, Michel / Halama, Marek / Hallenberg, Nils / Halling, Roy E / Hansen, Karen / Harder, Christoffer Bugge / Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob / Helleman, Stip / Henriot, Alain / Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita / Herve, Raphaël / Hobart, Caroline / Hoffmeister, Mascha / Høiland, Klaus / Holec, Jan / Holien, Håkon / Hughes, Karen / Hubka, Vit / Huhtinen, Seppo / Ivančević, Boris / Jagers, Marian / Jaklitsch, Walter / Jansen, AnnaElise / Jayawardena, Ruvishika S / Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard / Jeppson, Mikael / Johnston, Peter / Jørgensen, Per Magnus / Kärnefelt, Ingvar / Kalinina, Liudmila B / Kantvilas, Gintaras / Karadelev, Mitko / Kasuya, Taiga / Kautmanová, Ivona / Kerrigan, Richard W / Kirchmair, Martin / Kiyashko, Anna / Knapp, Dániel G / Knudsen, Henning / Knudsen, Kerry / Knutsson, Tommy / Kolařík, Miroslav / Kõljalg, Urmas / Košuthová, Alica / Koszka, Attila / Kotiranta, Heikki / Kotkova, Vera / Koukol, Ondřej / Kout, Jiří / Kovács, Gábor M / Kříž, Martin / Kruys, Åsa / Kučera, Viktor / Kudzma, Linas / Kuhar, Francisco / Kukwa, Martin / Arun Kumar, T K / Kunca, Vladimír / Kušan, Ivana / Kuyper, Thomas W / Lado, Carlos / Læssøe, Thomas / Lainé, Patrice / Langer, Ewald / Larsson, Ellen / Larsson, Karl-Henrik / Laursen, Gary / Lechat, Christian / Lee, Serena / Lendemer, James C / Levin, Laura / Lindemann, Uwe / Lindström, Håkan / Liu, Xingzhong / Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena / Llop, Esteve / Locsmándi, Csaba / Lodge, Deborah Jean / Loizides, Michael / Lőkös, László / Luangsa-Ard, Jennifer / Lüderitz, Matthias / Lumbsch, Thorsten / Lutz, Matthias / Mahoney, Dan / Malysheva, Ekaterina / Malysheva, Vera / Manimohan, Patinjareveettil / Marin-Felix, Yasmina / Marques, Guilhermina / Martínez-Gil, Rubén / Marson, Guy / Mata, Gerardo / Matheny, P Brandon / Mathiassen, Geir Harald / Matočec, Neven / Mayrhofer, Helmut / Mehrabi, Mehdi / Melo, Ireneia / Mešić, Armin / Methven, Andrew S / Miettinen, Otto / Romero, Ana M Millanes / Miller, Andrew N / Mitchell, James K / Moberg, Roland / Moreau, Pierre-Arthur / Moreno, Gabriel / Morozova, Olga / Morte, Asunción / Muggia, Lucia / González, Guillermo Muñoz / Myllys, Leena / Nagy, István / Nagy, László G / Neves, Maria Alice / Niemelä, Tuomo / Nimis, Pier Luigi / Niveiro, Nicolas / Noordeloos, Machiel E / Nordin, Anders / Noumeur, Sara Raouia / Novozhilov, Yuri / Nuytinck, Jorinde / Ohenoja, Esteri / Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira / Orange, Alan / Ordynets, Alexander / Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz / Pacheco, Leticia / Pál-Fám, Ferenc / Palacio, Melissa / Palice, Zdeněk / Papp, Viktor / Pärtel, Kadri / Pawlowska, Julia / Paz, Aurelia / Peintner, Ursula / Pennycook, Shaun / Pereira, Olinto Liparini / Daniëls, Pablo Pérez / Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À / Del Amo, Carlos Manuel Pérez / Gorjón, Sergio Pérez / Pérez-Ortega, Sergio / Pérez-Vargas, Israel / Perry, Brian A / Petersen, Jens H / Petersen, Ronald H / Pfister, Donald H / Phukhamsakda, Chayanard / Piątek, Marcin / Piepenbring, Meike / Pino-Bodas, Raquel / Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzón / Pirot, Paul / Popov, Eugene S / Popoff, Orlando / Álvaro, María Prieto / Printzen, Christian / Psurtseva, Nadezhda / Purahong, Witoon / Quijada, Luis / Rambold, Gerhard / Ramírez, Natalia A / Raja, Huzefa / Raspé, Olivier / Raymundo, Tania / Réblová, Martina / Rebriev, Yury A / de Dios Reyes García, Juan / Ripoll, Miguel Ángel Ribes / Richard, Franck / Richardson, Mike J / Rico, Víctor J / Robledo, Gerardo Lucio / Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues / Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina / Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela / Ronikier, Anna / Casas, Luis Rubio / Rusevska, Katerina / Saar, Günter / Saar, Irja / Salcedo, Isabel / Martínez, Sergio M Salcedo / Montoya, Carlos A Salvador / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Sandoval-Sierra, J Vladimir / Santamaria, Sergi / Monteiro, Josiane Santana / Schroers, Hans Josef / Schulz, Barbara / Schmidt-Stohn, Geert / Schumacher, Trond / Senn-Irlet, Beatrice / Ševčíková, Hana / Shchepin, Oleg / Shirouzu, Takashi / Shiryaev, Anton / Siepe, Klaus / Sir, Esteban B / Sohrabi, Mohammad / Soop, Karl / Spirin, Viacheslav / Spribille, Toby / Stadler, Marc / Stalpers, Joost / Stenroos, Soili / Suija, Ave / Sunhede, Stellan / Svantesson, Sten / Svensson, Sigvard / Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu / Świerkosz, Krzysztof / Tamm, Heidi / Taskin, Hatira / Taudière, Adrien / Tedebrand, Jan-Olof / Lahoz, Raúl Tena / Temina, Marina / Thell, Arne / Thines, Marco / Thor, Göran / Thüs, Holger / Tibell, Leif / Tibell, Sanja / Timdal, Einar / Tkalčec, Zdenko / Tønsberg, Tor / Trichies, Gérard / Triebel, Dagmar / Tsurykau, Andrei / Tulloss, Rodham E / Tuovinen, Veera / Sosa, Miguel Ulloa / Urcelay, Carlos / Valade, François / Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela / van den Boom, Pieter / Van Vooren, Nicolas / Vasco-Palacios, Aida M / Vauras, Jukka / Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel / Vellinga, Else / Verbeken, Annemieke / Vetlesen, Per / Vizzini, Alfredo / Voglmayr, Hermann / Volobuev, Sergey / von Brackel, Wolfgang / Voronina, Elena / Walther, Grit / Watling, Roy / Weber, Evi / Wedin, Mats / Weholt, Øyvind / Westberg, Martin / Yurchenko, Eugene / Zehnálek, Petr / Zhang, Huang / Zhurbenko, Mikhail P / Ekman, Stefan

IMA fungus

2018 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 167–175

Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological ... ...

Abstract	Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2666116-0
ISSN	2210-6359 ; 2210-6340
ISSN (online)	2210-6359
ISSN	2210-6340
DOI	10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10
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Article ; Online: Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa.

IMA fungus

2018

Abstract	Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Keywords	IMC11 ; nomenclature ; speciation ; taxonomy ; typification ; voucherless fungi
Subject code	612
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa.

IMA fungus

2018

Abstract	Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Keywords	IMC11 ; nomenclature ; speciation ; taxonomy ; typification ; voucherless fungi
Subject code	612
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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