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  1. Article ; Online: Sex specific differences of factor XI and relationship with other coagulation factors.

    Kreutz, Rolf P / Ipe, Joseph / Skaar, Todd C

    Thrombosis research

    2023  Volume 226, Page(s) 156–158

    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Humans ; Factor XI ; Blood Coagulation Factors ; Fibrinogen ; Factor XII
    Chemical Substances Factor XI (9013-55-2) ; Blood Coagulation Factors ; Fibrinogen (9001-32-5) ; Factor XII (9001-30-3)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 121852-9
    ISSN 1879-2472 ; 0049-3848
    ISSN (online) 1879-2472
    ISSN 0049-3848
    DOI 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.04.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Functional Analysis of G6PD Variants Associated With Low G6PD Activity in the All of Us Research Program.

    Powell, Nicholas R / Geck, Renee C / Lai, Dongbing / Shugg, Tyler / Skaar, Todd C / Dunham, Maitreya

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2024  

    Abstract: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) protects red blood cells against oxidative damage through regeneration of NADPH. Individuals ... ...

    Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) protects red blood cells against oxidative damage through regeneration of NADPH. Individuals with
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2024.04.12.24305393
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: CYP2D6 and Endoxifen in Tamoxifen Therapy: A Tribute to David A. Flockhart.

    Skaar, Todd C / Desta, Zeruesenay

    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics

    2018  Volume 103, Issue 5, Page(s) 755–757

    Abstract: This issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (CPT) includes the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for using CYP2D6 genotyping to guide tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients. CYP2D6 metabolizes tamoxifen to ... ...

    Abstract This issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (CPT) includes the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for using CYP2D6 genotyping to guide tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients. CYP2D6 metabolizes tamoxifen to its more active metabolite, endoxifen, and patients with reduced CYP2D6 activity have reduced circulating endoxifen concentrations. In this associated commentary, we recognize and honor the late Dr. David Flockhart, who began the research and made early fundamental discoveries on tamoxifen that have now resulted in this guideline.
    MeSH term(s) Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pharmacogenetics/methods ; Prospective Studies ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Retrospective Studies ; Tamoxifen/adverse effects ; Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives ; Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal ; Tamoxifen (094ZI81Y45) ; 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (46AF8680RC) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 (EC 1.14.14.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 123793-7
    ISSN 1532-6535 ; 0009-9236
    ISSN (online) 1532-6535
    ISSN 0009-9236
    DOI 10.1002/cpt.1039
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Nephrotoxicity in a Patient With Inadequate Pain Control: Potential Role of Pharmacogenetic Testing for Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Apolipoprotein L1.

    Tillman, Emma M / Skaar, Todd C / Eadon, Michael T

    Frontiers in pharmacology

    2020  Volume 10, Page(s) 1511

    Abstract: A case is presented which demonstrates the perils of opioid inefficacy and how pharmacogenomic testing may have prevented nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced nephrotoxicity and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). A 62 year-old ... ...

    Abstract A case is presented which demonstrates the perils of opioid inefficacy and how pharmacogenomic testing may have prevented nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced nephrotoxicity and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). A 62 year-old female with back pain was treated with tramadol and hydrocodone; however, neither proved effective. Consequently, to control her pain, she resorted to cocaine, marijuana, and high dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). She eventually developed CKD. To identify CKD contributors, she underwent genotyping for Apolipoprotein L1 (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-08
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Case Reports
    ZDB-ID 2587355-6
    ISSN 1663-9812
    ISSN 1663-9812
    DOI 10.3389/fphar.2019.01511
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Ending the pharmacogenomic gag rule: the imperative to report all results.

    Halverson, Colin Me / Pratt, Victoria M / Skaar, Todd C / Schwartz, Peter H

    Pharmacogenomics

    2021  Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 191–193

    MeSH term(s) Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems ; Humans ; Negative Results ; Pharmacogenetics/ethics ; Pharmacogenomic Testing ; Precision Medicine ; Publishing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2019513-8
    ISSN 1744-8042 ; 1462-2416
    ISSN (online) 1744-8042
    ISSN 1462-2416
    DOI 10.2217/pgs-2020-0172
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: MicroRNA sequencing in patients with coronary artery disease - considerations for use as biomarker for thrombotic risk.

    Onuoha, Chimnonso P / Ipe, Joseph / Simpson, Edward / Liu, Yunlong / Skaar, Todd C / Kreutz, Rolf P

    Clinical and translational science

    2022  Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) 1946–1958

    Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs integral in the regulation of gene expression. Analysis of circulating miRNA levels may identify patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) at risk for recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous coronary ... ...

    Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs integral in the regulation of gene expression. Analysis of circulating miRNA levels may identify patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) at risk for recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Subjects with CAD were selected from the GENCATH cardiac catheterization biobank. Subjects with recurrent MI after PCI were compared with those without recurrent MI during follow-up in the initial (n = 48) and replication cohort (n = 67). Next generation MiRNA sequencing was performed on plasma samples and whole blood samples fixed with PAXGENE tubes upon collection. Overall, 164 miRNAs derived from whole blood were differentially expressed in the replication cohort between subjects with and without recurrent MI events (p < 0.05), with 69 remaining significant after false-discovery rate (FDR) correction. None of the miRNAs in plasma was significantly different by FDR among subjects with and without MI. Overall, correlation between direction of effects between plasma and whole blood assays was variable, and only two miRNAs were concordant and significant in both. Associations of miRNA with vascular disease, MI, and thrombosis were further explored. MiRNA profiling has potential as the future biomarker for disease prognosis and treatment response marker in secondary treatment of patients with CAD after PCI. Whole blood may be the preferred sample source as compared to plasma.
    MeSH term(s) Biomarkers ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis ; Coronary Artery Disease/genetics ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects ; Thrombosis/etiology ; Thrombosis/genetics
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; MicroRNAs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2433157-0
    ISSN 1752-8062 ; 1752-8054
    ISSN (online) 1752-8062
    ISSN 1752-8054
    DOI 10.1111/cts.13307
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Evaluation of US Food and Drug Administration Drug Label Recommendations for Coadministration of Antivirals and Acid-Reducing Agents.

    Shugg, Tyler / Powell, Nicholas R / Marroum, Patrick J / Skaar, Todd C / Younis, Islam R

    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics

    2022  Volume 112, Issue 5, Page(s) 1088–1097

    Abstract: Coadministration with acid-reducing agents (ARAs), including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine ... ...

    Abstract Coadministration with acid-reducing agents (ARAs), including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine H
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Reducing Agents ; Antiviral Agents/adverse effects ; Antacids ; Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Histamine ; Drug Interactions
    Chemical Substances Reducing Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Antacids ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Histamine (820484N8I3)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 123793-7
    ISSN 1532-6535 ; 0009-9236
    ISSN (online) 1532-6535
    ISSN 0009-9236
    DOI 10.1002/cpt.2723
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: A pilot study of ADRA2A genotype association with doses of dexmedetomidine for sedation in pediatric patients.

    Gallaway, Katherine A / Skaar, Todd C / Biju, Ashwin / Slaven, James / Tillman, Emma M

    Pharmacotherapy

    2022  Volume 42, Issue 6, Page(s) 453–459

    Abstract: Study objective: Dexmedetomidine is titrated to achieve sedation in the pediatric and cardiovascular intensive care units (PICU and CVICU). In adults, dexmedetomidine response has been associated with an ADRA2A polymorphism (rs1800544); CC genotype is ... ...

    Abstract Study objective: Dexmedetomidine is titrated to achieve sedation in the pediatric and cardiovascular intensive care units (PICU and CVICU). In adults, dexmedetomidine response has been associated with an ADRA2A polymorphism (rs1800544); CC genotype is associated with an increased sedative response compared with GC and GG. To date, this has not been studied in children.
    Design: We conducted a pilot study to determine whether ADRA2A genotype is associated with dexmedetomidine dose in children.
    Measurements and main results: Forty intubated PICU or CVICU patients who received dexmedetomidine as a continuous infusion for at least 2 days were genotyped for ADRA2A with a custom-designed TaqMan® Assay. Ten (25%) subjects were wildtype (GG), 15 (37.5%) were heterozygous (GC), and 15 (37.5%) were homozygous (CC) variant. The maximum dexmedetomidine doses (mCg/kg/h) were not different between genotype groups CC (1, 0.3-1.2), GC (1, 0.3-1.3), and GG (0.8, 0.3-1.2), (p = 0.37); neither were mean dexmedetomidine doses for these respective genotype groups 0.68 (0.24-1.07), 0.72 (0.22-0.98), 0.58 (0.3-0.94), (p = 0.67).
    Conclusions: These findings did not confirm the results from adult studies where ADRA2A polymorphisms correlate with dexmedetomidine response, therefore highlighting the need for pediatric studies to validate PGx findings in adults prior to implementation in pediatrics.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage ; Intensive Care Units ; Pilot Projects ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
    Chemical Substances ADRA2A protein, human ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 ; Dexmedetomidine (67VB76HONO)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603158-4
    ISSN 1875-9114 ; 0277-0008
    ISSN (online) 1875-9114
    ISSN 0277-0008
    DOI 10.1002/phar.2684
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  9. Article ; Online: Quantification of spatial pharmacogene expression heterogeneity in breast tumors.

    Powell, Nicholas R / Silvola, Rebecca M / Howard, John S / Badve, Sunil / Skaar, Todd C / Ipe, Joseph

    Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e1686

    Abstract: Background: Chemotherapeutic drug concentrations vary across different regions of tumors and this is thought to be involved in development of chemotherapy resistance. Insufficient drug delivery to some regions of the tumor may be due to spatial ... ...

    Abstract Background: Chemotherapeutic drug concentrations vary across different regions of tumors and this is thought to be involved in development of chemotherapy resistance. Insufficient drug delivery to some regions of the tumor may be due to spatial differences in expression of genes involved in the disposition, transport, and detoxification of drugs (pharmacogenes). Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the spatial expression of 286 pharmacogenes in six breast cancer tissues using the recently developed Visium spatial transcriptomics platform to (1) determine if these pharmacogenes are expressed heterogeneously across tumor tissue and (2) to determine which pharmacogenes have the most spatial expression heterogeneity.
    Methods and results: The spatial transcriptomics technology sequences the transcriptome of 55 um diameter barcoded sections (spots) across a tissue sample. We analyzed spatial gene expression profiles of four biobank-sourced breast tumor samples in addition to two breast tumor sample datasets from 10× Genomics. We define heterogeneity as the interquartile range of read counts. Collectively, we identified 8887 spots in tumor regions, 3814 in stroma, 44 in lymphocytes, and 116 in normal regions based on pathologist annotation of the tissues. We showed statistically significant differences in expression of pharmacogenes in tumor regions compared to surrounding non-tumor regions. We also observed that the most heterogeneously expressed genes within tumor regions were involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling and detoxification mechanisms. GPX4, GSTP1, MGST3, SOD1, CYP4Z1, CYB5R3, GSTK1, and NAT1 showed the most heterogeneous expression within tumor regions.
    Conclusions: The heterogeneous expression of these pharmacogenes may have important implications for cancer therapy due to their ability to impact drug distribution and efficacy throughout the tumor. Our results suggest that chemoresistance caused by expression of GPX4, GSTP1, MGST3, and SOD1 may be intrinsic, not acquired, since the heterogeneity is not specific to chemotherapy-treated samples or cell type. Additionally, we identified candidate chemoresistance pharmacogenes that can be further tested through focused follow-up studies.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Breast/surgery ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2573-8348
    ISSN (online) 2573-8348
    DOI 10.1002/cnr2.1686
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Opportunity for pharmacogenomic testing in patients with cystic fibrosis.

    Sakon, Colleen / Alicea, Leah A / Patacca, Heather / Brown, Cynthia D / Skaar, Todd C / Tillman, Emma M

    Pediatric pulmonology

    2022  Volume 57, Issue 4, Page(s) 903–907

    Abstract: Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are exposed to many drugs in their lifetime and many of these drugs have Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines that are available to guide dosing. Contemporary CF treatments ... ...

    Abstract Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are exposed to many drugs in their lifetime and many of these drugs have Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines that are available to guide dosing. Contemporary CF treatments are targeted to specific mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, and thus, require patients to have genetic testing before initiation of modulator therapy. However, aside from CFTR genetic testing, pharmacogenomic testing is not standard of care for CF patients.
    Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the number of non-CFTR modulator medications with CPIC guidelines that are prescribed to patients with CF.
    Materials & methods: We identified all patients with a diagnosis of CF and queried our hospital electronic medical records (EMR) for all orders, including inpatient and prescriptions, for all drugs or drug classes that have CPIC actionable guidelines for drug-gene pairs that can be used to guide therapy.
    Results: We identified 576 patients with a diagnosis of CF that were treated at our institution during this 16-year period between June 2005 and May 2021. Of these patients, 504 patients (87.5%) received at least one drug that could have been dosed according to CPIC guidelines if pharmacogenomic results would have been available.
    Conclusions: Patients with CF have high utilization of drugs with CPIC guidelines, therefore preemptive pharmacogenomic testing should be considered in CF patients at the time of CFTR genetic testing.
    MeSH term(s) Cystic Fibrosis/drug therapy ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pharmacogenetics ; Pharmacogenomic Testing
    Chemical Substances Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (126880-72-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632784-9
    ISSN 1099-0496 ; 8755-6863
    ISSN (online) 1099-0496
    ISSN 8755-6863
    DOI 10.1002/ppul.25809
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