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Article ; Online: Comparison of carcass condemnation causes in two broiler hybrids differing in growth rates.

Forseth, Merete / Moe, Randi Oppermann / Kittelsen, Käthe / Skjerve, Eystein / Toftaker, Ingrid

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4195

Abstract: Experimental studies concluded that genetic factors enabling fast growth rate might negatively affect broiler health and welfare. Recently, the proportion of slower-growing broilers has been increasing. However, studies of health in broilers with ... ...

Abstract	Experimental studies concluded that genetic factors enabling fast growth rate might negatively affect broiler health and welfare. Recently, the proportion of slower-growing broilers has been increasing. However, studies of health in broilers with different growth rates in commercial systems are still scarce. This repeated cross-sectional study aimed to describe causes of carcass condemnations in two broiler hybrids with different growth rates, Ross 308, and Hubbard JA787, and to estimate the effect of hybrid. The study sample consisted of 63,209,415 broilers slaughtered in 4295 batches from 139 farms. All broilers were slaughtered from January 1st, 2015, to June 22nd, 2021, by the same company (Norsk Kylling). All causes of condemnation, except fractures, were more prevalent in Ross 308. The five most common causes (ascites, discolouration, hepatitis, small and skin lesions) were investigated in greater detail, and the effect of hybrid was assessed using mixed effects negative binomial models with the condemnation codes as outcome variables. For the five selected causes, variation in prevalence between slaughter batches was considerable for Ross and minor for Hubbard. The notable differences between hybrids in prevalence and causes of condemnation have important implications for animal health, welfare, economy, and sustainability in broiler production.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chickens ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Causality ; Abattoirs
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-31422-0
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Article ; Online: Community antibiotic consumption and associated factors in Lusaka district of Zambia: findings and implications for antimicrobial resistance and stewardship.

Ngoma, Maty Tsumbu / Sitali, Doreen / Mudenda, Steward / Mukuma, Mercy / Bumbangi, Flavien Nsoni / Bunuma, Emmanuel / Skjerve, Eystein / Muma, John Bwalya

JAC-antimicrobial resistance

2024 Volume 6, Issue 2, Page(s) dlae034

Abstract: Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health crisis. This study assessed the general public's consumption of antibiotics and associated factors in the Lusaka district of Zambia.: Methods: This cross-sectional study was ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health crisis. This study assessed the general public's consumption of antibiotics and associated factors in the Lusaka district of Zambia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2038 participants between December 2022 and January 2023. Data were analysed using Stata 13.0. Multivariable regression techniques were used to determine the factors that influenced antibiotic consumption. Results: Of the 2038 participants, 53.4% were female, and 51.5% had attended at least secondary school. Antibiotic use was 99.2%, of which 40.9% were appropriately used. Overall, 79.1% of antibiotics were prescribed in hospitals, while 20.9% were used from leftovers and accessed without prescriptions. This study found that the appropriate use of antibiotics was associated with being female, being aged 35 years and above, attaining secondary school or tertiary education, having a monthly expenditure of 195 USD and above, being aware that antibiotics were not the same as painkillers, and being confident that when someone was hospitalized, they would get well. Conclusions: This study found that the appropriate use of antibiotics was low, and this is an urgent public health issue requiring community engagement in tackling AMR and adherence to treatment guidelines in healthcare facilities. Additionally, there is a need to implement and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programmes in healthcare facilities to promote the rational use of antibiotics in Zambia. There is also a need to heighten community awareness campaigns and educational activities on the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2632-1823
ISSN (online)	2632-1823
DOI	10.1093/jacamr/dlae034
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Article ; Online: Effect of pancreas disease vaccines on infection levels and virus transmission in Atlantic salmon (

Thorarinsson, Ragnar / Ramstad, Anne / Wolf, Jeffrey C / Sindre, Hilde / Skjerve, Eystein / Rimstad, Espen / Evensen, Øystein / Rodriguez, Jose F

Frontiers in immunology

2024 Volume 15, Page(s) 1342816

Abstract: Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD), which negatively impacts farmed Atlantic salmon. In this study, fish were vaccinated with a DNA-PD vaccine (DNA-PD) and an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated whole virus PD vaccine (Oil-PD). Controls were ... ...

Abstract	Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD), which negatively impacts farmed Atlantic salmon. In this study, fish were vaccinated with a DNA-PD vaccine (DNA-PD) and an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated whole virus PD vaccine (Oil-PD). Controls were two non-PD vaccinated groups. Fish were kept in one tank and challenged by cohabitation with SAV genotype 2 in seawater. Protection against infection and mortality was assessed for 84 days (Efficacy study). Nineteen days post challenge (dpc), subgroups of fish from all treatment groups were transferred to separate tanks and cohabited with naïve fish (Transmission study 1) or fish vaccinated with a homologous vaccine (Transmission study 2), to evaluate virus transmission for 26 days (47 dpc). Viremia, heart RT-qPCR and histopathological scoring of key organs affected by PD were used to measure infection levels. RT-droplet digital PCR quantified shedding of SAV into water for transmission studies. The Efficacy study showed that PD associated growth-loss was significantly lower and clearance of SAV2 RNA significantly higher in the PD-DNA group compared to the other groups. The PD-DNA group had milder lesions in the heart and muscle. Cumulative mortality post challenge was low and not different between groups, but the DNA-PD group had delayed time-to-death. In Transmission study 1, the lowest water levels of SAV RNA were measured in the tanks containing the DNA-PD group at 21 and 34 dpc. Despite this, and irrespective of the treatment group, SAV2 was effectively transmitted to the naïve fish during 26-day cohabitation. At 47 dpc, the SAV RNA concentrations in the water were lower in all tanks compared to 34 dpc. In Transmission study 2, none of the DNA-PD immunized cohabitants residing with DNA-PD-vaccinated, pre-challenged fish got infected. In contrast, Oil-PD immunized cohabitants residing with Oil-PD-vaccinated, pre-challenged fish, showed infection levels similar to the naïve cohabitants in Transmission study 1. The results demonstrate that the DNA-PD vaccine may curb the spread of SAV infection as the DNA-PD vaccinated, SAV2 exposed fish, did not spread the infection to cohabiting DNA-PD vaccinated fish. This signifies that herd immunity may be achieved by the DNA-PD vaccine, a valuable tool to control the PD epizootic in farmed Atlantic salmon.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Alphavirus ; Salmo salar ; Pancreatic Diseases/veterinary ; Pancreatic Diseases/pathology ; RNA/genetics ; Water ; Viral Vaccines ; Vaccines, DNA ; Pancreas/pathology ; DNA ; Genotype ; Fish Diseases
Chemical Substances	RNA (63231-63-0) ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Viral Vaccines ; Vaccines, DNA ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342816
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Article: Racing‐associated fatalities in Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses: Incidence rates, risk factors, and principal postmortem findings

Hellings, Ingunn Risnes / Skjerve, Eystein / Karlstam, Erika / Valheim, Mette / Ihler, Carl Fredrik / Fintl, Constanze

Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 2022 Mar., v. 36, no. 2

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses. OBJECTIVES: The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses. OBJECTIVES: The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized associated with racing between 2014 and 2019 were investigated. ANIMALS: Thirty‐eight Standardbreds and 10 Norwegian‐Swedish Coldblooded Trotters died or were euthanized associated with racing. A total of 816 085 race‐starts were recorded. METHODS: Incidence rates were calculated for both countries and horse breeds. Risk factors for sudden death were identified using a case‐control logistic model. Postmortem examinations were performed in 43 horses. RESULTS: The overall fatality IR was 0.059/1000 race‐starts. Traumatic injuries accounted for 14.5%, while sudden death for 85.5% of fatalities. Only minor differences between countries and breeds were recorded. The number of starts within the last 30 days increased the risk of sudden death (5 starts odds ratio (OR) 228.80, confidence interval (CI) 10.9‐4793). An opposite non‐linear effect was observed in number of starts the last 180 days (>10 starts OR 0.12, CI 0.02‐0.68). Seven horses were euthanized because of catastrophic injury. Acute circulatory collapse because of suspected cardiac or pulmonary failure or both was recorded in 30 horses, while major hemorrhage after vessel rupture was the primary cause of death in 10 cases. One horse collapsed and died but was not submitted for autopsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Comparatively low rates of catastrophic orthopedic fatalities were reported, while causes and IR of sudden death were similar to previous studies.
Keywords	confidence interval ; death ; harness ; hemorrhage ; logit analysis ; necropsy ; odds ratio ; orthopedics ; veterinary medicine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 778-786.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	92798-3
ISSN	1939-1676 ; 0891-6640
ISSN (online)	1939-1676
ISSN	0891-6640
DOI	10.1111/jvim.16364
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Comparison of young male mice of two different strains (C57BL/6J and the hybrid B6129SF1/J) in selected behavior tests: a small scale study.

Hansen, Kristine Eraker Aasland / Hudecová, Alexandra M / Haugen, Fred / Skjerve, Eystein / Ropstad, Erik / Zimmer, Karin E

Laboratory animal research

2022 Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) 30

Abstract: Background: All mouse strains are different, before choosing a strain for a large study, a small scale study should be done. In this study, we compared young males of two mouse strains, C57BL/6J and the hybrid B6129SF1/J, and gained knowledge on their ... ...

Abstract	Background: All mouse strains are different, before choosing a strain for a large study, a small scale study should be done. In this study, we compared young males of two mouse strains, C57BL/6J and the hybrid B6129SF1/J, and gained knowledge on their performance in three different behavioral tests; open field (OF) test, Barnes maze (BM) test and a restraint stress test. Results: We found that the young males of the C57BL/6J strain spent more time moving in the OF. In the BM, the hybrid covered less ground before reaching the goal box during the first three sessions, than the C57BL/6J. The hybrid left more fecal pellets than C57BL/6J both in OF and BM. During the stress test, the C57BL/6J had a lower corticosterone response than the hybrid. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the C57BL/6J has a presumably higher locomotor activity and/or explorative behavior than the hybrid, while the hybrid appeared more sensitive to stress.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2623220-0
ISSN	2233-7660 ; 1738-6055
ISSN (online)	2233-7660
ISSN	1738-6055
DOI	10.1186/s42826-022-00140-5
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Article ; Online: Racing-associated fatalities in Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses: Incidence rates, risk factors, and principal postmortem findings.

Hellings, Ingunn Risnes / Skjerve, Eystein / Karlstam, Erika / Valheim, Mette / Ihler, Carl Fredrik / Fintl, Constanze

Journal of veterinary internal medicine

2022 Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 778–786

Abstract: Background: There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses.: Objectives: The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized ... ...

Abstract	Background: There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses. Objectives: The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized associated with racing between 2014 and 2019 were investigated. Animals: Thirty-eight Standardbreds and 10 Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotters died or were euthanized associated with racing. A total of 816 085 race-starts were recorded. Methods: Incidence rates were calculated for both countries and horse breeds. Risk factors for sudden death were identified using a case-control logistic model. Postmortem examinations were performed in 43 horses. Results: The overall fatality IR was 0.059/1000 race-starts. Traumatic injuries accounted for 14.5%, while sudden death for 85.5% of fatalities. Only minor differences between countries and breeds were recorded. The number of starts within the last 30 days increased the risk of sudden death (5 starts odds ratio (OR) 228.80, confidence interval (CI) 10.9-4793). An opposite non-linear effect was observed in number of starts the last 180 days (>10 starts OR 0.12, CI 0.02-0.68). Seven horses were euthanized because of catastrophic injury. Acute circulatory collapse because of suspected cardiac or pulmonary failure or both was recorded in 30 horses, while major hemorrhage after vessel rupture was the primary cause of death in 10 cases. One horse collapsed and died but was not submitted for autopsy. Conclusions and clinical importance: Comparatively low rates of catastrophic orthopedic fatalities were reported, while causes and IR of sudden death were similar to previous studies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Autopsy/veterinary ; Horses ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Sports ; Sweden/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	92798-3
ISSN	1939-1676 ; 0891-6640
ISSN (online)	1939-1676
ISSN	0891-6640
DOI	10.1111/jvim.16364
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Article: Effects of a DNA and multivalent oil-adjuvanted vaccines against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3

Thorarinsson, Ragnar / Wolf, Jeffrey C. / Inami, Makoto / Sindre, Hilde / Skjerve, Eystein / Evensen, Øystein / Rimstad, Espen

Fish and shellfish immunology reports. 2022 Dec., v. 3

2022

Abstract: Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In seawater-farmed salmonids in the southern part of Norway SAV subtype 3 (SAV3) is dominating. PD continues to cause significant economic and fish health concerns ... ...

Abstract	Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In seawater-farmed salmonids in the southern part of Norway SAV subtype 3 (SAV3) is dominating. PD continues to cause significant economic and fish health concerns in this region despite years of extensive use of oil-adjuvanted vaccines (OAVs) containing inactivated whole virus (IWV) antigens. In the current study, three commercially available PD vaccines were tested. Group A got a DNA vaccine (DNAV) injected intramuscularly (i.m.) plus an OAV without a PD component injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). Groups B and C got different OAV IWV vaccines injected i.p., respectively. The control group was i.p. injected with saline. Approximately 12 weeks after vaccination, the post smolt groups were challenged in seawater with SAV3 by cohabitation. Samples were collected pre-challenge, and at 19, 54 and 83 days post-challenge (dpc). There were no differences in growth or visible intraperitoneal side effects between the immunized groups prior to challenge. Fish in group A had significantly higher SAV3 neutralizing antibody titers than the other groups pre-challenge and significantly lower SAV3 viremia levels than the control group at 19 dpc. Fish in group A had significantly more weight gain than the other groups measured at 54 and 83 dpc. Prevalence and severity of heart necrosis at 19 dpc and loss of exocrine pancreas tissue at 54 and 83 dpc were significantly lower in groups A and B compared to group C and controls. The cumulative mortality in the control group during the challenge period was 10.5%. Group A experienced the lowest mortality (6.4%) albeit not statistically different from the controls. The results suggest that DNAV may reduce the clinical and economic impact of PD by improved protection against SAV3-induced changes in pancreas tissue and growth impairment.
Keywords	Alphavirus ; DNA ; Salmo salar ; economic impact ; fish ; fish health ; heart ; mortality ; necrosis ; pancreas ; pancreas disease ; recombinant vaccines ; seawater ; shellfish ; vaccination ; viremia ; viruses ; weight gain ; Norway
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	2667-0119
DOI	10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100063
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Antimicrobial resistance due to the content of potentially toxic metals in soil and fertilizing products.

Yazdankhah, Siamak / Skjerve, Eystein / Wasteson, Yngvild

Microbial ecology in health and disease

2018 Volume 29, Issue 1, Page(s) 1548248

Abstract: Potentially toxic metals (PTM), along with PTM-resistant bacteria and PTM-resistance genes, may be introduced into soil and water through sewage systems, direct excretion, land application of biosolids (organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for ...

Abstract	Potentially toxic metals (PTM), along with PTM-resistant bacteria and PTM-resistance genes, may be introduced into soil and water through sewage systems, direct excretion, land application of biosolids (organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for use in agriculture) or animal manures as fertilizers, and irrigation with wastewater or treated effluents. In this review article, we have evaluated whether the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (CrIII + CrVI), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in soil and fertilizing products play a role in the development, spreading, and persistence of bacterial resistance to these elements, as well as cross- or co-resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several of the articles included in this review reported the development of resistance against PTM in both sewage and manure. Although PTM like As, Hg, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni may be present in the fertilizing products, the concentration may be low since they occur due to pollution. In contrast, trace metals like Cu and Zn are actively added to animal feed in many countries. In several studies, several different bacterial species were shown to have a reduced susceptibility towards several PTM, simultaneously. However, neither the source of resistant bacteria nor the minimum co-selective concentration (MCC) for resistance induction are known. Co- or cross-resistance against
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-11
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	639390-1
ISSN	1651-2235 ; 0891-060X
ISSN (online)	1651-2235
ISSN	0891-060X
DOI	10.1080/16512235.2018.1548248
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Article ; Online: Effects of a DNA and multivalent oil-adjuvanted vaccines against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (

Thorarinsson, Ragnar / Wolf, Jeffrey C / Inami, Makoto / Sindre, Hilde / Skjerve, Eystein / Evensen, Øystein / Rimstad, Espen

Fish and shellfish Immunology reports

2022 Volume 3, Page(s) 100063

Abstract: Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon ( ...

Abstract	Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2667-0119
ISSN (online)	2667-0119
DOI	10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100063
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Article: Evidence of Community-Wide Spread of Multi-Drug Resistant

Bumbangi, Flavien Nsoni / Llarena, Ann-Katrin / Skjerve, Eystein / Hang'ombe, Bernard Mudenda / Mpundu, Prudence / Mudenda, Steward / Mutombo, Paulin Beya / Muma, John Bwalya

Microorganisms

2022 Volume 10, Issue 8

Abstract: Increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been reported for pathogenic and ... ...

Abstract	Increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been reported for pathogenic and commensal
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms10081684
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