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  1. Article: Integrating single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional assays to decipher mammary cell states and lineage hierarchies.

    Regan, Joseph L / Smalley, Matthew J

    NPJ breast cancer

    2020  Volume 6, Page(s) 32

    Abstract: The identification and molecular characterization of cellular hierarchies in complex tissues is key to understanding both normal cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The mammary epithelium is a heterogeneous tissue consisting of two main cellular ... ...

    Abstract The identification and molecular characterization of cellular hierarchies in complex tissues is key to understanding both normal cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The mammary epithelium is a heterogeneous tissue consisting of two main cellular compartments, an outer basal layer containing myoepithelial cells and an inner luminal layer consisting of estrogen receptor-negative (ER
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2374-4677
    ISSN 2374-4677
    DOI 10.1038/s41523-020-00175-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Conditional in vivo deletion of LYN kinase has little effect on a BRCA1 loss-of-function-associated mammary tumour model.

    Tornillo, Giusy / Warrington, Lauren / Kendrick, Howard / Higgins, Adam T / Hay, Trevor / Beck, Sam / Smalley, Matthew J

    Disease models & mechanisms

    2024  Volume 17, Issue 1

    Abstract: LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1- ... ...

    Abstract LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1-null mouse mammary tumours is deleterious to their growth. Here, we examined the interaction between LYN kinase and BRCA1 loss-of-function in an in vivo mouse mammary tumour model, using conditional knockout Brca1 and Lyn alleles. Comparison of Brca1 tumour cohorts showed little difference in mammary tumour formation between animals that were wild type, heterozygous or homozygous for the conditional Lyn allele, although this was confounded by factors including incomplete Lyn recombination in some tumours. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that tumours with high levels of Lyn gene expression had a slower doubling time, but this was not correlated with levels of LYN staining in tumour cells themselves. Rather, high Lyn expression and slower tumour growth were likely a result of B-cell infiltration. The multifaceted role of LYN indicates that it is likely to present difficulties as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; BRCA1 Protein/genetics ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Line ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology ; Mice, Knockout
    Chemical Substances BRCA1 Protein ; BRCA1 protein, human ; lyn protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2) ; Brca1 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2451104-3
    ISSN 1754-8411 ; 1754-8403
    ISSN (online) 1754-8411
    ISSN 1754-8403
    DOI 10.1242/dmm.050211
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Plexin-B1 Mutation Drives Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Mouse Models.

    Shorning, Boris / Trent, Neil / Griffiths, David F / Worzfeld, Thomas / Offermanns, Stefan / Smalley, Matthew J / Williamson, Magali

    Cancer research communications

    2023  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 444–458

    Abstract: Metastatic prostate cancer is essentially incurable and is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Plexins are transmembrane receptors for semaphorins with divergent ...

    Abstract Metastatic prostate cancer is essentially incurable and is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Plexins are transmembrane receptors for semaphorins with divergent roles in many forms of cancer. We show here that prostate epithelial cell-specific expression of a mutant form of Plexin-B1 (
    Significance: Few therapeutic targets have been identified specifically for preventing locally invasive/oligometastatic prostate cancer from becoming more widely disseminated. Our findings suggest Plexin-B1 signaling, particularly from the clinically relevant
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Animals ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Mice, Transgenic
    Chemical Substances Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) (EC 3.6.5.2) ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Antineoplastic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2767-9764
    ISSN (online) 2767-9764
    DOI 10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-22-0480
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Dog breeds and conformations predisposed to osteosarcoma in the UK: a VetCompass study.

    O'Neill, Dan G / Edmunds, Grace L / Urquhart-Gilmore, Jade / Church, David B / Rutherford, Lynda / Smalley, Matthew J / Brodbelt, Dave C

    Canine medicine and genetics

    2023  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 8

    Abstract: Background: Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone neoplasia that has high welfare consequences for affected dogs. Awareness of breed and canine conformational risk factors for osteosarcoma can assist with earlier diagnosis and improved clinical management. ... ...

    Abstract Background: Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone neoplasia that has high welfare consequences for affected dogs. Awareness of breed and canine conformational risk factors for osteosarcoma can assist with earlier diagnosis and improved clinical management. Study of osteosarcoma in dogs also offers translational value for humans. Anonymised clinical data within VetCompass on dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK were searched for osteosarcoma cases. Descriptive statistics reported overall and breed-specific prevalence. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling.
    Results: From 905,552 study dogs, 331 osteosarcoma cases were confirmed yielding a one-year period prevalence of 0.037% (95% CI: 0.033-0.041). Breeds with the highest annual prevalence were the Scottish Deerhound (3.28%, 95% CI 0.90-8.18), Leonberger (1.48%, 95% CI 0.41- 3.75), Great Dane (0.87%, 95% CI 0.43- 1.55) and Rottweiler (0.84%, 95% CI 0.64-1.07). The median age at diagnosis was 9.64 years (IQR: 7.97-11.41). Following multivariable modelling, 11 breeds showed increased odds of osteosarcoma compared with crossbred dogs. Breeds with the highest odds included Scottish Deerhound (OR 118.40, 95% CI 41.12-340.95), Leonberger (OR 55.79, 95% CI 19.68-158.15), Great Dane (OR 34.24, 95% CI 17.81-65.83) and Rottweiler (OR 26.67, 95% CI 18.57-38.29). Compared with breeds with mesocephalic skull conformation, breeds with dolichocephalic skull conformation (OR 2.72, 95% CI 2.06-3.58) had increased odds while breeds with brachycephalic skull conformation showed reduced odds (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.80). Chondrodystrophic breeds had 0.10 times the odds (95% CI 0.06-0.15) compared with non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Increasing adult bodyweight was associated with increasing odds of osteosarcoma.
    Conclusions: The current study cements the concept that breed, bodyweight and longer leg or longer skull length are all strong risk factors for osteosarcoma in dogs. With this awareness, veterinarians can update their clinical suspicion and judgement, breeders can select towards lower-risk animals, and researchers can robustly define more useful study populations for fundamental and translational bioscience.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2662-9380
    ISSN (online) 2662-9380
    DOI 10.1186/s40575-023-00131-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Epidemiology of mammary tumours in bitches under veterinary care in the UK in 2016.

    Varney, Danielle / O'Neill, Dan / O'Neill, Maeve / Church, David / Stell, Anneliese / Beck, Sam / Smalley, Matthew J / Brodbelt, David

    The Veterinary record

    2023  Volume 193, Issue 5, Page(s) e3054

    Abstract: Background: There is limited information on the epidemiology of canine mammary tumours. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in UK bitches.: Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted within ... ...

    Abstract Background: There is limited information on the epidemiology of canine mammary tumours. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in UK bitches.
    Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted within VetCompass to estimate the frequency and risk factors for clinically diagnosed mammary tumours during 2016 (VetCompass study). A second case-control study explored further breed associations for cases confirmed histopathologically compared to the VetCompass controls (laboratory study). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and mammary tumours.
    Results: The incidence of mammary tumours was 1340.7/100,000 per year (95% confidence interval: 1198.1-1483.3). A total of 222 clinical cases (VetCompass study) and 915 laboratory cases (laboratory study) were compared to 1515 VetCompass controls in the two analyses. In the VetCompass study, Springer and Cocker Spaniels, Boxers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers and Lhasa Apsos had increased odds of developing mammary tumours. Neutering was associated with reduced odds, while odds increased with increasing age and a history of pseudopregnancy. In the laboratory study, increasing age was associated with greater odds of mammary tumours, and the breeds most at risk were similar to those identified in the VetCompass study.
    Limitations: The timing of neutering was not consistently available. Comparing laboratory cases to VetCompass controls provided only exploratory evidence for the breed associations identified.
    Conclusions: The study provides an update on the frequency of canine mammary tumours.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Animals ; Dogs ; Case-Control Studies ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/epidemiology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390015-0
    ISSN 2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
    ISSN (online) 2042-7670
    ISSN 0042-4900
    DOI 10.1002/vetr.3054
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Associations Between Dog Breed and Clinical Features of Mammary Epithelial Neoplasia in Bitches: an Epidemiological Study of Submissions to a Single Diagnostic Pathology Centre Between 2008-2021.

    Edmunds, Grace / Beck, Sam / Kale, Kedar Umakant / Spasic, Irena / O'Neill, Dan / Brodbelt, David / Smalley, Matthew J

    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

    Abstract: Mammary cancer is one of the most common neoplasms of dogs, primarily bitches. While studies have been carried out identifying differing risk of mammary neoplasia in different dog breeds, few studies have reported associations between dog breeds and ... ...

    Abstract Mammary cancer is one of the most common neoplasms of dogs, primarily bitches. While studies have been carried out identifying differing risk of mammary neoplasia in different dog breeds, few studies have reported associations between dog breeds and clinical features such as number of neoplastic lesions found in an individual case or the likelihood of lesions being benign or malignant. Such epidemiological studies are essential as a foundation for exploring potential genetic drivers of mammary tumour behaviour. Here, we have examined associations between breed, age and neuter status and the odds of a diagnosis of a mammary epithelial-origin neoplastic lesion (as opposed to any other histopathological diagnosis from a biopsied lesion) as well as the odds of a bitch presenting with either a single mammary lesion or multiple lesions, and the odds that those lesions are benign or malignant. The study population consisted of 129,258 samples from bitches, including 13,401 mammary epithelial neoplasms, submitted for histological assessment to a single histopathology laboratory between 2008 and 2021.In multivariable analysis, breed, age and neuter status were all significantly associated with the odds of a diagnosis of a mammary epithelial-origin neoplastic lesion. Smaller breeds were more likely to receive such a diagnosis. In cases diagnosed with a mammary epithelial neoplasm, these three factors were also significantly associated with the odds of diagnosis with a malignant lesion and of diagnosis with multiple lesions. Notably, while neutered animals were less likely to have a mammary epithelial neoplasm diagnosed, and were less likely to have multiple neoplasms, they were more likely to have malignant disease. Exploration of the patterns of risk of developing malignant disease, or multiple lesions, across individual breeds showed no breed with increased odds of both outcomes. Breeds with altered odds compared to the Crossbreed baseline were either at increased risk of malignant disease and decreased risk of multiple lesions, or vice versa, or they were at significantly altered odds of one outcome with no change in the other outcome. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that age, neuter status and intrinsic biological and genetic factors all combine to influence the biological heterogeneity of canine mammary neoplasia.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Dogs ; Humans ; Animals ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/diagnosis ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/epidemiology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology ; Carcinoma/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Breeding
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1327345-0
    ISSN 1573-7039 ; 1083-3021
    ISSN (online) 1573-7039
    ISSN 1083-3021
    DOI 10.1007/s10911-023-09531-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Epidemiology of mammary tumours in bitches under veterinary care in the UK in 2016

    Varney, Danielle / O'Neill, Dan / O'Neill, Maeve / Church, David / Stell, Anneliese / Beck, Sam / Smalley, Matthew J. / Brodbelt, David

    Veterinary Record. 2023 Sept. 9, v. 193, no. 5 p.e3054-

    2023  

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the epidemiology of canine mammary tumours. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in UK bitches. METHODS: A nested case–control study was conducted within VetCompass to ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the epidemiology of canine mammary tumours. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in UK bitches. METHODS: A nested case–control study was conducted within VetCompass to estimate the frequency and risk factors for clinically diagnosed mammary tumours during 2016 (VetCompass study). A second case–control study explored further breed associations for cases confirmed histopathologically compared to the VetCompass controls (laboratory study). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and mammary tumours. RESULTS: The incidence of mammary tumours was 1340.7/100,000 per year (95% confidence interval: 1198.1–1483.3). A total of 222 clinical cases (VetCompass study) and 915 laboratory cases (laboratory study) were compared to 1515 VetCompass controls in the two analyses. In the VetCompass study, Springer and Cocker Spaniels, Boxers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers and Lhasa Apsos had increased odds of developing mammary tumours. Neutering was associated with reduced odds, while odds increased with increasing age and a history of pseudopregnancy. In the laboratory study, increasing age was associated with greater odds of mammary tumours, and the breeds most at risk were similar to those identified in the VetCompass study. LIMITATIONS: The timing of neutering was not consistently available. Comparing laboratory cases to VetCompass controls provided only exploratory evidence for the breed associations identified. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides an update on the frequency of canine mammary tumours.
    Keywords case-control studies ; confidence interval ; dogs ; histopathology ; pseudopregnancy ; regression analysis ; risk
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-0909
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 390015-0
    ISSN 2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
    ISSN (online) 2042-7670
    ISSN 0042-4900
    DOI 10.1002/vetr.3054
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling.

    Shorning, Boris Y / Dass, Manisha S / Smalley, Matthew J / Pearson, Helen B

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 12

    Abstract: Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic ... ...

    Abstract Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
    MeSH term(s) Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics ; Oncogenes ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology
    Chemical Substances AR protein, human ; Androgen Antagonists ; Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors ; Receptors, Androgen ; MTOR protein, human (EC 2.7.1.1) ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (EC 2.7.1.137) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms21124507
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Isolation, culture and analysis of mouse mammary epithelial cells.

    Smalley, Matthew J

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2010  Volume 633, Page(s) 139–170

    Abstract: Limited understanding of the cell biology of the breast and breast cancer hampers our ability to develop new therapeutic approaches. Mouse models of mammary gland development and tumourigenesis are key to developing new insights into the biology of both ... ...

    Abstract Limited understanding of the cell biology of the breast and breast cancer hampers our ability to develop new therapeutic approaches. Mouse models of mammary gland development and tumourigenesis are key to developing new insights into the biology of both the normal and diseased tissues. Recent advances have enabled the isolation, molecular characterisation and functional analysis of mouse mammary epithelial cell subpopulations from the normal gland, including subpopulations enriched for stem cell behaviour. Application of these techniques both to the normal mammary gland and to tumour models will promote a better understanding of the nature of the different epithelial cell types in the mammary gland, the origins of mammary tumours and the role of tumour stem cells.
    MeSH term(s) Adipose Tissue/transplantation ; Animals ; Antigens/metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Separation/methods ; Cell Transplantation ; Clone Cells/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology ; Mice ; Organoids/cytology ; Pregnancy ; RNA/isolation & purification ; Staining and Labeling ; Suspensions
    Chemical Substances Antigens ; Suspensions ; RNA (63231-63-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-03-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-59745-019-5_11
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: ERrrr…where are the progenitors? Hormone receptors and mammary cell heterogeneity.

    Tornillo, Giusy / Smalley, Matthew J

    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia

    2015  Volume 20, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 63–73

    Abstract: The mammary epithelium is a highly heterogenous and dynamic tissue that includes a range of cell types with varying levels of proliferative capacity and differentiation potential, from stem to committed progenitor and mature cells. Generation of mature ... ...

    Abstract The mammary epithelium is a highly heterogenous and dynamic tissue that includes a range of cell types with varying levels of proliferative capacity and differentiation potential, from stem to committed progenitor and mature cells. Generation of mature cells through expansion and specification of immature precursors is driven by hormonal and local stimuli. Intriguingly, although circulating hormones can be directly sensed only by a subset of mammary cells, they also regulate the behaviour of cells lacking their cognate receptors through paracrine mechanisms. Thus, mapping the hormonal signalling network on to the emerging mammary cell hierarchy appears to be a difficult task. Nevertheless, a first step towards a better understanding is the characterization of the hormone receptor expression pattern across individual cell types in the mammary epithelium. Here we review the most relevant findings on the cellular distribution of hormone receptors in the mammary gland, taking into account differences between mice and humans, the methods employed to assess receptor expression as well as the variety of approaches used to resolve the mammary cell heterogeneity.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Epithelium/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism ; Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology ; Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism ; Mammary Glands, Human/physiology ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Stem Cells/physiology
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Progesterone
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-07-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1327345-0
    ISSN 1573-7039 ; 1083-3021
    ISSN (online) 1573-7039
    ISSN 1083-3021
    DOI 10.1007/s10911-015-9336-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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