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Article ; Online: The anger superiority effect revisited: a visual crowding task.

Gong, Mingliang / Smart, L James

2020 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 214–224

Abstract: Visual search studies have shown that threatening facial expressions are more efficiently detected among a crowd of distractor faces than nonthreatening expressions, known as the anger superiority effect (ASE). However, the opposite finding has also been ...

Abstract	Visual search studies have shown that threatening facial expressions are more efficiently detected among a crowd of distractor faces than nonthreatening expressions, known as the anger superiority effect (ASE). However, the opposite finding has also been documented. The present study investigated the ASE in the visual periphery with a visual crowding task. In the study, the target face either appeared alone (uncrowded condition) or was crowded by four neutral or emotional faces (crowded condition). Participants were instructed to determine whether the target face was happy or angry. Experiment 1 showed an ASE when crowded by neutral faces. Intriguingly, this superiority vanished when the target face was crowded by emotional faces that had a different expression from the target as well as when the target face was presented alone. Experiment 2 replicated this result in an independent sample of East Asians (vs. Caucasians in Experiment 1) and thus demonstrated the robustness and cross-cultural consistency of our findings. Together, these results suggest that the ASE in the visual periphery is contingent on task demands induced by visual crowding.
MeSH term(s)	Anger ; Crowding ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Happiness ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639123-0
ISSN	1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
ISSN (online)	1464-0600
ISSN	0269-9931
DOI	10.1080/02699931.2020.1818552
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Article ; Online: Using Nonlinear Kinematic Parameters as a Means of Predicting Motion Sickness in Real-Time in Virtual Environments.

Smart, L James / Drew, Anthony / Hadidon, Tyler / Teaford, Max / Bachmann, Eric

Human factors

2021 Volume 65, Issue 8, Page(s) 1830–1840

Abstract: Objective: This article presents two studies (one simulation and one pilot) that assess a custom computer algorithm designed to predict motion sickness in real-time.: Background: Virtual reality has a wide range of applications; however, many users ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This article presents two studies (one simulation and one pilot) that assess a custom computer algorithm designed to predict motion sickness in real-time. Background: Virtual reality has a wide range of applications; however, many users experience visually induced motion sickness. Previous research has demonstrated that changes in kinematic (behavioral) parameters are predictive of motion sickness. However, there has not been research demonstrating that these measures can be utilized in real-time applications. Method: Two studies were performed to assess an algorithm designed to predict motion sickness in real-time. Study 1 was a simulation study that used data from Smart et al. (2014). Study 2 employed the algorithm on 28 new participants' motion while exposed to virtual motion. Results: Study 1 revealed that the algorithm was able to classify motion sick participants with 100% accuracy. Study 2 revealed that the algorithm could predict if a participant would become motion sick with 57% accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the motion sickness prediction algorithm can predict if an individual will experience motion sickness but needs further refinement to improve performance. Application: The algorithm could be used for a wide array of VR devices to predict likelihood of motion sickness with enough time to intervene.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Motion Sickness ; Computer Simulation ; Virtual Reality ; Algorithms
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1177/00187208211059623
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Article: Responding to Other People's Posture: Visually Induced Motion Sickness From Naturally Generated Optic Flow.

Cook, Henry E / Hassebrock, Justin A / Smart, L James

Frontiers in psychology

2018 Volume 9, Page(s) 1901

Abstract: Understanding the relationship between our actions and the perceptual information that is used to support them is becoming increasingly necessary as we utilize more digital and virtual technologies in our lives. Smart et al. (2014) found that altering ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the relationship between our actions and the perceptual information that is used to support them is becoming increasingly necessary as we utilize more digital and virtual technologies in our lives. Smart et al. (2014) found that altering the relationship between perception and action can have adverse effects, particularly if the perceptual information cannot be used to guide behavior. They also found that motion characteristics varied between people who remained well and those that became motion sick. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of naturally produced virtual motion on postural regulation and examine how people respond to different types of optical flow (produced by other people). Participants were either exposed to optic flow produced by the postural motion of a person who did not become motion sick, or a person who did exhibit motion sickness from Smart et al. (2014). It was discovered that participants exhibited both stronger coupling and more incidents of motion sickness in response to optic flow generated by a non-sick participant. This suggests that participants recognized the potentially usable nature of the well-produced optic flow- but the open loop nature of the stimuli made this perception disruptive rather than facilitative.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01901
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Article ; Online: Muscle activity prior to experiencing the rubber hand illusion is associated with alterations in perceived hand location.

Teaford, Max / Berg, William / Billock, Vincent A / McMurray, Matthew S / Thomas, Robin / Smart, L James

Psychological research

2022 Volume 87, Issue 2, Page(s) 519–536

Abstract: The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a perceptual illusion in which one is made to feel that a hand-shaped object is part of their body. This illusion is believed to be the result of the integration of afferent information. However, there has been an ... ...

Abstract	The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a perceptual illusion in which one is made to feel that a hand-shaped object is part of their body. This illusion is believed to be the result of the integration of afferent information. However, there has been an increasing amount of evidence that suggests efferent information plays a role in this illusion as well. Previous research has found that individuals who are afflicted by pathological lack of movement experience the RHI more vividly than control participants. Whereas individuals who move their hands more than the general population (i.e. professional pianists) experience the RHI less vividly than control participants. Based upon the available evidence it would seem that muscle activity prior to experiencing the RHI should be associated with how vividly one experiences different indices of the illusion. In the present study we tested this possibility by having participants perform a maximum voluntary muscle contraction task prior to experiencing three variants of the RHI (moving active, moving passive and classic). It was found that electromyographic features known to be indicative of muscle fatigue exhibited a positive association with proprioceptive drift when stimulation was synchronous or visual movement only (with the exception of the passive moving RHI synchronous condition). More work is needed to better characterize the muscular processes associated with experiencing the RHI.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Illusions/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Body Image ; Hand/physiology ; Proprioception/physiology ; Muscles ; Touch Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1463034-5
ISSN	1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
ISSN (online)	1430-2772
ISSN	0340-0727
DOI	10.1007/s00426-022-01665-z
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Article: Perceptual Validation of Nonlinear Postural Predictors of Visually Induced Motion Sickness.

Teaford, Max A / Cook, Henry E / Hassebrock, Justin A / Thomas, Robin D / Smart, L James

Frontiers in psychology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 1533

Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) technology has become increasingly prevalent in our society and has been used for a myriad of applications ranging from psychotherapy to training members of the military. However, one issue that arises from the use of VR is motion ... ...

Abstract	Virtual reality (VR) technology has become increasingly prevalent in our society and has been used for a myriad of applications ranging from psychotherapy to training members of the military. However, one issue that arises from the use of VR is motion sickness, thus making predictors and indicators of motion sickness desirable. To date, a number of indicators of motion sickness have been derived based on nonlinear characteristics of human motion recorded using motion capture systems. While it is known that nonlinear measures can be used to predict motion sickness, it is not known whether people are perceptually sensitive to these particular nonlinear parameters. The aims of this study included establishing whether individuals consistently sort phase plots of sick and well individuals' postural motion without being explicitly told to do so; determining what nonlinear movement parameters could be used to represent these judgments; and assessing the stability of nonlinear measures found to be successful at predicting motion sickness by Smart et al. (2014). Through two methods of analysis (perceptual and quantitative), this research demonstrated that participants can indeed sort the graphic depictions of sick and well participants' postural motion and seem to be perceptually sensitive to nonlinear parameters (normalized path length, path length, elliptical area) that are known to be predictive of motion sickness.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01533
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Article ; Online: The extraction of natural scene gist in visual crowding.

Gong, Mingliang / Xuan, Yuming / Smart, L James / Olzak, Lynn A

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 14073

Abstract: The gist of natural scenes can be extracted very rapidly and even without focal attention. However, it is unclear whether and to what extent the gist of natural scenes can break through the bottleneck of crowding, a phenomenon in which object recognition ...

Abstract	The gist of natural scenes can be extracted very rapidly and even without focal attention. However, it is unclear whether and to what extent the gist of natural scenes can break through the bottleneck of crowding, a phenomenon in which object recognition will be immensely impaired. In the first two experiments, a target scene, either presented alone or surrounded by four flankers, was categorized at basic (Experiment 1) or global levels (Experiment 2). It was showed that the elimination of high-level semantic information of flankers greatly alleviated the crowding effect, demonstrating that high-level information played an important role in crowding of scene gist. More importantly, participants were able to categorize the scenes in crowding at rather high accuracies, suggesting that the extraction of scene gist might be a prioritized process. To test this hypothesis, in Experiment 3 we compared the crowding effect of three types of stimuli, namely, scenes, facial expressions and letter "E"s. The results showed that scenes could be better categorized than the other two types of stimuli in the crowding condition. This scene gist advantage thus supported our hypothesis. Together, the present studies suggest that scene gist is highly recognizable in crowding, probably due to its prioritization in visual processing.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Reaction Time ; Semantics ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-32455-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Conference proceedings: Studies in perception and action XI

Charles, Eric P / Smart, L. James

sixteenth International Conference on Perception and Action

2011

Title variant	Studies in perception and action 11
Event/congress	International Conference on Perception and Action (16th, 2011, OuroPretoMinasGeraisBrazil)
Author's details	edited by Eric P. Charles and L. James Smart
MeSH term(s)	Perception ; Psychomotor Performance
Language	English
Size	xix, 253 p. :, ill. ;, 23 cm.
Publisher	Psychology Press
Publishing place	New York
Document type	Book ; Conference proceedings
Note	Conference proceedings.
ISBN	9781848729766 ; 1848729766
Database	Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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Article: Effect of the Alexander Technique on Muscle Activation, Movement Kinematics, and Performance Quality in Collegiate Violinists and Violists: A Pilot Feasibility Study.

Wolf, Rachelle C / Thurmer, Harvey P / Berg, William P / Cook, Henry E / Smart, L James

Medical problems of performing artists

2017 Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 78–84

Abstract: Musicians are trained to attend to aural and visual senses, to the detriment of kinesthetic awareness, which often results in unnecessary muscle tension and narrowed attentional focus. The Alexander technique (AT) addresses these concerns by approaching ... ...

Abstract	Musicians are trained to attend to aural and visual senses, to the detriment of kinesthetic awareness, which often results in unnecessary muscle tension and narrowed attentional focus. The Alexander technique (AT) addresses these concerns by approaching action using a process of whole-body consciousness. Incorporation of AT concepts into skill practice may reduce static tension in playing and result in both prevention of injury and improved quality of performance, but objective evidence of these effects is lacking. This pilot feasibility study was designed to determine if muscle activation, movement kinematics, musical performance, and qualitative self-assessment over the course of a 10- week AT intervention are viable means to assess the efficacy of AT in violinists/ violists. Two groups of collegiate violinists and violists participated: Group A (n=4) participated in weekly 1-hour group AT lessons and kept a personal journal of their progress. Group B (n=3) received no AT lessons. Pre- and post tests included muscle activation recorded using electromyography (EMG) and movement kinematics recorded via motion tracking as musicians played a scale and a Kreutzer étude. Performance was also video-recorded and evaluated by an expert for quality and kinesthetic awareness. The results suggest that the measures and intervention employed could, with some adaptation, be a viable means of determining the potential benefits of AT training.
MeSH term(s)	Biomechanical Phenomena ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Stretching Exercises/education ; Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Music ; Neck Muscles/physiology ; Pilot Projects ; Posture ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Self Care/methods ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639194-1
ISSN	0885-1158
ISSN	0885-1158
DOI	10.21091/mppa.2017.2014
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Article ; Online: Structural changes in postural sway lend insight into effects of balance training, vision, and support surface on postural control in a healthy population.

Strang, Adam J / Haworth, Joshua / Hieronymus, Mathias / Walsh, Mark / Smart, L James

European journal of applied physiology

2010 Volume 111, Issue 7, Page(s) 1485–1495

Abstract: Postural sway was assessed [via center of pressure (COP) 95% elliptical area (EA), path length (PL), normalized path length (PL(n)) and sample entropy (SEn)] in four conditions of bipedal upright stance [compliant (Foam) vs. non-compliant (Hard) with ... ...

Abstract	Postural sway was assessed [via center of pressure (COP) 95% elliptical area (EA), path length (PL), normalized path length (PL(n)) and sample entropy (SEn)] in four conditions of bipedal upright stance [compliant (Foam) vs. non-compliant (Hard) with eyes-open (EO) vs. eyes-closed (EC)] prior to, and immediately following, a six-week balance training intervention in a group of healthy adults (N = 26). The intervention was comprised of nine exercises progressed in difficulty based on the subjective assessments of individual competency. Results showed that EA and PL were increased, while PL(n) and SEn were decreased, in EC and Foam stance conditions (collapsed across effects of balance training). Interpretations were that restricted vision and a compliant surface represented constraints to postural control that caused increases in the amount (PL) and area (EA) of sway, but decreases in its coordinative twisting/turning (PL(n)) and temporal complexity (SEn). It was argued that these changes might represent compensatory adaptations in effort to maintain postural control given the demands of the imposed constraints. Balance training caused no change to EA, but did result in decreased PL, PL(n), and SEn for stance conditions performed on the Foam (either EO or EC). These changes were interpreted to reflect improved postural control, potentially through the learned adoption of a more deterministic postural control strategy that is uniquely defined by the constraints imposed on upright stance by the compliant surface.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Exercise Therapy/methods ; Female ; Health ; Humans ; Male ; Movement/physiology ; Population ; Postural Balance/physiology ; Posture/physiology ; Spatial Behavior/physiology ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-12-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	124793-1
ISSN	1439-6327 ; 1432-1025 ; 0301-5548 ; 1439-6319
ISSN (online)	1439-6327 ; 1432-1025
ISSN	0301-5548 ; 1439-6319
DOI	10.1007/s00421-010-1770-6
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Article: Visually induced motion sickness predicted by postural instability.

Smart, L James / Stoffregen, Thomas A / Bardy, Benoît G

Human factors

2002 Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 451–465

Abstract: We investigated whether postural instability can predict motion sickness and studied relations among instability, motion sickness, and vection. Nine men and 4 women (mean age = 19.85 years) were exposed, while standing, to an optical simulation of body ... ...

Abstract	We investigated whether postural instability can predict motion sickness and studied relations among instability, motion sickness, and vection. Nine men and 4 women (mean age = 19.85 years) were exposed, while standing, to an optical simulation of body sway. Head motion was recorded using a magnetic tracking system. Postural instabilities were observed prior to the onset of motion sickness. Vection was reported by most participants, including all who became ill. A discriminant analysis revealed that parameters of postural motion accurately predicted motion sickness. The results confirm that postural instability precedes motion sickness and suggest that measures of postural motion may serve as reliable predictors of motion sickness. Potential applications of this research include the development of on-line diagnostic tools that will allow for the prevention of motion sickness in operational and training settings.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Discriminant Analysis ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motion ; Motion Sickness/etiology ; Posture/physiology ; Vision, Ocular
Language	English
Publishing date	2002
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	212725-8
ISSN	1547-8181 ; 0018-7208
ISSN (online)	1547-8181
ISSN	0018-7208
DOI	10.1518/0018720024497745
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