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  1. Article ; Online: The effect of perinatal interventions on parent anxiety, infant socio-emotional development and parent-infant relationship outcomes: A systematic review.

    Smith, Celia G / Jones, Emily J H / Wass, Sam V / Jacobs, Dean / Fitzpatrick, Cassie / Charman, Tony

    JCPP advances

    2022  Volume 2, Issue 4, Page(s) e12116

    Abstract: Background: Infants of parents with perinatal anxiety are at elevated likelihood of experiencing disruption in the parent-infant relationship, as well as difficulties with socio-emotional functioning in later development. Interventions delivered in the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Infants of parents with perinatal anxiety are at elevated likelihood of experiencing disruption in the parent-infant relationship, as well as difficulties with socio-emotional functioning in later development. Interventions delivered in the perinatal period have the potential to protect the early dyadic relationship and support infants' ongoing development and socio-emotional outcomes. This review primarily aimed to examine the efficacy of perinatal interventions on parent anxiety, infant socio-emotional development/temperament, and parent-infant relationship outcomes. Secondarily, the review sought to understand how interventions focused principally on one member of the dyad affected the outcomes of the other, and which intervention components were common to successful interventions.
    Method: Five electronic databases as well as manual search procedures were used to identify randomised controlled trials according to a PICO eligibility criteria framework. Risk of bias assessments were undertaken, and a narrative synthesis was conducted. The review was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021254799).
    Results: Twelve studies were analysed in total, including five interventions focused on the adult, and seven interventions focused on the infant, or the infant's relationship with their parent. Interventions incorporating cognitive behavioural strategies for affective disorders showed reductions in parent anxiety (
    Conclusions: It is important to integrate both parents and infants into treatment programmes for perinatal anxiety. Implications for clinical practice and future intervention trials are discussed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2692-9384
    ISSN (online) 2692-9384
    DOI 10.1002/jcv2.12116
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  2. Article ; Online: In infancy, it's the extremes of arousal that are 'sticky': Naturalistic data challenge purely homeostatic approaches to studying self-regulation.

    Wass, Samuel V / Smith, Celia G / Clackson, Kaili / Mirza, Farhan U

    Developmental science

    2020  Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) e13059

    Abstract: Most theoretical models of arousal/regulatory function emphasise the maintenance of homeostasis; consistent with this, most previous research into arousal has concentrated on examining individuals' recovery following the administration of experimentally ... ...

    Abstract Most theoretical models of arousal/regulatory function emphasise the maintenance of homeostasis; consistent with this, most previous research into arousal has concentrated on examining individuals' recovery following the administration of experimentally administered stressors. Here, we take a different approach: we recorded day-long spontaneous fluctuations in autonomic arousal (indexed via electrocardiogram, heart rate variability and actigraphy) in a cohort of 82 typically developing 12-month-old infants while they were at home and awake. Based on the aforementioned models, we hypothesised that extreme high or low arousal states might be more short-lived than intermediate arousal states. Our results suggested that, contrary to this, both low- and high-arousal states were more persistent than intermediate arousal states. The same pattern was present when the data were viewed over multiple epoch sizes from 1 s to 5 min; over 10-15-minute time-scales, high-arousal states were more persistent than low- and intermediate states. One possible explanation for these findings is that extreme arousal states have intrinsically greater hysteresis; another is that, through 'metastatic' processes, small initial increases and decreases in arousal can become progressively amplified over time. Rather than exclusively using experimental paradigms to study recovery, we argue that future research should also use naturalistic data to study the mechanisms through which states can be maintained or amplified over time.
    MeSH term(s) Arousal ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Child ; Heart Rate ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Infant ; Self-Control
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2023952-X
    ISSN 1467-7687 ; 1363-755X
    ISSN (online) 1467-7687
    ISSN 1363-755X
    DOI 10.1111/desc.13059
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  3. Article ; Online: Physiological stress, sustained attention, emotion regulation, and cognitive engagement in 12-month-old infants from urban environments.

    Wass, Samuel V / Smith, Celia G / Stubbs, Louise / Clackson, Kaili / Mirza, Farhan U

    Developmental psychology

    2021  Volume 57, Issue 8, Page(s) 1179–1194

    Abstract: Over the last 2 centuries there has been a rapid increase in the proportion of children who grow up in cities. However, relatively little work has explored in detail the physiological and cognitive pathways through which city life may affect early ... ...

    Abstract Over the last 2 centuries there has been a rapid increase in the proportion of children who grow up in cities. However, relatively little work has explored in detail the physiological and cognitive pathways through which city life may affect early development. To assess this, we observed a cohort of infants growing up in diverse settings across South East England across a 2-day assessment battery. On Visit 1, day-long home recordings were made to monitor infants' physiological stress in real-world settings. On Visit 2, lab batteries were administered to measure infants' cognitive, emotional, and neural reactivity. Infants from more high-density urban environments showed increased physiological stress (decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity) at home. This relationship was independent of socioeconomic status and lifelong stressors. Behaviorally, infants raised in high-density settings showed lower sustained attention in the lab, along with increased behavioral and physiological reactivity during an emotion elicitation task. However, they also showed increased recognition memory for briefly presented stimuli and increased neural engagement with novel stimuli. This pattern is consistent with other research into how elevated physiological stress influences cognition, and with theoretical approaches from adult research that predict that city life is associated with a profile of cognitive strengths as well as weaknesses. Implications for education and developmental psychopathology are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Attention ; Child ; Cognition ; Emotional Regulation ; Emotions ; Humans ; Infant ; Stress, Physiological
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2066223-3
    ISSN 1939-0599 ; 0012-1649
    ISSN (online) 1939-0599
    ISSN 0012-1649
    DOI 10.1037/dev0001200
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  4. Article ; Online: Vocalization and physiological hyperarousal in infant-caregiver dyads where the caregiver has elevated anxiety.

    Smith, Celia G / Jones, Emily J H / Charman, Tony / Clackson, Kaili / Mirza, Farhan U / Wass, Sam V

    Development and psychopathology

    2022  Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 459–470

    Abstract: Co-regulation of physiological arousal within the caregiver-child dyad precedes later self-regulation within the individual. Despite the importance of unimpaired self-regulatory development for later adjustment outcomes, little is understood about how ... ...

    Abstract Co-regulation of physiological arousal within the caregiver-child dyad precedes later self-regulation within the individual. Despite the importance of unimpaired self-regulatory development for later adjustment outcomes, little is understood about how early co-regulatory processes can become dysregulated during early life. Aspects of caregiver behavior, such as patterns of anxious speech, may be one factor influencing infant arousal dysregulation. To address this, we made day-long, naturalistic biobehavioral recordings in home settings in caregiver-infant dyads using wearable autonomic devices and miniature microphones. We examined the association between arousal, vocalization intensity, and caregiver anxiety. We found that moments of high physiological arousal in infants were more likely to be accompanied by high caregiver arousal when caregivers had high self-reported trait anxiety. Anxious caregivers were also more likely to vocalize intensely at states of high arousal and produce intense vocalizations that occurred in clusters. High-intensity vocalizations were associated with more sustained increases in autonomic arousal for both anxious caregivers and their infants. Findings indicate that caregiver vocal behavior differs in anxious parents, cooccurs with dyadic arousal dysregulation, and could contribute to physiological arousal transmission. Implications for caregiver vocalization as an intervention target are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant ; Caregivers ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Speech ; Arousal
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1036173-x
    ISSN 1469-2198 ; 0954-5794
    ISSN (online) 1469-2198
    ISSN 0954-5794
    DOI 10.1017/S095457942100153X
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  5. Article ; Online: Influences of environmental stressors on autonomic function in 12-month-old infants: understanding early common pathways to atypical emotion regulation and cognitive performance.

    Wass, Sam V / Smith, Celia G / Daubney, Katie R / Suata, Zeynep M / Clackson, Kaili / Begum, Abdul / Mirza, Farhan U

    Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines

    2019  Volume 60, Issue 12, Page(s) 1323–1333

    Abstract: Background: Previous research has suggested that children exposed to more early-life stress show worse mental health outcomes and impaired cognitive performance in later life, but the mechanisms subserving these relationships remain poorly understood.!## ...

    Abstract Background: Previous research has suggested that children exposed to more early-life stress show worse mental health outcomes and impaired cognitive performance in later life, but the mechanisms subserving these relationships remain poorly understood.
    Method: Using miniaturised microphones and physiological arousal monitors (electrocardiography, heart rate variability and actigraphy), we examined for the first time infants' autonomic reactions to environmental stressors (noise) in the home environment, in a sample of 82 12-month-old infants from mixed demographic backgrounds. The same infants also attended a laboratory testing battery where attention- and emotion-eliciting stimuli were presented. We examined how children's environmental noise exposure levels at home related to their autonomic reactivity and to their behavioural performance in the laboratory.
    Results: Individual differences in total noise exposure were independent of other socioeconomic and parenting variables. Children exposed to higher and more rapidly fluctuating environmental noise showed more unstable autonomic arousal patterns overall in home settings. In the laboratory testing battery, this group showed more labile and short-lived autonomic changes in response to novel attention-eliciting stimuli, along with reduced visual sustained attention. They also showed increased arousal lability in response to an emotional stressor.
    Conclusions: Our results offer new insights into the mechanisms by which environmental noise exposure may confer increased risk of adverse mental health and impaired cognitive performance during later life.
    MeSH term(s) Actigraphy ; Attention/physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology ; Child Development/physiology ; Electrocardiography ; Emotional Regulation/physiology ; Environment ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior/physiology ; Male ; Noise/adverse effects ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218136-8
    ISSN 1469-7610 ; 0021-9630 ; 0373-8086
    ISSN (online) 1469-7610
    ISSN 0021-9630 ; 0373-8086
    DOI 10.1111/jcpp.13084
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