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Article ; Online: Incorporating Geographic Information Science and Technology in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Smith, Charlotte D / Mennis, Jeremy

2020 Volume 17, Page(s) E58

Abstract: Incorporating geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) into COVID-19 pandemic surveillance, modeling, and response enhances understanding and control of the disease. Applications of GIS&T include 1) developing spatial data infrastructures ... ...

Abstract	Incorporating geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) into COVID-19 pandemic surveillance, modeling, and response enhances understanding and control of the disease. Applications of GIS&T include 1) developing spatial data infrastructures for surveillance and data sharing, 2) incorporating mobility data in infectious disease forecasting, 3) using geospatial technologies for digital contact tracing, 4) integrating geographic data in COVID-19 modeling, 5) investigating geographic social vulnerabilities and health disparities, and 6) communicating the status of the disease or status of facilities for return-to-normal operations. Locations and availability of personal protective equipment, ventilators, hospital beds, and other items can be optimized with the use of GIS&T. Challenges include protection of individual privacy and civil liberties and closer collaboration among the fields of geography, medicine, public health, and public policy.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Information Science ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2135684-1
ISSN	1545-1151 ; 1545-1151
ISSN (online)	1545-1151
ISSN	1545-1151
DOI	10.5888/pcd17.200246
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Incorporating Geographic Information Science and Technology in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Smith, Charlotte D / Mennis, Jeremy

Prev Chronic Dis

Abstract	Incorporating geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) into COVID-19 pandemic surveillance, modeling, and response enhances understanding and control of the disease. Applications of GIS&T include 1) developing spatial data infrastructures for surveillance and data sharing, 2) incorporating mobility data in infectious disease forecasting, 3) using geospatial technologies for digital contact tracing, 4) integrating geographic data in COVID-19 modeling, 5) investigating geographic social vulnerabilities and health disparities, and 6) communicating the status of the disease or status of facilities for return-to-normal operations. Locations and availability of personal protective equipment, ventilators, hospital beds, and other items can be optimized with the use of GIS&T. Challenges include protection of individual privacy and civil liberties and closer collaboration among the fields of geography, medicine, public health, and public policy.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #639427
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Access to public drinking water fountains in Berkeley, California: a geospatial analysis.

Avery, Dylan C / Smith, Charlotte D

BMC public health

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 173

Abstract: Background: In January 2015, Berkeley, California became the first city in the Unites States to impose a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The tax is intended to discourage purchase of sugary beverages and promote consumption of healthier alternatives ... ...

Abstract	Background: In January 2015, Berkeley, California became the first city in the Unites States to impose a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The tax is intended to discourage purchase of sugary beverages and promote consumption of healthier alternatives such as tap water. The goal of the study was to assess the condition of public drinking water fountains and determine if there is a difference in access to clean, functioning fountains based on race or socio-economic status. Methods: A mobile-GIS App was created to locate and collect data on existing drinking water fountains in Berkeley, CA. Demographic variables related to race and socio-economic status (SES) were acquired from the US Census - American Community Survey database. Disparities in access to, or condition of drinking water fountains relative to demographics was explored using spatial analyses. Spatial statistical-analysis was performed to estimate demographic characteristics of communities near the water fountains and logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between household median income or race and condition of fountain. Results: Although most fountains were classified as functioning, some were dirty, clogged, or both dirty and clogged. No spatial relationships between demographic characteristics and fountain conditions were observed. Discussion: All geo-located data and a series of maps were provided to the City of Berkeley and the public. Conclusions: The geo-database created as an outcome of this study is useful for prioritizing maintenance of existing fountains and planning the locations of future fountains. The methodologies used for this study could be applied to a wide variety of asset inventory and assessment projects such as clinics or pharmaceutical dispensaries, both in developed and developing countries.
MeSH term(s)	Beverages/economics ; California ; Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Drinking Water ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Social Class ; Spatial Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sweetening Agents ; Taxes ; Water Supply/standards ; Water Supply/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water ; Sweetening Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2018--24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-018-5087-4
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Article ; Online: Lack of Safe Drinking Water for Lake Chapala Basin Communities in Mexico Inhibits Progress toward Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 6.

Smith, Charlotte D / Jackson, Kaitlyn / Peters, Hannah / Herrera Lima, Susana

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 22

Abstract: Background: Access to safe, affordable and accessible drinking water is a human right and foundational to the third and sixth World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unsafe drinking water is a risk factor for chronic and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Access to safe, affordable and accessible drinking water is a human right and foundational to the third and sixth World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unsafe drinking water is a risk factor for chronic and enteric diseases. Both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diarrheal disease are highly prevalent in the Lake Chapala basin, Jalisco, Mexico, suggesting disparities in factors leading to successful achievement of these two SDGs. Methods: This study aimed to assess progress towards SDG three and six in the Lake Chapala basin. Qualitative, quantitative, and geospatial data were collected between May and August of 2019 from three towns within the municipalities of Poncitlán and Chapala. Results: Ninety-nine households participated in this study. Water sampling analyses determined 81.18% of samples from water jugs (garrafones) and 70.05% of samples from tap water were contaminated with total coliform bacteria, often including Conclusions: This mixed methods approach highlights water quality as a serious issue in communities around Lake Chapala, and demonstrates inadequate drinking water as a key hazard, potentially perpetuating the high disease burden of both CKD and enteric disease in the region.
MeSH term(s)	Drinking Water/chemistry ; Drinking Water/standards ; Goals ; Humans ; Mexico ; Sustainable Development/trends ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; Water Supply/standards ; World Health Organization
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water ; Water Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17228328
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Article ; Online: Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data.

Li, Hongxing / Smith, Charlotte D / Wang, Li / Li, Zheng / Xiong, Chuanlong / Zhang, Rong

International journal of environmental research and public health

2019 Volume 16, Issue 3

Abstract: Drinking water monitoring is essential for identifying health-related risks, as well as for building foundations for management of safe drinking water supplies. However, statistical analyses of drinking water quality monitoring data are challenging ... ...

Abstract	Drinking water monitoring is essential for identifying health-related risks, as well as for building foundations for management of safe drinking water supplies. However, statistical analyses of drinking water quality monitoring data are challenging because of non-normal (skewed distributions) and missing values. Therefore, a new method combining a water quality index (WQI) with spatial analysis is introduced in this paper to fill the gap between data collection and data analysis. Water constituent concentrations in different seasons and from different water sources were compared based on WQIs. To generate a WQI map covering all of the study areas, predicted WQI values were created for locations in the study area based on spatial interpolation from nearby observed values. The accuracy value of predicted and measured values of our method was 0.99, indicating good predication performance. Overall, the results of this study indicate that this method will help fill the gap between the collection of large amounts of drinking water data and data analysis for drinking water monitoring and process control.
MeSH term(s)	Drinking Water/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Seasons ; Spatial Analysis ; Water Quality/standards ; Water Supply
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph16030357
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Article ; Online: The fate of Helicobacter pylori phagocytized by Acanthamoeba polyphaga demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerization chain reaction tests.

Smith, Charlotte D / Ashbolt, Nicholas J

Current microbiology

2012 Volume 65, Issue 6, Page(s) 805–812

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori able to express green fluorescent protein, as well as an ATCC strain, and a clinical isolate of this pathogen were evaluated for their ability to survive predation by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Ingestion was evaluated by microscopic ... ...

Abstract	Helicobacter pylori able to express green fluorescent protein, as well as an ATCC strain, and a clinical isolate of this pathogen were evaluated for their ability to survive predation by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Ingestion was evaluated by microscopic observation of the GFP-H. pylori and BacLight™-stained cells. Following phagocytosis, the fate of cells was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with an oligonucleotide targeting H. pylori 16S rRNA and by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests with primers to 16S rDNA. Fluorescent in situ hybridization tests were inconclusive with only a small percentage of amoebae apparently containing active intracellular H. pylori. Furthermore, no increase in bacterial cells was detected by qPCR. Additional research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which amoebae phagocytize this important bacterial pathogen.
MeSH term(s)	Acanthamoeba/classification ; Acanthamoeba/microbiology ; Acanthamoeba/physiology ; Acanthamoeba/ultrastructure ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Helicobacter Infections/microbiology ; Helicobacter pylori/genetics ; Helicobacter pylori/growth & development ; Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phagocytosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Chemical Substances	DNA, Bacterial ; DNA, Ribosomal ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-09-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	134238-1
ISSN	1432-0991 ; 0343-8651
ISSN (online)	1432-0991
ISSN	0343-8651
DOI	10.1007/s00284-012-0232-2
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Article ; Online: Water quality effects of intermittent water supply in Arraiján, Panama.

Erickson, John J / Smith, Charlotte D / Goodridge, Amador / Nelson, Kara L

Water research

2017 Volume 114, Page(s) 338–350

Abstract: Intermittent drinking water supply is common in low- and middle-income countries throughout the world and can cause water quality to degrade in the distribution system. In this study, we characterized water quality in one study zone with continuous ... ...

Abstract	Intermittent drinking water supply is common in low- and middle-income countries throughout the world and can cause water quality to degrade in the distribution system. In this study, we characterized water quality in one study zone with continuous supply and three zones with intermittent supply in the drinking water distribution network in Arraiján, Panama. Low or zero pressures occurred in all zones, and negative pressures occurred in the continuous zone and two of the intermittent zones. Despite hydraulic conditions that created risks for backflow and contaminant intrusion, only four of 423 (0.9%) grab samples collected at random times were positive for total coliform bacteria and only one was positive for E. coli. Only nine of 496 (1.8%) samples had turbidity >1.0 NTU and all samples had ≥0.2 mg/L free chlorine residual. In contrast, water quality was often degraded during the first-flush period (when supply first returned after an outage). Still, routine and first-flush water quality under intermittent supply was much better in Arraiján than that reported in a previous study conducted in India. Better water quality in Arraiján could be due to better water quality leaving the treatment plant, shorter supply outages, higher supply pressures, a more consistent and higher chlorine residual, and fewer contaminant sources near pipes. The results illustrate that intermittent supply and its effects on water quality can vary greatly between and within distribution networks. The study also demonstrated that monitoring techniques designed specifically for intermittent supply, such as continuous pressure monitoring and sampling the first flush, can detect water quality threats and degradation that would not likely be detected with conventional monitoring.
MeSH term(s)	Chlorine ; Drinking Water/microbiology ; Escherichia coli ; Water Microbiology ; Water Quality ; Water Supply
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water ; Chlorine (4R7X1O2820)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.009
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Book: Water distribution system assessment workbook

Smith, Charlotte D

2005

Institution	American Water Works Association
Author's details	ed. by Charlotte D. Smith
Language	English
Size	VII, 76 S
Publisher	American Water Works Association
Publishing place	Denver, Colo
Document type	Book
ISBN	1583213562 ; 9781583213568
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Implementation of water safety plans in China: 2004-2018.

Li, Hongxing / Smith, Charlotte D / Cohen, Alasdair / Wang, Li / Li, Zheng / Zhang, Xinyi / Zhong, Gemei / Zhang, Rong

International journal of hygiene and environmental health

2019 Volume 223, Issue 1, Page(s) 106–115

Abstract: The application of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) in China varies throughout the country. Although pilot WSP projects in China were initiated shortly after WSP was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2004, they have yet to be used for water ... ...

Abstract	The application of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) in China varies throughout the country. Although pilot WSP projects in China were initiated shortly after WSP was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2004, they have yet to be used for water supply facilities at a large scale. To better understand the evolution of WSP application in China, a systematic review was conducted to identify all published WSP related studies in China. Eighteen studies, which included 311 water systems, were included in the final analysis. Risk matrix, water supply risk factors, and other data were extracted and analyzed. Text mining methods were also used to better understand risks that can be addressed by WSPs (both potential and actual risks). This study revealed a number of noteworthy differences between and among urban and rural water systems in China. The primary risks associated with most urban water supply systems tended to be related to mechanical failure/s in the water treatment process. Rural water supply systems appear to suffer from similar problems, but insufficient overall management capacity was more prevalent in rural systems. Overall, the evidence suggests that, to date, the use of WSPs in China has been primarily limited to pilot studies, and full implementation of WSPs in China appears to still be in the early stages. The paper closes with a summary of the key obstacles identified as well as a discussion of policies and technical options which could increase the use of WSPs in both urban and rural China. Among other recommendations, the data indicate that there is strong need for the development and implementation of a simplified WSP approach designed specifically for small rural systems in China.
MeSH term(s)	China ; Drinking Water/standards ; Risk Assessment ; Water Purification/methods ; Water Purification/standards ; Water Quality/standards ; Water Supply/standards
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-09
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2009176-X
ISSN	1618-131X ; 1438-4639
ISSN (online)	1618-131X
ISSN	1438-4639
DOI	10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.001
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Article: The Fate of Helicobacter pylori Phagocytized by Acanthamoeba polyphaga Demonstrated by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Polymerization Chain Reaction Tests

Smith, Charlotte D / Ashbolt, Nicholas J

Current microbiology. 2012 Dec., v. 65, no. 6

2012

Abstract	Helicobacter pylori able to express green fluorescent protein, as well as an ATCC strain, and a clinical isolate of this pathogen were evaluated for their ability to survive predation by Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Ingestion was evaluated by microscopic observation of the GFP-H. pylori and BacLight™-stained cells. Following phagocytosis, the fate of cells was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with an oligonucleotide targeting H. pylori 16S rRNA and by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests with primers to 16S rDNA. Fluorescent in situ hybridization tests were inconclusive with only a small percentage of amoebae apparently containing active intracellular H. pylori. Furthermore, no increase in bacterial cells was detected by qPCR. Additional research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which amoebae phagocytize this important bacterial pathogen.
Keywords	Acanthamoeba ; Helicobacter pylori ; fluorescence in situ hybridization ; green fluorescent protein ; hybridization ; ingestion ; pathogens ; polymerization ; predation ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; ribosomal DNA ; ribosomal RNA
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-12
Size	p. 805-812.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134238-1
ISSN	1432-0991 ; 0343-8651
ISSN (online)	1432-0991
ISSN	0343-8651
DOI	10.1007/s00284-012-0232-2
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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