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  1. Article ; Online: An Exploration of Online and In-Person Administration of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) in Children and Adolescents Being Evaluated for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

    Anbar, Joshua / Metoyer, Maurice / Smith, Christopher J / Matthews, Nicole L

    Journal of autism and developmental disorders

    2024  

    Abstract: Purpose:  Most assessment tools used to diagnose and characterize autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were developed for in-person administration. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in the need to adapt traditional assessment tools for ...

    Abstract Purpose:  Most assessment tools used to diagnose and characterize autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were developed for in-person administration. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in the need to adapt traditional assessment tools for online administration with only minimal evidence to support validity of such practices.
    Methods: The current exploratory study compared scores from online administration of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) during the pandemic to scores derived from follow-up testing using traditional in-person administration. Participants were 47 children and adolescents (M age = 9.48 years, SD = 4.06; 68.10% male) who participated in a telehealth diagnostic evaluation for ASD that included online administration of the KBIT-2. Participants were invited to complete the KBIT-2 a second time during an in-person study visit.
    Results: Pearson's correlation coefficients suggested acceptable to good reliability between online and in-person administration. Although most participants' online and in-person scores were within one standard deviation of each other, results suggested statistically significant differences between scores derived from the two modalities. Additionally, 19-26% of participants (depending on domain examined) had scores that differed by more than one standard deviation. Notably, all but one of these participants was under the age of 12 years.
    Conclusion: Findings suggest that online administration of the KBIT-2 is likely appropriate for older children and adolescents with ASD. However, additional research is needed to test online administration of intellectual assessments for children with ASD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391999-7
    ISSN 1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
    ISSN (online) 1573-3432
    ISSN 0162-3257
    DOI 10.1007/s10803-024-06323-4
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  2. Article ; Online: Modeling the non-CO2 contribution to climate change

    Smith, Christopher J. / Gasser, Thomas

    One Earth. 2022 Dec., v. 5, no. 12 p.1330-1335

    2022  

    Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the best-known and most important driver of climate change, but the climate also responds to other anthropogenic forcers that have different sources, mitigation potentials, atmospheric residence times, and climate change potential. ...

    Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the best-known and most important driver of climate change, but the climate also responds to other anthropogenic forcers that have different sources, mitigation potentials, atmospheric residence times, and climate change potential. These drivers include non-CO₂ greenhouse gases, short-lived climate forcers such as aerosol and ozone precursors, and changes in the land surface. Smart targeting of these non-CO₂ drivers, in combination with a serious and sustained attempt to reach net-zero CO₂ emissions, could result in substantial avoided climate damages. Evaluating the climate effect of non-CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions is not yet possible in most state-of-the-art climate models, though exciting developments are occurring. Simpler tools including reduced-complexity climate models and climate metrics are currently used to evaluate the climate impacts of non-CO₂ drivers. This primer discusses strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and opportunities and outlook for future development.
    Keywords aerosols ; carbon dioxide ; climate ; climate change ; greenhouse gases ; greenhouses ; ozone ; non-CO2 ; mitigation ; greenhouse gas ; aerosol
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-12
    Size p. 1330-1335.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ISSN 2590-3322
    DOI 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.11.007
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article: 13C methodologies for quantifying biochar stability in soil: A critique

    Chalk, Phillip / Smith, Christopher J.

    European journal of soil science. 2022 May, v. 73, no. 3

    2022  

    Abstract: Methodologies based on ¹³C‐enrichment (E), ¹³C‐depletion (D) and ¹³C‐natural abundance (NA) to estimate the stability of biochar in soil were critically examined. The stability of ¹³C‐enriched biochar can be estimated by the quantitative recovery of ... ...

    Abstract Methodologies based on ¹³C‐enrichment (E), ¹³C‐depletion (D) and ¹³C‐natural abundance (NA) to estimate the stability of biochar in soil were critically examined. The stability of ¹³C‐enriched biochar can be estimated by the quantitative recovery of excess ¹³C, either in the soil or in evolved CO₂. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Recovery in the soil is a measure of both residual biochar ¹³C + ¹³C immobilised in soil organic matter during biochar decomposition. Variable proportions of organic‐ and inorganic‐C are present in alkaline biochars, and few data exist on the uniformity of labelling, which is a basic requirement of the respired ¹³CO₂ and E methodology. The E technique has had limited application due to the cost and difficulty of obtaining a uniformly‐enriched feedstock through continuous labelling of plants with ¹³CO₂ at a constant ¹³C enrichment. In contrast, the NA technique has been widely applied. The NA and D techniques are in situ methods that involve the addition of C₄‐derived biochar to a C₃‐soil or vice versa. Stability is estimated by a two‐end‐member mixing model that allows the proportion of evolved CO₂ derived from the biochar (Cdfb) to be estimated. The mixing model has recently been misused to estimate the Cdfb of ¹³C‐enriched biochar, with ¹³C‐abundance expressed as erroneously large δ values. ¹³C‐based methods provide a yardstick against which rapid stability tests should be evaluated. While numerous laboratory incubation comparisons have been conducted, very few field‐based data have been published. HIGHLIGHTS: ¹³C methods for estimating biochar stability are based on uniform isotopic labelling. Organic and inorganic constituents of biochar may not be uniformly labelled. Expression of ¹³C enriched biochar as large δ values (>500 units) rather than atom fraction excess led to larger errors in stability estimation. Few ¹³C field‐based estimates of biochar stability exist.
    Keywords biochar ; carbon dioxide ; feedstocks ; soil ; soil organic matter
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-05
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note REVIEW
    ZDB-ID 1191614-x
    ISSN 1365-2389 ; 1351-0754
    ISSN (online) 1365-2389
    ISSN 1351-0754
    DOI 10.1111/ejss.13245
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

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  4. Article ; Online: Organic N compounds in plant nutrition: have methodologies based on stable isotopes provided unequivocal evidence of direct N uptake?

    Smith, Christopher J / Chalk, Phillip M

    Isotopes in environmental and health studies

    2021  Volume 57, Issue 4, Page(s) 333–349

    Abstract: During the past two decades, interest has developed in regard to the possibility that plant roots can take up organic N compounds directly, a concept which challenges the conventional wisdom that soil inorganic N forms ( ...

    Abstract During the past two decades, interest has developed in regard to the possibility that plant roots can take up organic N compounds directly, a concept which challenges the conventional wisdom that soil inorganic N forms (
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acids/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Plants/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Amino Acids ; Carbon Isotopes ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2100190-X
    ISSN 1477-2639 ; 0021-1915 ; 1025-6016
    ISSN (online) 1477-2639
    ISSN 0021-1915 ; 1025-6016
    DOI 10.1080/10256016.2021.1932871
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  5. Article ; Online: Mixed-methods examination of attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 vaccines among parents of children with autism and autistic adults.

    Mitchell, Melissa M / Klott, Adriana / Scholtes, Jared / Braden, B Blair / Smith, Christopher J / Matthews, Nicole L

    Vaccine

    2024  Volume 42, Issue 4, Page(s) 937–944

    Abstract: Increased risks associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combined with previous reports of heightened vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with ASD indicate the need for a better ... ...

    Abstract Increased risks associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combined with previous reports of heightened vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with ASD indicate the need for a better understanding of attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 vaccines among the ASD community. This study is the first to our knowledge to use a mixed-methods approach to understand attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among parents of children with ASD and autistic adults. Participants were 135 members of the ASD community residing in the state of Arizona (99 parents of children with ASD and 36 autistic adults) who responded to the third (Spring 2021) and fourth (Summer 2021) time points of a larger longitudinal online survey. Quantitative findings indicated that autistic adults had slightly more favorable attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines than parents, and attitudes in both subsamples became more positive over time. However, both parents and autistic adults reported COVID-19 vaccine uptake that was consistent with or better than the general population at both time points. Thematic analysis of responses to open-ended questions identified five themes that characterized factors that contributed to participants' decisions about COVID-19 vaccinations, including: (1) Desiring a Return to Normalcy, (2) Protection of Self and Others, (3) Previous Experience with COVID-19 (4) Science and Medical Professionals,and (5) Skepticism Regarding Safety, Effectiveness, and Need. Current findings combined with emerging literature paint a relatively optimistic picture about COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the ASD community.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Adult ; Humans ; Autistic Disorder ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Parents
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.011
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  6. Article ; Online: Early Autism Diagnosis in the Primary Care Setting.

    James, Stephen N / Smith, Christopher J

    Seminars in pediatric neurology

    2020  Volume 35, Page(s) 100827

    Abstract: As the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased in recent years, so too has the body of research describing the importance of early diagnosis and early intervention. Unfortunately, a large proportion of children with the disorder do not ...

    Abstract As the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased in recent years, so too has the body of research describing the importance of early diagnosis and early intervention. Unfortunately, a large proportion of children with the disorder do not receive a diagnosis until after their fourth birthday. Various reasons exist for late diagnosis, including limited understanding of nuanced early warning signs and limited knowledge of effective early detection mechanisms among healthcare providers. Since early diagnosis enables access to treatment, and early intensive intervention improves long-term developmental outcomes, early detection by pediatric healthcare providers is critical. This article will review ASD prevalence rates, describe correlates and factors that might influence prevalence estimates, and highlight recent advances in early detection methods and intervention services.
    MeSH term(s) Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy ; Child Health Services/standards ; Child Health Services/statistics & numerical data ; Child, Preschool ; Early Diagnosis ; Early Medical Intervention ; Humans ; Infant ; Primary Health Care/standards ; Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1290000-x
    ISSN 1558-0776 ; 1071-9091
    ISSN (online) 1558-0776
    ISSN 1071-9091
    DOI 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100827
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  7. Book: Biochemistry and molecular biology of plant pathogen interactions

    Smith, Christopher J.

    (Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe ; 32 ; Oxford science publications)

    1991  

    Title variant plant-pathogen
    Author's details edited by C. J. Smith
    Series title Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe ; 32
    Oxford science publications
    Collection
    Keywords Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pathogener Mikroorganismus ; Phytochemie ; Molekularbiologie ; Pflanzen ; Phytopathologie
    Subject Pflanzenpathologie ; Flora ; Pflanze ; Landpflanzen ; Erreger ; Infektionserreger ; Krankheitserreger ; Molekulare Biologie ; Krankheitsbefall ; Pflanzen ; Nutzpflanzen ; Pflanzenchemie
    Language English
    Size XVI, 291 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publisher Clarendon Pr
    Publishing place Oxford
    Publishing country Great Britain
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT003628601
    ISBN 0-19-857734-6 ; 978-0-19-857734-8
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    938/2903 available for loan (reading room) Freihandmagazin (U1)

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  8. Article: Linking Species Functional Traits to Specific Biogeochemical Processes under Trawling Pressure.

    Tsikopoulou, Irini / Smith, Christopher J / Papadopoulou, Konstantia Nadia / Austen, Melanie C

    Biology

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 10

    Abstract: The impact of otter trawling on the relationship between functional traits of benthic invertebrates and specific biogeochemical processes were investigated in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea. The fishery is managed through a seasonal closure during the ... ...

    Abstract The impact of otter trawling on the relationship between functional traits of benthic invertebrates and specific biogeochemical processes were investigated in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea. The fishery is managed through a seasonal closure during the summer. During two seasons (winter and summer) replicate samples were taken from the field from a commercial trawl ground and an adjacent control area. Environmental parameters related to sediment biogeochemistry were measured including particulate organic carbon, sedimentary organic carbon, bottom water and sedimentary chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations as well as benthic oxygen consumption. A significant impact of trawling was recorded only for bottom water chlorophyll and sedimentary organic carbon. Furthermore, the links between species traits and specific ecosystem processes were affected by trawling, highlighting the importance of unique functional modalities on ecosystem functioning. The traits that mostly influenced benthic biogeochemistry in the control sites were related to bioturbation and burrowing activities. In contrast, in the trawled sites, the associated traits were related to more opportunistic lifestyles and deposit feeding species that do not act as bioturbators. Thus, under trawling disturbance, this shift can decouple the species-sediment relations and affect nutrient cycling.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2661517-4
    ISSN 2079-7737
    ISSN 2079-7737
    DOI 10.3390/biology11101378
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  9. Article ; Online: Climate and air-quality benefits of a realistic phase-out of fossil fuels.

    Shindell, Drew / Smith, Christopher J

    Nature

    2019  Volume 573, Issue 7774, Page(s) 408–411

    Abstract: The combustion of fossil fuels produces emissions of the long-lived greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and of short-lived pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, that contribute to the formation of atmospheric ... ...

    Abstract The combustion of fossil fuels produces emissions of the long-lived greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and of short-lived pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, that contribute to the formation of atmospheric aerosols
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollution/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Climate Change ; Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence ; Environmental Policy/trends ; Fossil Fuels ; Models, Theoretical
    Chemical Substances Fossil Fuels
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1554-z
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    Zs.A 26: Show issues Location:
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    Zs.MG 9: Show issues
    Zs.MO 244: Show issues

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  10. Article ; Online: Examination of Clinical and Assessment Type Differences Between Toddlers with ASD from Multiplex and Simplex Families.

    Anbar, Joshua / Matthews, Nicole / James, Stephen / Ariff, Afzal / Pierce, Karen / Smith, Christopher J

    Journal of autism and developmental disorders

    2023  

    Abstract: Few studies have examined differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotype between children from multiplex and simplex families at the time of diagnosis. The present study used an age- and gender-matched, community-based sample (n = 105) from the ... ...

    Abstract Few studies have examined differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotype between children from multiplex and simplex families at the time of diagnosis. The present study used an age- and gender-matched, community-based sample (n = 105) from the southwestern United States to examine differences in ASD symptom severity, cognitive development, and adaptive functioning. No significant differences between children from multiplex and simplex families were observed. Exploratory analysis revealed that parents underreported receptive and expressive language and fine motor skills compared to professional observation, especially among children from multiplex families. These findings suggest that diagnosticians may need to consider family structure when choosing and interpreting assessments of receptive language, expressive language, and fine motor skills.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 391999-7
    ISSN 1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
    ISSN (online) 1573-3432
    ISSN 0162-3257
    DOI 10.1007/s10803-022-05890-8
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