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Article ; Online: Women's status, breastfeeding support, and breastfeeding practices in the United States.

Yourkavitch, Jennifer / Hall Smith, Paige

2022 Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) e0275021

Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine associations between state-level breastfeeding support and breastfeeding practices, controlling for women's status, in the U.S. We used publicly available data on state-level breastfeeding practices and support ( ... ...

Abstract	The objective of this study is to examine associations between state-level breastfeeding support and breastfeeding practices, controlling for women's status, in the U.S. We used publicly available data on state-level breastfeeding practices and support (international board-certified lactation consultants (IBCLC), births in Baby-Friendly hospitals, and La Leche League Leaders) for births in 2015 from the CDC Breastfeeding Report Card (2018) and other CDC reported data, and indicators of women's status from the Institute for Women's Policy Research reports (2015). We conducted an ecological study to estimate incidence rate ratios of exclusive breastfeeding at six months and breastfeeding at 12 months with breastfeeding supports using bivariate and multivariable Poisson regression. Political participation, poverty, and employment and earnings were associated with breastfeeding practices, as was each breastfeeding support in bivariate analyses. After controlling for women's status, only IBCLCs were positively associated with rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months and continued breastfeeding at 12 months. For every additional IBCLC per 1000 live births, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months increased by 5 percent (95% CI 1.03, 1.07) and the rate of breastfeeding at 12 months increased by 4 percent (95% CI 1.02, 1.06). Political participation, poverty, and employment and earnings were associated with breastfeeding practices, indicating a relationship between women's political and economic status and their breastfeeding practices in the U.S. Given the influence of women's status, increasing the number of IBCLCs may improve breastfeeding practices.
MeSH term(s)	Breast Feeding ; Consultants ; Female ; Humans ; Postnatal Care ; Poverty ; Pregnancy ; United States ; Women's Rights
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0275021
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Article ; Online: Social Justice at the Core of Breastfeeding Protection, Promotion and Support: A Conceptualization.

Smith, Paige Hall

Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

2018 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 220–225

Abstract: Despite widespread awareness of the health benefits for both mothers and babies we are far from achieving universal breastfeeding. Breastfeeding rates globally are lower than recommended levels and there are concerns that some global breastfeeding ... ...

Abstract	Despite widespread awareness of the health benefits for both mothers and babies we are far from achieving universal breastfeeding. Breastfeeding rates globally are lower than recommended levels and there are concerns that some global breastfeeding efforts have stalled (1, 2). In addition, we see persistent disparities in breastfeeding rates by race, ethnicity, class and status (3). A growing literature documents how a range of injustices, including gender inequality (7), racism (8), poverty (9), and violence (10, 11) shape whether, how exclusive, and for how long mothers and others will be able to breastfeed or feed their infants human milk. These social injustices and inequities work to privilege breastfeeding even as the health message becomes more mainstreamed and human milk more desirable. A social justice approach could help us address the gender, race, and sexuality-based inequities and injustices in opportunities, resources, status, and power that are influencing the patterns of breastfeeding we see today. The 12th Breastfeeding and Feminism International Conference held in 2017 took as its theme Breastfeeding as Social Justice: From Crucial Conversation to Inspired Action. The planning team for that conference identified seven core domains that could help us conceptualize a framework for placing social justice at the core of our work. This paper presents this framework and suggestions for policy and practice that follow.
MeSH term(s)	Breast Feeding/psychology ; Female ; Health Promotion/methods ; Health Promotion/trends ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Social Justice ; Social Support
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1138470-0
ISSN	1552-5732 ; 0890-3344
ISSN (online)	1552-5732
ISSN	0890-3344
DOI	10.1177/0890334418758660
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Article ; Online: An Interview With Penny Van Esterik, MA, PhD, as Interviewed by Paige Hall Smith, MSPH, PhD.

Smith, Paige Hall

Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

2018 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 663–667

MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Anthropology/methods ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Feminism ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Care/methods ; Infant, Newborn ; Patient Advocacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Interview
ZDB-ID	1138470-0
ISSN	1552-5732 ; 0890-3344
ISSN (online)	1552-5732
ISSN	0890-3344
DOI	10.1177/0890334418794182
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Article ; Online: Gender Inclusivity is Not Gender Neutrality.

Smith, Paige Hall / Bamberger, Ethan T

Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

2021 Volume 37, Issue 3, Page(s) 441–443

MeSH term(s)	Breast Feeding ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Sexual and Gender Minorities
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	1138470-0
ISSN	1552-5732 ; 0890-3344
ISSN (online)	1552-5732
ISSN	0890-3344
DOI	10.1177/08903344211023358
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Article ; Online: North Carolina LGBTQ Domestic Violence Response Initiative: Building Capacity to Provide Safe, Affirming Services.

Sechrist, Stacy M / Laplace, Danielle T / Smith, Paige Hall

Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education

2022 Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 949–959

Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is as prevalent or more so as reported by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals compared with non-LGBTQ individuals. Yet largely due to prior harmful and nonaffirming experiences with service ... ...

Abstract	Intimate partner violence (IPV) is as prevalent or more so as reported by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals compared with non-LGBTQ individuals. Yet largely due to prior harmful and nonaffirming experiences with service providers, they are reluctant to seek services from domestic violence service providers (DVSP). These factors, combined with the reality that those who do seek services may not be provided with safe, affirming, and effective responses, exacerbate the impact of IPV on LGBTQ health and recovery. The North Carolina (NC) LGBTQ Domestic Violence Response Initiative (NC Initiative) was developed to increase DVSP capacity to serve LGBTQ survivors. This article describes the first four phases of the Initiative's development: (1) formative focus group research with DVSPs statewide, identifying agencies' interest in improving their responses to LGBTQ survivors; (2) Initiative launch, including funding and identification of partners; (3) development of capacity assessment tools; and (4) review of baseline capacity assessment findings. The development of tools, specifically designed to assess capacity of DVSPs to serve LGBTQ survivors, is a unique contribution as no tools existed to do so. The common capacity-building needs and data-informed recommendations identified provide a starting point for agencies expanding into LGBTQ-focused work, who may not have the benefit of grant funding, tools, or evaluators to assist. Our findings, lessons learned, and tools may be used by agencies to evaluate and inform their own practices, thereby creating safer, more affirming agencies that are capable provide effective care to meet unique needs of LGBTQ survivors.
MeSH term(s)	Bisexuality ; Capacity Building ; Domestic Violence ; Female ; Homosexuality, Female ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control ; North Carolina
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362906-2
ISSN	1552-6127 ; 1090-1981
ISSN (online)	1552-6127
ISSN	1090-1981
DOI	10.1177/10901981211067167
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Article ; Online: Operationalizing the Journal of Human Lactation's Gendered Language Policy.

Dodgson, Joan E / Smith, Paige Hall / Bamberger, Ethan T

Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

2022 Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 221–226

MeSH term(s)	Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation ; Language ; Policy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1138470-0
ISSN	1552-5732 ; 0890-3344
ISSN (online)	1552-5732
ISSN	0890-3344
DOI	10.1177/08903344221082598
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Article ; Online: Mechanisms of the different effects of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and a glucose–fructose mixture on wheat starch gelatinization, pasting, and retrogradation

Woodbury, Travest J. / Pitts, Sarah L. / Pilch, Adrianna M. / Smith, Paige / Mauer, Lisa J.

Journal of Food Science. 2023 Jan., v. 88, no. 1 p.293-314

2023

Abstract: The gelatinization, pasting, and retrogradation of starch influence texture, quality, and shelf‐life attributes of many foods. The purpose of this work was to document the effects of a 50:50 glucose:fructose (glc:fru) mixture and sucrose solutions on ... ...

Abstract	The gelatinization, pasting, and retrogradation of starch influence texture, quality, and shelf‐life attributes of many foods. The purpose of this work was to document the effects of a 50:50 glucose:fructose (glc:fru) mixture and sucrose solutions on these starch traits to provide a fundamental basis to explain the different texture and shelf‐life attributes of baked goods formulated with these sugars. Differential scanning calorimetry, rapid visco analyzer, and oscillatory rheometry were used to quantify the effects of glucose, fructose, glc:fru mixture, and sucrose at different concentrations (0% to 60% w/w), on the gelatinization temperature, pasting, and retrogradation properties of wheat starch. Distinct differences were found between the effects of sucrose and those of the monosaccharides including the glc:fru mixture. Sucrose elevated Tgₑₗ and pasting temperature most and decreased other RVA parameters compared to the monosaccharides as concentration increased. Fructose and the glc:fru mixture promoted amylopectin retrogradation, while retrogradation was inhibited in sucrose and glucose solutions. The glc:fru mixture had similar effects on starch properties compared to fructose under static measurement conditions (DSC), and the effects were in between those of glucose and fructose under dynamic conditions when shear was applied (RVA and rheology). These effects are explained by the phase separation and/or solute partitioning of the monosaccharide constituents of the glc:fru mixture. Sugar solution physicochemical properties correlated strongly with starch gelatinization and retrogradation. The results substantiate the important relationship between sugar physicochemical properties and solution dynamics with starch thermal properties, which in turn affect the texture and structure of starch‐containing food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The quality attributes of starch‐containing baked goods are influenced by how different amounts and types of sugars affect starch cooking properties. The underlying mechanisms of the different sugar effects involve solution viscosity, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and phase separation. Substituting one sugar for another has less effect on these starch properties in products with lower sugar concentrations than in products with more sugar. Mixtures of sugars behave differently than single sugars in different conditions due to phase separation. Baked goods made with glucose:fructose mixtures in place of sucrose likely have higher amounts of gelatinized starch and increased firmness (i.e., staling or retrogradation) over time.
Keywords	amylopectin ; calorimetry ; firmness ; food science ; fructose ; gelatinization ; gelatinization temperature ; glucose ; hydrogen ; retrogradation ; rheology ; rheometry ; separation ; shelf life ; solutes ; sucrose ; texture ; viscosity ; wheat starch
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Size	p. 293-314.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	241615-3
ISSN	1750-3841 ; 0022-1147
ISSN (online)	1750-3841
ISSN	0022-1147
DOI	10.1111/1750-3841.16414
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Automated prediction of site and sequence of protein modification with ATRP initiators.

Patel, Arth / Smith, Paige N / Russell, Alan J / Carmali, Sheiliza

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) e0274606

Abstract: One of the most straightforward and commonly used chemical modifications of proteins is to react surface amino groups (lysine residues) with activated esters. This chemistry has been used to generate protein-polymer conjugates, many of which are now ... ...

Abstract	One of the most straightforward and commonly used chemical modifications of proteins is to react surface amino groups (lysine residues) with activated esters. This chemistry has been used to generate protein-polymer conjugates, many of which are now approved therapeutics. Similar conjugates have also been generated by reacting activated ester atom transfer polymerization initiators with lysine residues to create biomacromolecular initiators for polymerization reactions. The reaction between activated esters and lysine amino groups is rapid and has been consistently described in almost every publication on the topic as a "random reaction". A random reaction implies that every accessible lysine amino group on a protein molecule is equally reactive, and as a result, that the reaction is indiscriminate. Nonetheless, the literature contradicts itself by also suggesting that some lysine amino groups are more reactive than others (as a function of pKa, surface accessibility, temperature, and local environment). If the latter assumption is correct, then the outcome of these reactions cannot be random at all, and we should be able to predict the outcome from the structure of the protein. Predicting the non-random outcome of a reaction between surface lysines and reactive esters could transform the speed at which active bioconjugates can be developed and engineered. Herein, we describe a robust integrated tool that predicts the activated ester reactivity of every lysine in a protein, thereby allowing us to calculate the non-random sequence of reaction as a function of reaction conditions. Specifically, we have predicted the intrinsic reactivity of each lysine in multiple proteins with a bromine-functionalised N-hydroxysuccinimide initiator molecule. We have also shown that the model applied to PEGylation. The rules-based analysis has been coupled together in a single Python program that can bypass tedious trial and error experiments usually needed in protein-polymer conjugate design and synthesis.
MeSH term(s)	Bromine ; Esters ; Lysine/metabolism ; Polymers/chemistry ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Esters ; Polymers ; Proteins ; Lysine (K3Z4F929H6) ; Bromine (SBV4XY874G)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0274606
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Article ; Online: Characterization of ultrasound-mediated delivery of trastuzumab to normal and pathologic spinal cord tissue.

Smith, Paige / Ogrodnik, Natalia / Satkunarajah, Janani / O'Reilly, Meaghan A

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 4412

Abstract: Extensive studies on focused ultrasound (FUS)-mediated drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier have been published, yet little work has been published on FUS-mediated drug delivery through the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). This work aims to ... ...

Abstract	Extensive studies on focused ultrasound (FUS)-mediated drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier have been published, yet little work has been published on FUS-mediated drug delivery through the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). This work aims to quantify the delivery of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab to rat spinal cord tissue and characterize its distribution within a model of leptomeningeal metastases. 10 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with FUS + trastuzumab and sacrificed at 2-h or 24-h post-FUS. A human IgG ELISA (Abcam) was used to measure trastuzumab concentration and a 12 ± fivefold increase was seen in treated tissue over control tissue at 2 h versus no increase at 24 h. Three athymic nude rats were inoculated with MDA-MB-231-H2N HER2 + breast cancer cells between the meninges in the thoracic region of the spinal cord and treated with FUS + trastuzumab. Immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize trastuzumab delivery, and semi-quantitative analysis revealed similar or more intense staining in tumor tissue compared to healthy tissue suggesting a comparable or greater concentration of trastuzumab was achieved. FUS can increase the permeability of the BSCB, improving drug delivery to specifically targeted regions of healthy and pathologic tissue in the spinal cord. The achieved concentrations within the healthy tissue are comparable to those reported in the brain.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Brain Neoplasms/metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Permeability ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord/drug effects ; Trastuzumab/administration & dosage ; Ultrasonography/methods
Chemical Substances	Trastuzumab (P188ANX8CK)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-83874-x
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Article ; Online: Organophosphate detoxification by membrane-engineered red blood cells.

Smith, Paige N / Mao, Leran / Sinha, Kaustubh / Russell, Alan J

Acta biomaterialia

2021 Volume 124, Page(s) 270–281

Abstract: Biotherapeutics have achieved global economic success due to their high specificity towards their drug targets, providing exceptional safety and efficiency. The ongoing shift away from small molecule drugs towards biotherapeutics heightens the need to ... ...

Abstract	Biotherapeutics have achieved global economic success due to their high specificity towards their drug targets, providing exceptional safety and efficiency. The ongoing shift away from small molecule drugs towards biotherapeutics heightens the need to further improve the pharmacokinetics of these biological drugs. Three pervasive obstacles that limit the therapeutic capacity of biotherapeutics are proteolytic degradation, circulating half-life, and the development of anti-drug antibodies. These challenges can culminate in limited efficiency and consequently warrant the need for higher drug doses and more frequent administration. We have explored the coupling of biotherapeutics to long-lived and biocompatible red blood cells (RBCs) to address limited pharmacokinetics. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), for example, provides prophylactic protection against organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs), yet the short circulation life of the drug requires extraordinary doses. Herein, we report the rapid and tunable chemical engineering of BChE to RBC membranes to create a cell-based delivery system that retains the enzyme activity and enhances stability. In a three-step process that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer chain, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to the surface of each RBC without diminishing the bioscavenging capacity of the enzyme. Critically, this membrane-engineering approach was cell-tolerated with minimal hemolysis observed. These results provide strong evidence for the ability of engineered RBCs to serve as an enhanced biotherapeutic delivery vehicle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs) are one of the most lethal forms of chemical warfare. After exposure to OPNAs, a patient is given life-saving therapeutics, such as atropine and oxime. However, these drugs are limited, and the patient can still suffer from irreparable injuries. Given the toxicity of OPNAs, access to a prophylactic is vital. We have created an enhanced delivery system for prophylactic butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by engineering this biotherapeutic to the red blood cell (RBC) surface. In three simple steps that first pre-modifies BChE with a cell-reactive polymer, primes the cells for engineering, and then grafts the conjugates to the cells, we attached over 2 million BChE molecules to a single RBC while retaining the enzyme's activity and enhancing its stability.
MeSH term(s)	Butyrylcholinesterase ; Erythrocytes ; Humans ; Organophosphates ; Oximes ; Pharmaceutical Preparations
Chemical Substances	Organophosphates ; Oximes ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2173841-5
ISSN	1878-7568 ; 1742-7061
ISSN (online)	1878-7568
ISSN	1742-7061
DOI	10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.043
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