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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to < Dawning of a new ERA: Environmental Risk Assessment of antibiotics and their potential to select for antimicrobial resistance'> <[Water Research 200 (2021) 117-233]>.

Murray, Aimee K / Stanton, Isobel / Gaze, William H / Snape, Jason

2024 Volume 257, Page(s) 121667

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2024.121667
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Article ; Online: Functional metagenomic libraries generated from anthropogenically impacted environments reveal importance of metabolic genes in biocide and antibiotic resistance.

Murray, Aimee K / Zhang, Lihong / Snape, Jason / Gaze, William H

Current research in microbial sciences

2023 Volume 4, Page(s) 100184

Abstract: Anthropogenic activities result in the release of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and a cocktail of antimicrobial compounds into the environment that may directly select or indirectly co-select for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many studies use ... ...

Abstract	Anthropogenic activities result in the release of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and a cocktail of antimicrobial compounds into the environment that may directly select or indirectly co-select for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many studies use metagenome sequencing or qPCR-based approaches to study the environmental resistome but these methods are limited by
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-5174
ISSN (online)	2666-5174
DOI	10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100184
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Article ; Online: Dawning of a new ERA: Environmental Risk Assessment of antibiotics and their potential to select for antimicrobial resistance.

Murray, Aimee K / Stanton, Isobel / Gaze, William H / Snape, Jason

Water research

2021 Volume 200, Page(s) 117233

Abstract: Antibiotics and antimicrobials are used, misused and overused in human and veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and aquaculture. These compounds can persist in both human and animal waste and then enter the environment through a variety of mechanisms. ... ...

Abstract	Antibiotics and antimicrobials are used, misused and overused in human and veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and aquaculture. These compounds can persist in both human and animal waste and then enter the environment through a variety of mechanisms. Though generally measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of antibiotics in aquatic systems are significantly lower than point of therapeutic use concentrations, there is increasing evidence that suggests these concentrations may still enrich antimicrobial resistant bacteria. In light of this evidence, a rigorous and standardised novel methodology needs to be developed which can perform environmental risk assessment (ERA) of antimicrobials in terms of their selective potential as well as their environmental impact, to ensure that diffuse and point source discharges are safe. This review summarises and critically appraises the current methodological approaches that study selection at below point of therapeutic use, or sub-inhibitory, concentrations of antibiotics. We collate and compare selective concentration data generated to date. We recommend how these data can be interpreted in line with current ERA guidelines; outlining and describing novel concepts unique to risk assessment of AMR (such as direct selection of AMR or increased persistence of AMR). We consolidate terminology used thus far into a single framework that could be adopted moving forward, by proposing predicted no effect concentrations for resistance (PNECRs) and predicted no effect concentrations for persistence (PNECPs) be determined in AMR risk assessment. Such a framework will contribute to antibiotic stewardship and by extension, protection of human health, food security and the global economy.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2021.117233
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Article: Developing the OECD 106 fate testing protocol for active pharmaceuticals in soil

Lees, Katherine E / Fitzsimons, Mark F / Snape, Jason / Tappin, Alan / Comber, Sean D. W

Environmental technology. 2021 July 16, v. 42, no. 16

2021

Abstract: The ability to determine accurately the fate of APIs in soil is essential for rigorous risk assessment associated with wastewater reuse or biosolid recycling to land, particularly in lower income countries where water and fertiliser is scarce. Four APIs ( ...

Abstract	The ability to determine accurately the fate of APIs in soil is essential for rigorous risk assessment associated with wastewater reuse or biosolid recycling to land, particularly in lower income countries where water and fertiliser is scarce. Four APIs (naproxen, ofloxacin, propranolol and nevirapine) with wide ranging functionality were used as examples in the development of the OECD 106 soil partitioning and/or degradation study, with naproxen used to illustrate applying the full methodology. The data showed key methodological criteria require careful consideration and testing to generate accurate and consistent results. Only glass fibre membranes were suitable for all APIs, without unduly adsorbing APIs to their surface, thus effectively restricting the minimum practical pore size to 0.7 µm. Polypropylene plastic centrifuge tubes were shown to be suitable, with careful determination of recoveries. Direct injection liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry could reliably resolve all 4 APIs down to less than µg L⁻¹ in soil solutions, although allowance for matrix effects via standard additions was required in some cases. Greatest analytical challenges were found for the highest molecular weight API with the greatest affinity for sorption to surfaces (ofloxacin). Key variables that can impact on partitioning such as solution pH and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were shown to vary within tests over time and should be accounted for.
Keywords	environmental technology ; glass fibers ; income ; liquid chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; molecular weight ; ofloxacin ; pH ; polypropylenes ; porosity ; propranolol ; risk assessment ; soil ; sorption ; water reuse
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0716
Size	p. 2551-2561.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	1479-487X
DOI	10.1080/09593330.2019.1706643
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Article: Dawning of a new ERA: Environmental Risk Assessment of antibiotics and their potential to select for antimicrobial resistance

Murray, Aimee K / Stanton, Isobel / Gaze, William H / Snape, Jason

Water research. 2021 July 15, v. 200

2021

Abstract	Antibiotics and antimicrobials are used, misused and overused in human and veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and aquaculture. These compounds can persist in both human and animal waste and then enter the environment through a variety of mechanisms. Though generally measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of antibiotics in aquatic systems are significantly lower than point of therapeutic use concentrations, there is increasing evidence that suggests these concentrations may still enrich antimicrobial resistant bacteria. In light of this evidence, a rigorous and standardised novel methodology needs to be developed which can perform environmental risk assessment (ERA) of antimicrobials in terms of their selective potential as well as their environmental impact, to ensure that diffuse and point source discharges are safe. This review summarises and critically appraises the current methodological approaches that study selection at below point of therapeutic use, or sub-inhibitory, concentrations of antibiotics. We collate and compare selective concentration data generated to date. We recommend how these data can be interpreted in line with current ERA guidelines; outlining and describing novel concepts unique to risk assessment of AMR (such as direct selection of AMR or increased persistence of AMR). We consolidate terminology used thus far into a single framework that could be adopted moving forward, by proposing predicted no effect concentrations for resistance (PNECRs) and predicted no effect concentrations for persistence (PNECPs) be determined in AMR risk assessment. Such a framework will contribute to antibiotic stewardship and by extension, protection of human health, food security and the global economy.
Keywords	animal husbandry ; animal wastes ; antibiotic resistance ; antibiotics ; aquaculture ; environmental assessment ; environmental impact ; food security ; human health ; humans ; research ; risk assessment ; terminology ; therapeutics ; veterinary medicine ; water
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0715
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2021.117233
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Article: Predicting selection for antimicrobial resistance in UK wastewater and aquatic environments: Ciprofloxacin poses a significant risk

Hayes, April / May Murray, Laura / Catherine Stanton, Isobel / Zhang, Lihong / Snape, Jason / Hugo Gaze, William / Kaye Murray, Aimee

Environment international. 2022 Nov., v. 169

2022

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to human and animal health, with the environment increasingly recognised as playing an important role in AMR evolution, dissemination, and transmission. Antibiotics can select for AMR at very low concentrations, ...

Abstract	Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to human and animal health, with the environment increasingly recognised as playing an important role in AMR evolution, dissemination, and transmission. Antibiotics can select for AMR at very low concentrations, similar to those in the environment, yet their release into the environment, e.g., from wastewater treatment plants, is not currently regulated. Understanding the selection risk antibiotics pose in wastewater and receiving waters is key to understanding if environmental regulation of antibiotics is required. We investigated the risk of selection occurring in UK wastewater and receiving waters by determining where measured environmental concentration data (n = 8187) for four antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) collected in England and Wales 2015–2018 (sites n = 67) exceeded selective concentration thresholds derived from complex microbial community evolution experiments undertaken previously. We show that selection for AMR by ciprofloxacin is likely to have occurred routinely in England and Wales wastewater during the 2015–2018 period, with some seasonal and regional trends. Wastewater treatment reduces the selection risk posed by ciprofloxacin significantly, but not completely, and predicted risk in surface waters remains high in several cases. Conversely, the potential risks posed by the macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin) were lower than those posed by ciprofloxacin. Our data demonstrate further action is needed to prevent selection for AMR in wastewater, with environmental quality standards for some antibiotics required in the future, and that selection risk is not solely a concern in low/middle income countries.
Keywords	animal and human health ; antibiotic resistance ; azithromycin ; ciprofloxacin ; clarithromycin ; environment ; environmental law ; environmental quality ; evolution ; income ; microbial communities ; risk ; wastewater ; wastewater treatment ; England ; Wales
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2022.107488
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Article ; Online: Spatially Explicit Large-Scale Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water in China.

Zhu, Ying / Snape, Jason / Jones, Kevin / Sweetman, Andrew

Environmental science & technology

2019 Volume 53, Issue 5, Page(s) 2559–2569

Abstract: With improving healthcare and an aging population, the consumption of human pharmaceuticals in China has been increasing dramatically. Environmental risks posed by many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are still unknown. This study used a ... ...

Abstract	With improving healthcare and an aging population, the consumption of human pharmaceuticals in China has been increasing dramatically. Environmental risks posed by many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are still unknown. This study used a spatially explicit dilution-factor methodology to model predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of 11 human-use APIs in surface water for a preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA). Median PECs in surface water across China range between 0.01 and 8.0 × 10
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; China ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk Assessment ; Water ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b07054
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Article ; Online: Development and Application of a Microplate Assay for Toxicity Testing on Aquatic Cyanobacteria.

Le Page, Gareth / Gunnarsson, Lina / Snape, Jason / Tyler, Charles R

Environmental toxicology and chemistry

2020 Volume 39, Issue 3, Page(s) 705–720

Abstract: Regulatory environmental risk assessment, applied to establish a protection limit for all bacterial diversity in surface waters, relies on a growth inhibition test performed on a single species of cyanobacteria and the activated sludge respiration ... ...

Abstract	Regulatory environmental risk assessment, applied to establish a protection limit for all bacterial diversity in surface waters, relies on a growth inhibition test performed on a single species of cyanobacteria and the activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Recently, the ability of this approach to protect adequately for bacteria that provide important ecosystem services has been questioned, and empirical data on additional species to further investigate the effectiveness of the environmental risk assessment are urgently required. We present the development and validation of a cost-effective and time-efficient microplate assay that is comparable to the traditional shake flask test for measurement of cyanobacteria growth rate after chemical exposure. The assay has been optimized to ensure that comparisons of cyanobacteria sensitivity under exponential growth are assessed across equivalent experimental conditions using phycocyanin fluorescence as a surrogate for cell density. The test system is validated using potassium dichromate, and the results are compared with those obtained in an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011) test guideline 201 shake flask test system. This assay is suitable for the screening of new and legacy chemicals (including antibiotics) for which ecotoxicology data are lacking across a wide range of cyanobacteria, with the aim of developing more comprehensive environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:705-720. © 2019 SETAC.
MeSH term(s)	Cyanobacteria/drug effects ; Species Specificity ; Toxicity Tests/instrumentation ; Toxicity Tests/methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	46234-2
ISSN	1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
ISSN	0730-7268
DOI	10.1002/etc.4657
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Article: Increased cell numbers improve marine biodegradation tests for persistence assessment

Ott, Amelie / Davenport, Russell J / Martin, Timothy J / Snape, Jason R

Science of the total environment. 2020 Mar. 01, v. 706

2020

Abstract: Currently available OECD biodegradation screening tests (BSTs) are not particularly suited for persistence screening. Their duration can be much less than international half-life thresholds for persistence and they are variable and stringent, therefore ... ...

Abstract	Currently available OECD biodegradation screening tests (BSTs) are not particularly suited for persistence screening. Their duration can be much less than international half-life thresholds for persistence and they are variable and stringent, therefore prone to false negatives. The present study extended test durations beyond 28 days and increased biomass concentrations for marine BSTs to better represent the microbial diversity inherent in the sampled environment. For this so-called environmentally relevant BST (erBST) marine cell concentrations were nominally increased 100-fold by tangential flow filtration. The marine erBST was validated against a standard BST using five 14C labeled reference compounds with a range of biodegradation potentials (aniline, 4-fluorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-chloroaniline and pentachlorophenol) in a modified OECD 301B test. A full mass balance was collated to follow chemical fate in the tests. The erBST was more accurate and less variable than the comparator BST in assigning the reference compounds to their expected biodegradation classifications (non-persistent or potentially persistent). According to the REACH non-persistence criterion of ≥60% biodegradation over 60 days, the erBST correctly classified 60% of chemical replicates according to their expected biodegradation classification and had a coefficient of variation of 21% between replicates. In contrast, the BST correctly assessed 40% of reference chemicals in regards to their expected biodegradation classification with a coefficient of variation of 36%. All non-persistent chemicals showed increased degradation in the erBST, except for 4-chloroaniline, which did not degrade in either BST or erBST. Both tests showed no false positive results, correctly classifying the negative control pentachlorophenol as potentially persistent. Next, it is recommended to further validate the marine erBST in an inter-laboratory study incorporating different seawater sources to fully assess its variability and reliability.
Keywords	aniline ; biodegradation ; biomass ; carbon ; false positive results ; filtration ; half life ; isotope labeling ; pentachlorophenol ; p-nitrophenol ; screening ; seawater
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0301
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135621
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Article: Development and Application of a Microplate Assay for Toxicity Testing on Aquatic Cyanobacteria

Le Page, Gareth / Gunnarsson, Lina / Snape, Jason / Tyler, Charles R

Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2020 Mar., v. 39, no. 3

2020

Abstract	Regulatory environmental risk assessment, applied to establish a protection limit for all bacterial diversity in surface waters, relies on a growth inhibition test performed on a single species of cyanobacteria and the activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Recently, the ability of this approach to protect adequately for bacteria that provide important ecosystem services has been questioned, and empirical data on additional species to further investigate the effectiveness of the environmental risk assessment are urgently required. We present the development and validation of a cost‐effective and time‐efficient microplate assay that is comparable to the traditional shake flask test for measurement of cyanobacteria growth rate after chemical exposure. The assay has been optimized to ensure that comparisons of cyanobacteria sensitivity under exponential growth are assessed across equivalent experimental conditions using phycocyanin fluorescence as a surrogate for cell density. The test system is validated using potassium dichromate, and the results are compared with those obtained in an Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (2011) test guideline 201 shake flask test system. This assay is suitable for the screening of new and legacy chemicals (including antibiotics) for which ecotoxicology data are lacking across a wide range of cyanobacteria, with the aim of developing more comprehensive environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:705–720. © 2019 SETAC
Keywords	activated sludge ; antibiotics ; bacteria ; cost effectiveness ; culture flasks ; Cyanobacteria ; ecosystem services ; ecotoxicology ; environmental assessment ; fluorescence ; growth retardation ; guidelines ; phycocyanin ; potassium ; risk assessment ; screening ; surface water ; toxicity testing
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-03
Size	p. 705-720.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	46234-2
ISSN	1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
ISSN	0730-7268
DOI	10.1002/etc.4657
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