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Article ; Online: Preliminary searches for spin-dependent interactions using sidebands of nuclear spin-precession signals.

Shortino, J / Knappe-Grueneberg, S / Voigt, J / Chu, P-H / Reid, A / Snow, W M / Kilian, W

2024 Volume 95, Issue 1

Abstract: Various theories beyond the Standard Model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. A new P-odd and T-odd interaction between polarized and unpolarized nucleons proportional to s⃗⋅r̂ is one such ... ...

Abstract	Various theories beyond the Standard Model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. A new P-odd and T-odd interaction between polarized and unpolarized nucleons proportional to s⃗⋅r̂ is one such possibility, where r⃗=rr̂ is the spatial vector connecting the nucleons, and s⃗ is the spin of the polarized nucleon. Such an interaction involving a scalar coupling gsN at one vertex and a pseudoscalar coupling gpn at the polarized nucleon vertex can be induced by the exchange of spin-0 pseudoscalar bosons. We describe a new technique to search for interactions of this form and present the first measurements of this type. We show that future improvements to this technique can improve the laboratory upper bound on the product gsNgpn by two orders of magnitude for interaction ranges at the 100 micron scale.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0174672
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Book ; Online: Imaging of PbWO4 Crystals for G Experiment Test Masses Using a Laser Interferometer

Assumin-Gyimah, K. T. A. / Holt, M. G. / Dutta, D. / Snow, W. M.

2022

Abstract: It is highly desirable for future measurements of Newton's gravitational constant $G$ to use test/source masses that allow nondestructive, quantitative internal density gradient measurements. High density optically transparent materials are ideally ... ...

Abstract	It is highly desirable for future measurements of Newton's gravitational constant $G$ to use test/source masses that allow nondestructive, quantitative internal density gradient measurements. High density optically transparent materials are ideally suited for this purpose since their density gradient can be measured with laser interferometry, and they allow in-situ optical metrology methods for the critical distance measurements often needed in a $G$ apparatus. We present an upper bound on possible internal density gradients in lead tungstate (PbWO$_4$) crystals determined using a laser interferometer. We placed an upper bound on the fractional atomic density gradient in two PbWO$_4$ test crystals of ${1 \over \rho}{d\rho \over dx}<2.1 \times 10^{-8}$ cm$^{-1}$. This value is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than what is required for $G$ measurements. They are also consistent with but more sensitive than a recently reported measurements of the same samples, using neutron interferometry. These results indicate that PbWO$_4$ crystals are well suited to be used as test masses in $G$ experiments. Future measurements of internal density gradients of test masses used for measurements of $G$ can now be conducted non-destructively for a wide range of possible test masses. Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Classical and Quantum Gravity. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2109.14008
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ; Nuclear Experiment
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: New limit on possible long-range parity-odd interactions of the neutron from neutron-spin rotation in liquid 4He.

Yan, H / Snow, W M

Physical review letters

2013 Volume 110, Issue 8, Page(s) 82003

Abstract: Various theories beyond the standard model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. A parity-odd interaction between polarized nucleons and unpolarized matter proportional to g(V)g(A)s · p is one ... ...

Abstract	Various theories beyond the standard model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. A parity-odd interaction between polarized nucleons and unpolarized matter proportional to g(V)g(A)s · p is one such possibility, where s[over →] and p[over →] are the spin and the momentum of the polarized nucleon, and g(V) and g(A) are the vector and axial vector couplings of an interaction induced by the exchange of a new light vector boson. We report a new experimental upper bound on such possible long-range parity-odd interactions of the neutron with nucleons and electrons from a recent search for parity violation in neutron spin rotation in liquid ^{4}He. Our constraint on the product of vector and axial vector couplings of a possible new light vector boson is g(V) g(A)(n) ≤ 10(-32) for an interaction range of 1 m. This upper bound is more than 7 orders of magnitude more stringent than the existing laboratory constraints for interaction ranges below 1 m, corresponding to a broad range of vector boson masses above 10(-6) eV. More sensitive searches for a g(V) g(A)(n) coupling could be performed using neutron spin rotation measurements in heavy nuclei or through analysis of experiments conducted to search for nucleon-nucleon weak interactions and nuclear anapole moments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.082003
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Article ; Online: Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection.

Nesvizhevsky, V V / Gudkov, V / Protasov, K V / Snow, W M / Voronin, A Yu

Physical review letters

2019 Volume 122, Issue 22, Page(s) 221802

Abstract: An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n-n[over ¯]), which violate both B and B-L conservation, would constitute a scientific discovery of fundamental importance to physics and cosmology. A stringent upper bound on its transition rate would ... ...

Abstract	An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n-n[over ¯]), which violate both B and B-L conservation, would constitute a scientific discovery of fundamental importance to physics and cosmology. A stringent upper bound on its transition rate would make an important contribution to our understanding of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe by eliminating the postsphaleron baryogenesis scenario in the light quark sector. We show that one can design an experiment using slow neutrons that in principle can reach the required sensitivity of τ_{n-n[over ¯]}∼10^{10} s in the oscillation time, an improvement of ∼10^{4} in the oscillation probability relative to the existing limit for free neutrons. The improved statistical accuracy needed to reach this sensitivity can be achieved by allowing both the neutron and antineutron components of the developing superposition state to coherently reflect from mirrors. We present a quantitative analysis of this scenario and show that, for sufficiently small transverse momenta of n/n[over ¯] and for certain choices of nuclei for the n/n[over ¯] guide material, the relative phase shift of the n and n[over ¯] components upon reflection and the n[over ¯] annihilation rate can be small enough to maintain sufficient coherence to benefit from the greater phase space acceptance the mirror provides.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802
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Article: Neutron Measurements and the Weak Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction.

Snow, W M

Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

2005 Volume 110, Issue 3, Page(s) 189–194

Abstract: The weak interaction between nucleons remains one of the most poorly-understood sectors of the Standard Model. A quantitative description of this interaction is needed to understand weak interaction phenomena in atomic, nuclear, and hadronic systems. ... ...

Abstract	The weak interaction between nucleons remains one of the most poorly-understood sectors of the Standard Model. A quantitative description of this interaction is needed to understand weak interaction phenomena in atomic, nuclear, and hadronic systems. This paper summarizes briefly what is known about the weak nucleon-nucleon interaction, tries to place this phenomenon in the context of other studies of the weak and strong interactions, and outlines a set of measurements involving low energy neutrons which can lead to significant experimental progress.
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1473724-3
ISSN	1044-677X ; 0160-1741
ISSN	1044-677X ; 0160-1741
DOI	10.6028/jres.110.023
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Book ; Online: First Measurement of Neutron Birefringence in Polarized $^{129}$Xe and $^{131}$Xe Nuclei

Lu, H. / Barlow, M. J. / Basler, D. / Gutfreund, P. / Holderer, O. / Ioffe, A. / Pasini, S. / Pistel, P. / Salhi, Z. / Zhernenkov, K. / Goodson, B. M. / Snow, W. M. / Babcock, E.

2023

Abstract: We present the first measurements of polarized neutron birefringence in transmission through nuclear-polarized $^{129}$Xe and $^{131}$Xe gas and determine the neutron incoherent scattering lengths $b_i(^{129}Xe)=0.186\pm(0.021)_{stat.}\pm(0.004)_{syst.}\ ... ...

Abstract	We present the first measurements of polarized neutron birefringence in transmission through nuclear-polarized $^{129}$Xe and $^{131}$Xe gas and determine the neutron incoherent scattering lengths $b_i(^{129}Xe)=0.186\pm(0.021)_{stat.}\pm(0.004)_{syst.}\space\text{ fm}$ and $b_i(^{131}Xe)=2.09\pm(0.29)_{stat.}\pm(0.12)_{syst.}\space\text{ fm}$ for the first time. These results determine the essential parameter needed for interpretation of spin-dependent neutron-scattering studies on polarized xenon ensembles, with possible future applications ranging from tests of time-reversal violation to mode-entangled neutron scattering experiments on nuclear-polarized systems. Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PRL
Keywords	Nuclear Experiment ; Condensed Matter - Materials Science ; High Energy Physics - Experiment ; Physics - Atomic Physics ; Quantum Physics
Publishing date	2023-01-01
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Facilities for Fundamental Neutron Physics Research at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility.

Arif, M / Dewey, M S / Greene, G L / Snow, W M

Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

2016 Volume 98, Issue 1, Page(s) 135–144

Abstract: The features of two fundamental neutron physics research stations at the NIST cold neutron research facility are described in some detail. A list of proposed initial experimental programs for these two stations is also given. ...

Abstract	The features of two fundamental neutron physics research stations at the NIST cold neutron research facility are described in some detail. A list of proposed initial experimental programs for these two stations is also given.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1473724-3
ISSN	1044-677X ; 0160-1741
ISSN	1044-677X ; 0160-1741
DOI	10.6028/jres.098.010
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Book ; Online: Neutron Phase Contrast Imaging of PbWO$_{4}$ Crystals for G Experiment Test Masses Using a Talbot-Lau Neutron Interferometer

Assumin-Gyimah, K. T. A. / Dutta, D. / Hussey, D. S. / Snow, W. M. / Langlois, C. / Lee, V.

2021

Abstract: The use of transparent test/source masses can benefit future measurements of Newton's gravitational constant $G$. Such transparent test mass materials can enable nondestructive, quantitative internal density gradient measurements using optical ... ...

Abstract	The use of transparent test/source masses can benefit future measurements of Newton's gravitational constant $G$. Such transparent test mass materials can enable nondestructive, quantitative internal density gradient measurements using optical interferometry and allow in-situ optical metrology methods to be realized for the critical distance measurements often needed in a $G$ apparatus. To confirm the sensitivity of such optical interferometry measurements to internal density gradients it is desirable to conduct a check with a totally independent technique. We present an upper bound on possible internal density gradients in lead tungstate (PbWO$_4$) crystals using a Talbot-Lau neutron interferometer on the Cold Neutron Imaging Facility (CNIF) at NIST. We placed an upper bound on a fractional atomic density gradient in two PbWO$_{4}$ test crystals of ${1 \over N}{dN \over dx}<0.5 \times 10^{-6}$ cm$^{-1}$. This value is about two orders of magnitude smaller than required for $G$ measurements. We discuss the implications of this result and of other nondestructive methods for characterization of internal density inhomogeneties which can be applied to test masses in $G$ experiments. Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Classical and Quantum Gravity
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; Condensed Matter - Materials Science ; General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ; Nuclear Experiment
Publishing date	2021-09-26
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Neutron limit on the strongly-coupled chameleon field.

Li, K / Arif, M / Cory, D G / Haun, R / Heacock, B / Huber, M G / Nsofini, J / Pushin, D A / Saggu, P / Sarenac, D / Shahi, C B / Skavysh, V / Snow, W M / Young, A R

Physical review. D. (2016)

2021 Volume 93, Issue 6

Abstract: The physical origin of the dark energy that causes the accelerated expansion rate of the Universe is one of the major open questions of cosmology. One set of theories postulates the existence of a self-interacting scalar field for dark energy coupling to ...

Abstract	The physical origin of the dark energy that causes the accelerated expansion rate of the Universe is one of the major open questions of cosmology. One set of theories postulates the existence of a self-interacting scalar field for dark energy coupling to matter. In the chameleon dark energy theory, this coupling induces a screening mechanism such that the field amplitude is nonzero in empty space but is greatly suppressed in regions of terrestrial matter density. However measurements performed under appropriate vacuum conditions can enable the chameleon field to appear in the apparatus, where it can be subjected to laboratory experiments. Here we report the most stringent upper bound on the free neutron-chameleon coupling in the strongly coupled limit of the chameleon theory using neutron interferometric techniques. Our experiment sought the chameleon field through the relative phase shift it would induce along one of the neutron paths inside a perfect crystal neutron interferometer. The amplitude of the chameleon field was actively modulated by varying the millibar pressures inside a dual-chamber aluminum cell. We report a 95% confidence level upper bound on the neutron-chameleon coupling
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209772-2
ISSN	2470-0010 ; 0556-2821 ; 1550-7998
ISSN	2470-0010 ; 0556-2821 ; 1550-7998
DOI	10.1103/physrevd.93.062001
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Article: Precision determination of absolute neutron flux.

Yue, A T / Anderson, E S / Dewey, M S / Gilliam, D M / Greene, G L / Laptev, A B / Nico, J S / Snow, W M

Metrologia

2018 Volume 55

Abstract: A technique for establishing the total neutron rate of a highly-collimated monochromatic cold neutron beam was demonstrated using an alpha-gamma counter. The method involves only the counting of measured rates and is independent of neutron cross sections, ...

Abstract	A technique for establishing the total neutron rate of a highly-collimated monochromatic cold neutron beam was demonstrated using an alpha-gamma counter. The method involves only the counting of measured rates and is independent of neutron cross sections, decay chain branching ratios, and neutron beam energy. For the measurement, a target of
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207790-5
ISSN	0026-1394
ISSN	0026-1394
DOI	10.1088/1681-7575/aac283
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