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  1. Article ; Online: The effects of life experiences and polygenic risk for depression on the development of positive and negative cognitive biases across adolescence: The CogBIAS hypothesis.

    Zavlis, Orestis / Parsons, Sam / Fox, Elaine / Booth, Charlotte / Songco, Annabel / Vincent, John Paul

    Development and psychopathology

    2024  , Page(s) 1–10

    Abstract: The Cognitive Bias (CogBIAS) hypothesis proposes that cognitive biases develop as a function of environmental influences (which determine the valence of biases) and the genetic susceptibility to those influences (which determines the potency of biases). ... ...

    Abstract The Cognitive Bias (CogBIAS) hypothesis proposes that cognitive biases develop as a function of environmental influences (which determine the valence of biases) and the genetic susceptibility to those influences (which determines the potency of biases). The current study employed a longitudinal, polygenic-by-environment approach to examine the CogBIAS hypothesis. To this end, measures of life experiences and polygenic scores for depression were used to assess the development of memory and interpretation biases in a three-wave sample of adolescents (12-16 years) (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1036173-x
    ISSN 1469-2198 ; 0954-5794
    ISSN (online) 1469-2198
    ISSN 0954-5794
    DOI 10.1017/S0954579423001645
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Emotional information-processing correlates of positive mental health in adolescence: a network analysis approach.

    Parsons, Sam / Songco, Annabel / Booth, Charlotte / Fox, Elaine

    Cognition & emotion

    2021  Volume 35, Issue 5, Page(s) 956–969

    Abstract: The combined cognitive bias hypothesis proposes that emotional information-processing biases may conjointly influence mental health. Yet, little is known about the interrelationships amongst cognitive biases, particularly in adolescence. We used data ... ...

    Abstract The combined cognitive bias hypothesis proposes that emotional information-processing biases may conjointly influence mental health. Yet, little is known about the interrelationships amongst cognitive biases, particularly in adolescence. We used data from the CogBIAS longitudinal study (Booth et al., 2017), including 450 adolescents who completed measures of interpretation bias, memory bias, and a validated measure of general mental health in a typically developing population. We used a moderated network modelling approach to examine positive mental health-related moderation of the cognitive bias network. We found that mental health was directly associated with positive and negative memory biases, and positive interpretation biases, but not negative interpretation biases. Further, we observed some mental health-related moderation of the network structure. Network connectivity decreased with higher positive mental health scores. Network approaches allow us to model complex relationships amongst cognitive biases and develop novel hypotheses for future research.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Bias ; Cognition ; Emotions ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Mental Health
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2021.1915752
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Cognitive mechanisms predicting resilient functioning in adolescence: Evidence from the CogBIAS longitudinal study.

    Booth, Charlotte / Songco, Annabel / Parsons, Sam / Fox, Elaine

    Development and psychopathology

    2020  Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 345–353

    Abstract: Resilience is a dynamic process depicted by better than expected levels of functioning in response to significant adversity. This can be assessed statistically, by taking the residuals from a model of psychological functioning regressed onto negative ... ...

    Abstract Resilience is a dynamic process depicted by better than expected levels of functioning in response to significant adversity. This can be assessed statistically, by taking the residuals from a model of psychological functioning regressed onto negative life events. We report the first study to investigate multiple cognitive factors in relation to this depiction of resilient functioning. Life events, internalizing symptoms, and a range of cognitive risk and protective factors were assessed in a large sample of adolescents (N = 504) across three waves spaced 12-18 months apart. Adolescents who displayed fewer symptoms than expected, relative to negative life events, were considered more resilient. Adolescents who displayed more symptoms than expected, relative to negative life events, were considered less resilient. All cognitive factors were associated with resilient functioning to differing degrees. These included memory bias, interpretation bias, worry, rumination, self-esteem, and self-reported trait resilience. Regression models showed that memory bias was a key factor explaining unique variance in prospective resilient functioning. In a subsequent cross-lagged panel model, memory bias and resilient functioning were reinforcing mechanisms across time points, supporting cognitive models of emotional resilience. This study adds to the literature, by highlighting key cognitive mechanisms as potential intervention targets.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Emotions ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Prospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1036173-x
    ISSN 1469-2198 ; 0954-5794
    ISSN (online) 1469-2198
    ISSN 0954-5794
    DOI 10.1017/S0954579420000668
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Estimated Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in Children From 2004 to 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

    Spoelma, Michael J / Sicouri, Gemma L / Francis, Deanna A / Songco, Annabel D / Daniel, Emily K / Hudson, Jennifer L

    JAMA pediatrics

    2023  Volume 177, Issue 10, Page(s) 1017–1027

    Abstract: Importance: Depression during childhood (ie, age <13 years) poses a major health burden. Recent changes in environmental and lifestyle factors may increase children's risk of mental health problems. This has been reported for anxiety disorders, but it ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Depression during childhood (ie, age <13 years) poses a major health burden. Recent changes in environmental and lifestyle factors may increase children's risk of mental health problems. This has been reported for anxiety disorders, but it is unclear whether this occurs for depressive disorders.
    Objective: To provide prevalence estimates for the depressive disorders (ie, major depressive disorder [MDD], dysthymia, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder [DMDD], and overall) in children, and whether they have changed over time.
    Data sources: The MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using terms related to depressive disorders, children, and prevalence. This was supplemented by a systematic gray literature search.
    Study selection: Studies were required to provide population prevalence estimates of depressive disorder diagnoses (according to an established taxonomy and standardized interviews) for children younger than 13 years, information about participants' year of birth, and be published in English.
    Data extraction and synthesis: Data extraction was compliant with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A total of 12 985 nonduplicate records were retrieved, and 154 full texts were reviewed. Data were analyzed from 2004 (the upper limit of a previous review) to May 27, 2023. Multiple proportional random-effects meta-analytic and mixed-effects meta-regression models were fit.
    Main outcomes and measures: Pooled prevalence rates of depressive disorders, prevalence rate differences between males vs females and high-income countries (HICs) vs low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), and moderating effects of time or birth cohort.
    Results: A total of 41 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence estimates were obtained for 1.07% (95% CI, 0.62%-1.63%) for depressive disorders overall, 0.71% (95% CI, 0.48%-0.99%) for MDD, 0.30% (95% CI, 0.08%-0.62%) for dysthymia, and 1.60% (95% CI, 0.28%-3.90%) for DMDD. The meta-regressions found no significant evidence of an association with birth cohort, and prevalence rates did not differ significantly between males and females or between HICs and LMICs. There was a low risk of bias overall, except for DMDD, which was hindered by a lack of studies.
    Conclusions and relevance: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, depression in children was uncommon and did not increase substantially between 2004 and 2019. Future epidemiologic studies using standardized interviews will be necessary to determine whether this trend will continue into and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Prevalence ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Testing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701223-2
    ISSN 2168-6211 ; 2168-6203
    ISSN (online) 2168-6211
    ISSN 2168-6203
    DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3221
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Social and cognitive vulnerability to COVID-19-related stress in pregnancy: A case-matched-control study of antenatal mental health.

    Songco, Annabel / Minihan, Savannah / Fox, Elaine / Ladouceur, Cecile / Mewton, Louise / Moulds, Michelle / Pfeifer, Jennifer / Van Harmelen, Anne-Laura / Schweizer, Susanne

    Journal of affective disorders

    2023  Volume 325, Page(s) 739–746

    Abstract: Emerging evidence shows that compared to pre-pandemic norms pregnant women report significant increases in clinical levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19. This pre-registered study examined cognitive and social vulnerability factors ... ...

    Abstract Emerging evidence shows that compared to pre-pandemic norms pregnant women report significant increases in clinical levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19. This pre-registered study examined cognitive and social vulnerability factors for poor mental health in pregnancy during COVID-19. Understanding vulnerability profiles is key to identifying women at risk for deteriorating peripartum mental health. N = 742 pregnant women and N = 742 age and country-matched controls from the COVID-19 Risks Across the Lifespan Study were included. Using a case-match control design allowed us to explore whether the cognitive vulnerability profiles would differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women. The findings showed that COVID-19-related stress was associated with heightened levels of depression and anxiety during pregnancy. Its impact was greatest in women with cognitive (i.e., higher intolerance of uncertainty and tendency to worry) and social (i.e., higher level of self-reported loneliness) vulnerabilities. Importantly, our data show that the mental health impacts of the pandemic were greater in pregnant women compared to women who were not pregnant, especially those with cognitive and social vulnerabilities. The results highlight the urgent need to prioritize mental health care for pregnant women to mitigate the impact of COVID-19-related stress on women's postpartum mental health and their infants' well-being.
    MeSH term(s) Infant ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Mental Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders ; Cognition ; Depression/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: A Cognitive Model of Pathological Worry in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

    Songco, Annabel / Hudson, Jennifer L / Fox, Elaine

    Clinical child and family psychology review

    2019  Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 229–249

    Abstract: Worry is common in children and adolescents, yet some youth experience excessive worries that persist over time and cause significant distress. Whilst the literature on worry and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in adults is well established, ... ...

    Abstract Worry is common in children and adolescents, yet some youth experience excessive worries that persist over time and cause significant distress. Whilst the literature on worry and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in adults is well established, relatively less is known about the cognitive mechanisms underlying child and adolescent worry. An influential cognitive model of adult pathological worry (Hirsch and Matthews in Behav Res Therapy 50:636-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007, 2012) proposes that negative information-processing biases, reduced executive functions, and verbal worry are critical in the aetiology of GAD in adults. The current systematic review investigated whether this cognitive model of worry could be extended to understand child and adolescent worry. Following a systematic search of the literature and screening for eligibility, 30 studies were identified. Evidence indicates that negative information-processing biases and reduced executive functions play an important role in worry and GAD in children and adolescents. However, evidence that children and adolescents experience verbal worry is inconclusive. Building upon Hirsch and Matthews' cognitive model (Behav Res Therapy 50:636-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007, 2012), we propose a model of child and adolescent worry to provide a guiding framework for future research. We conclude that cognitive models of worry should incorporate a developmental framework in order to provide greater insight into the mechanisms uniquely associated with worry in children and adolescents and help to identify the cognitive processes to target for early interventions and treatments.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Child ; Humans ; Models, Psychological
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 1445774-x
    ISSN 1573-2827 ; 1096-4037
    ISSN (online) 1573-2827
    ISSN 1096-4037
    DOI 10.1007/s10567-020-00311-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Trajectories in Adolescence and the Co-Occurring Development of Cognitive Biases: Evidence from the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study.

    Songco, Annabel / Booth, Charlotte / Spiegler, Olivia / Parsons, Sam / Fox, Elaine

    Journal of abnormal child psychology

    2020  Volume 48, Issue 12, Page(s) 1617–1633

    Abstract: The development of negative cognitive biases, together with symptoms of anxiety and depression, has yet to be investigated longitudinally. Using a three-wave design, the present study examined developmental trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms ...

    Abstract The development of negative cognitive biases, together with symptoms of anxiety and depression, has yet to be investigated longitudinally. Using a three-wave design, the present study examined developmental trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the co-occurrence of cognitive biases, in a large normative sample of adolescents (N = 504). Data was drawn from the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study (CogBIAS-L-S), which assessed a wide range of psychological variables, including cognitive biases and self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms, when adolescents were approximately 13, 14.5, and 16 years of age. The results showed that overall levels of anxiety were low and stable, while levels of depression were low but increased slightly at each wave. Growth mixture modeling identified four distinct developmental classes with regard to anxiety and depressive symptoms. Multiple group analysis further showed that class membership was related to the development of cognitive biases. The majority of the sample (75%) was characterised by 'Low symptoms' of anxiety and depression and showed low interpretation and memory biases for negative stimuli at each wave. A second class (11%) displayed 'Decreasing anxiety symptoms' and showed decreasing interpretation bias, but increasing memory bias. A third class (8%) displayed 'Comorbid increasing symptoms' and showed increasing interpretation and memory biases. While the fourth class (6%) displayed 'Comorbid decreasing symptoms' and showed decreasing interpretation and memory biases. This longitudinal study sheds light on healthy and psychopathological emotional development in adolescence and highlights cognitive mechanisms that may be useful targets for prevention and early interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Attentional Bias ; Child ; Cognition ; Depression/epidemiology ; Emotions ; England/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Self Report
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 193136-2
    ISSN 1573-2835 ; 0091-0627
    ISSN (online) 1573-2835
    ISSN 0091-0627
    DOI 10.1007/s10802-020-00694-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Affective working memory in depression.

    Songco, Annabel / Patel, Shivam D / Dawes, Katy / Rodrigues, Evangeline / O'Leary, Cliodhna / Hitchcock, Caitlin / Dalgleish, Tim / Schweizer, Susanne

    Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 6, Page(s) 1802–1807

    Abstract: Depressed individuals show a wide range of difficulties in executive functioning (including working memory), which can be a significant burden on everyday mental processes. Theoretical models of depression have proposed these difficulties to be ... ...

    Abstract Depressed individuals show a wide range of difficulties in executive functioning (including working memory), which can be a significant burden on everyday mental processes. Theoretical models of depression have proposed these difficulties to be especially pronounced in affective contexts. However, evidence investigating affective working memory (WM) capacity in depressed individuals has shown mixed results. The preregistered study used a complex span task, which has been shown to be sensitive to difficulties with WM capacity in affective relative to neutral contexts in other clinical groups, to explore affective WM capacity in clinical depression. Affective WM capacity was compared between individuals with current depression (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Depression/psychology ; Executive Function ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Data Management
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2102391-8
    ISSN 1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
    ISSN (online) 1931-1516
    ISSN 1528-3542
    DOI 10.1037/emo0001130
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: The effect of intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety and depression, and their symptom networks, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Andrews, Jack L / Li, Meiwei / Minihan, Savannah / Songco, Annabel / Fox, Elaine / Ladouceur, Cecile D / Mewton, Louise / Moulds, Michelle / Pfeifer, Jennifer H / Van Harmelen, Anne-Laura / Schweizer, Susanne

    BMC psychiatry

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 261

    Abstract: Individuals vary in their ability to tolerate uncertainty. High intolerance of uncertainty (the tendency to react negatively to uncertain situations) is a known risk factor for mental health problems. In the current study we examined the degree to which ... ...

    Abstract Individuals vary in their ability to tolerate uncertainty. High intolerance of uncertainty (the tendency to react negatively to uncertain situations) is a known risk factor for mental health problems. In the current study we examined the degree to which intolerance of uncertainty predicted depression and anxiety symptoms and their interrelations across the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined these associations across three time points (May 2020 - April 2021) in an international sample of adults (N = 2087, Mean age = 41.13) from three countries (UK, USA, Australia) with varying degrees of COVID-19 risk. We found that individuals with high and moderate levels of intolerance of uncertainty reported reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms over time. However, symptom levels remained significantly elevated compared to individuals with low intolerance of uncertainty. Individuals with low intolerance of uncertainty had low and stable levels of depression and anxiety across the course of the study. Network analyses further revealed that the relationships between depression and anxiety symptoms became stronger over time among individuals with high intolerance of uncertainty and identified that feeling afraid showed the strongest association with intolerance of uncertainty. Our findings are consistent with previous work identifying intolerance of uncertainty as an important risk factor for mental health problems, especially in times marked by actual health, economic and social uncertainty. The results highlight the need to explore ways to foster resilience among individuals who struggle to tolerate uncertainty, as ongoing and future geopolitical, climate and health threats will likely lead to continued exposure to significant uncertainty.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/etiology ; Depression/psychology ; Uncertainty ; Pandemics ; Anxiety/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2050438-X
    ISSN 1471-244X ; 1471-244X
    ISSN (online) 1471-244X
    ISSN 1471-244X
    DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-04734-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Affect and mental health across the lifespan during a year of the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of emotion regulation strategies and mental flexibility.

    Minihan, Savannah / Songco, Annabel / Fox, Elaine / Ladouceur, Cecile D / Mewton, Louise / Moulds, Michelle / Pfeifer, Jennifer H / Van Harmelen, Anne-Laura / Schweizer, Susanne

    Emotion (Washington, D.C.)

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 67–80

    Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rise in common mental health problems compared to prepandemic levels, especially in young people. Understanding the factors that place young people at risk is critical to guide the response to increased ... ...

    Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rise in common mental health problems compared to prepandemic levels, especially in young people. Understanding the factors that place young people at risk is critical to guide the response to increased mental health problems. Here we examine whether age-related differences in mental flexibility and frequency of use of emotion regulation strategies partially account for the poorer affect and increased mental health problems reported by younger people during the pandemic. Participants (
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adolescent ; Emotional Regulation/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Mental Health ; Longevity ; Pandemics ; COVID-19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2102391-8
    ISSN 1931-1516 ; 1528-3542
    ISSN (online) 1931-1516
    ISSN 1528-3542
    DOI 10.1037/emo0001238
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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