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  1. Article ; Online: Does informal online media provide supportive or unreliable information about pregnancy and birth during the COVID-19 pandemic?

    Pinto, Alexandra Cardoso / Southall, Emily / Gromala, Justyna / Graf, Vivian

    Clinical medicine (London, England)

    2021  Volume 21, Issue Suppl 2, Page(s) 32–33

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Female ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Social Media
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2048646-7
    ISSN 1473-4893 ; 1470-2118
    ISSN (online) 1473-4893
    ISSN 1470-2118
    DOI 10.7861/clinmed.21-2-s32
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  2. Article ; Online: Direct measurement of cruising and burst swimming speeds of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) with estimates of field metabolic rate

    Waller, Matt J. / Queiroz, Nuno / da Costa, Ivo / Cidade, Tiago / Loureiro, Bruno / Womersley, Freya C. / Fontes, Jorge / Afonso, Pedro / Macena, Bruno C. L. / Loveridge, Alexandra / Humphries, Nicolas E. / Southall, Emily J. / Sims, David W.

    Journal of Fish Biology. 2023 Nov., v. 103, no. 5 p.864-883

    2023  

    Abstract: The shortfin mako shark is a large‐bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have ... ...

    Abstract The shortfin mako shark is a large‐bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have been reported for this species. Here, animal‐borne bio‐loggers attached to two mako sharks were used to provide direct measurements of swimming speeds, kinematics and thermal physiology. Mean sustained (cruising) speed was 0.90 m s⁻¹ (±0.07 s.d.) with a mean tail‐beat frequency (TBF) of 0.51 Hz (±0.16 s.d.). The maximum burst speed recorded was 5.02 m s⁻¹ (TBFₘₐₓ = 3.65 Hz) from a 2 m long female. Burst swimming was sustained for 14 s (mean speed = 2.38 m s⁻¹), leading to a 0.24°C increase in white muscle temperature in the 12.5 min after the burst. Routine field metabolic rate was estimated at 185.2 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ (at 18°C ambient temperature). Gliding behaviour (zero TBF) was more frequently observed after periods of high activity, especially after capture when internal (white muscle) temperature approached 21°C (ambient temperature: 18.3°C), indicating gliding probably functions as an energy recovery mechanism and limits further metabolic heat production. The results show shortfin mako sharks generally cruise at speeds similar to other endothermic fish – but faster than ectothermic sharks – with the maximum recorded burst speed being among the highest so far directly measured among sharks, tunas and billfishes. This newly recorded high‐oxygen‐demand performance of mako sharks suggests it may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to climate‐driven ocean deoxygenation.
    Keywords Biological Sciences ; Istiophoridae ; Isurus oxyrinchus ; ambient temperature ; ectothermy ; endothermy ; energy recovery ; females ; habitat destruction ; heat production ; kinematics ; marine fish ; metabolism ; muscles ; sharks
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-11
    Size p. 864-883.
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15475
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  3. Article ; Online: Direct measurement of cruising and burst swimming speeds of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) with estimates of field metabolic rate.

    Waller, Matt J / Queiroz, Nuno / da Costa, Ivo / Cidade, Tiago / Loureiro, Bruno / Womersley, Freya C / Fontes, Jorge / Afonso, Pedro / Macena, Bruno C L / Loveridge, Alexandra / Humphries, Nicolas E / Southall, Emily J / Sims, David W

    Journal of fish biology

    2023  Volume 103, Issue 5, Page(s) 864–883

    Abstract: The shortfin mako shark is a large-bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have ... ...

    Abstract The shortfin mako shark is a large-bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have been reported for this species. Here, animal-borne bio-loggers attached to two mako sharks were used to provide direct measurements of swimming speeds, kinematics and thermal physiology. Mean sustained (cruising) speed was 0.90 m s
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Animals ; Sharks/physiology ; Swimming/physiology ; Muscles ; Temperature ; Tuna
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15475
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  4. Article ; Online: Circles in the sea: annual courtship “torus” behaviour of basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus identified in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean

    Sims, David W. / Berrow, Simon D. / O'Sullivan, Ken M. / Pfeiffer, Nicholas J. / Collins, Richard / Smith, Kev L. / Pfeiffer, Brianna M. / Connery, Paul / Wasik, Shane / Flounders, Lois / Queiroz, Nuno / Humphries, Nicolas E. / Womersley, Freya C. / Southall, Emily J.

    Journal of Fish Biology. 2022 Nov., v. 101, no. 5 p.1160-1181

    2022  

    Abstract: Groups of basking sharks engaged in circling behaviour are rarely observed, and their function remains enigmatic in the absence of detailed observations. Here, underwater and aerial video recordings of multiple circling groups of basking sharks during ... ...

    Abstract Groups of basking sharks engaged in circling behaviour are rarely observed, and their function remains enigmatic in the absence of detailed observations. Here, underwater and aerial video recordings of multiple circling groups of basking sharks during late summer (August and September 2016–2021) in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean showed groups numbering between 6 and 23 non‐feeding individuals of both sexes. Sharks swam slowly in a rotating “torus” (diameter range: 17–39 m), with individuals layered vertically from the surface to a maximum depth of 16 m. Within a torus, sharks engaged in close‐following, echelon, close‐flank approach or parallel‐swimming behaviours. Measured shark total body lengths were 5.4–9.5 m (mean LT: 7.3 m ± 0.9 s.d.; median: 7.2 m, n = 27), overlapping known lengths of sexually mature males and females. Males possessed large claspers with abrasions that were also observed on female pectoral fins. Female body colouration was paler than that of males, similar to colour changes observed during courtship and mating in other shark species. Individuals associated with most other members rapidly (within minutes), indicating toroidal behaviours facilitate multiple interactions. Sharks interacted through fin–fin and fin–body contacts, rolling to expose the ventral surfaces to following sharks, and breaching behaviour. Toruses formed in late summer when feeding aggregations in zooplankton‐rich thermal fronts switched to non‐feeding following and circling behaviours. Collectively, the observations explain a courtship function for toruses. This study highlights northeast Atlantic coastal waters as a critical habitat supporting courtship reproductive behaviour of endangered basking sharks, the first such habitat identified for this species globally.
    Keywords Cetorhinus maximus ; color ; courtship ; females ; habitats ; reproductive behavior ; sexual maturity ; sharks ; summer ; Atlantic Ocean
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-11
    Size p. 1160-1181.
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15187
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  5. Article ; Online: Circles in the sea: annual courtship "torus" behaviour of basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus identified in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean.

    Sims, David W / Berrow, Simon D / O'Sullivan, Ken M / Pfeiffer, Nicholas J / Collins, Richard / Smith, Kev L / Pfeiffer, Brianna M / Connery, Paul / Wasik, Shane / Flounders, Lois / Queiroz, Nuno / Humphries, Nicolas E / Womersley, Freya C / Southall, Emily J

    Journal of fish biology

    2022  Volume 101, Issue 5, Page(s) 1160–1181

    Abstract: Groups of basking sharks engaged in circling behaviour are rarely observed, and their function remains enigmatic in the absence of detailed observations. Here, underwater and aerial video recordings of multiple circling groups of basking sharks during ... ...

    Abstract Groups of basking sharks engaged in circling behaviour are rarely observed, and their function remains enigmatic in the absence of detailed observations. Here, underwater and aerial video recordings of multiple circling groups of basking sharks during late summer (August and September 2016-2021) in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean showed groups numbering between 6 and 23 non-feeding individuals of both sexes. Sharks swam slowly in a rotating "torus" (diameter range: 17-39 m), with individuals layered vertically from the surface to a maximum depth of 16 m. Within a torus, sharks engaged in close-following, echelon, close-flank approach or parallel-swimming behaviours. Measured shark total body lengths were 5.4-9.5 m (mean L
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Animals ; Courtship ; Sharks ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecosystem ; Seasons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15187
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  6. Article ; Research data: (with research data) Basking sharks and oceanographic fronts: quantifying associations in the north‐east Atlantic

    Miller, Peter I / Scales, Kylie L / Ingram, Simon N / Southall, Emily J / Sims, David W / Costa, Daniel

    Functional ecology. 2015 Aug., v. 29, no. 8

    2015  

    Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms that link oceanographic processes and marine vertebrate space use is critical to our knowledge of marine ecosystem functioning, and for effective management of populations of conservation concern. The basking shark Cetorhinus ...

    Abstract Understanding the mechanisms that link oceanographic processes and marine vertebrate space use is critical to our knowledge of marine ecosystem functioning, and for effective management of populations of conservation concern. The basking shark Cetorhinus maximus has been observed in association with oceanographic fronts – physical interfaces at the transitions between water masses – exploiting foraging opportunities resulting from zooplankton aggregation. However, the scale, significance and variability of these associations have not previously been established. Here, we quantify the influence of thermal and chlorophyll‐a fronts on basking shark habitat use in the north‐east Atlantic. We use animal‐mounted archival tracking together with composite front mapping via Earth Observation (EO) remote sensing to provide an oceanographic context to shark movements. We investigate levels of association with fronts occurring over two spatio‐temporal scales, (i) broad‐scale, seasonally persistent frontal zones and (ii) contemporaneous thermal and chl‐a fronts. Using random walk simulations and logistic regression within an iterative generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) framework, we find that seasonal front frequency is a significant predictor of shark presence. Oceanographic metrics time‐matched to shark tracks indicate that sharks show a preference for productive regions and associate with contemporaneous thermal and chl‐a fronts more frequently than could be expected at random. Moreover, we highlight the importance of front persistence and cross‐frontal temperature step, which appear to interact to affect the degree of prey aggregation along thermal fronts in this shelf‐sea system. Our findings confirm that surface frontal activity is a predictor of basking shark presence in the north‐east Atlantic, both over seasonal timescales and in near real‐time. These insights have clear implications for understanding the preferred habitats of basking sharks in the context of anthropogenic threat management and marine spatial planning in the region.
    Keywords chlorophyll ; foraging ; habitat preferences ; habitats ; marine ecosystems ; models ; planning ; population ; regression analysis ; remote sensing ; sharks ; temperature ; zooplankton
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-08
    Size p. 1099-1109.
    Publishing place British Ecological Society
    Document type Article ; Research data
    ZDB-ID 2020307-X
    ISSN 1365-2435 ; 0269-8463 ; 0269-8463
    ISSN (online) 1365-2435
    ISSN 0269-8463
    DOI 10.1111/1365-2435.12423
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  7. Article: Foraging success of biological Lévy flights recorded in situ

    Humphries, Nicolas E / Weimerskirch, Henri / Queiroz, Nuno / Southall, Emily J / Sims, David W

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012 May 8, v. 109, no. 19

    2012  

    Abstract: It is an open question how animals find food in dynamic natural environments where they possess little or no knowledge of where resources are located. Foraging theory predicts that in environments with sparsely distributed target resources, where forager ...

    Abstract It is an open question how animals find food in dynamic natural environments where they possess little or no knowledge of where resources are located. Foraging theory predicts that in environments with sparsely distributed target resources, where forager knowledge about resources’ locations is incomplete, Lévy flight movements optimize the success of random searches. However, the putative success of Lévy foraging has been demonstrated only in model simulations. Here, we use high-temporal-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of wandering (Diomedea exulans) and black-browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) with simultaneous recording of prey captures, to show that both species exhibit Lévy and Brownian movement patterns. We find that total prey masses captured by wandering albatrosses during Lévy movements exceed daily energy requirements by nearly fourfold, and approached yields by Brownian movements in other habitats. These results, together with our reanalysis of previously published albatross data, overturn the notion that albatrosses do not exhibit Lévy patterns during foraging, and demonstrate that Lévy flights of predators in dynamic natural environments present a beneficial alternative strategy to simple, spatially intensive behaviors. Our findings add support to the possibility that biological Lévy flight may have naturally evolved as a search strategy in response to sparse resources and scant information.
    Keywords animals ; energy requirements ; flight ; foraging ; global positioning systems ; habitats ; predators ; simulation models
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2012-0508
    Size p. 7169-7174.
    Publishing place National Academy of Sciences
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1121201109
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  8. Article ; Online: Foraging success of biological Lévy flights recorded in situ.

    Humphries, Nicolas E / Weimerskirch, Henri / Queiroz, Nuno / Southall, Emily J / Sims, David W

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2012  Volume 109, Issue 19, Page(s) 7169–7174

    Abstract: It is an open question how animals find food in dynamic natural environments where they possess little or no knowledge of where resources are located. Foraging theory predicts that in environments with sparsely distributed target resources, where forager ...

    Abstract It is an open question how animals find food in dynamic natural environments where they possess little or no knowledge of where resources are located. Foraging theory predicts that in environments with sparsely distributed target resources, where forager knowledge about resources' locations is incomplete, Lévy flight movements optimize the success of random searches. However, the putative success of Lévy foraging has been demonstrated only in model simulations. Here, we use high-temporal-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of wandering (Diomedea exulans) and black-browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) with simultaneous recording of prey captures, to show that both species exhibit Lévy and Brownian movement patterns. We find that total prey masses captured by wandering albatrosses during Lévy movements exceed daily energy requirements by nearly fourfold, and approached yields by Brownian movements in other habitats. These results, together with our reanalysis of previously published albatross data, overturn the notion that albatrosses do not exhibit Lévy patterns during foraging, and demonstrate that Lévy flights of predators in dynamic natural environments present a beneficial alternative strategy to simple, spatially intensive behaviors. Our findings add support to the possibility that biological Lévy flight may have naturally evolved as a search strategy in response to sparse resources and scant information.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Flight, Animal/physiology ; Food Chain ; Geographic Information Systems ; Geography ; Indian Ocean ; Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Telemetry/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-04-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1121201109
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  9. Article ; Online: Hierarchical random walks in trace fossils and the origin of optimal search behavior.

    Sims, David W / Reynolds, Andrew M / Humphries, Nicolas E / Southall, Emily J / Wearmouth, Victoria J / Metcalfe, Brett / Twitchett, Richard J

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2014  Volume 111, Issue 30, Page(s) 11073–11078

    Abstract: Efficient searching is crucial for timely location of food and other resources. Recent studies show that diverse living animals use a theoretically optimal scale-free random search for sparse resources known as a Lévy walk, but little is known of the ... ...

    Abstract Efficient searching is crucial for timely location of food and other resources. Recent studies show that diverse living animals use a theoretically optimal scale-free random search for sparse resources known as a Lévy walk, but little is known of the origins and evolution of foraging behavior and the search strategies of extinct organisms. Here, using simulations of self-avoiding trace fossil trails, we show that randomly introduced strophotaxis (U-turns)--initiated by obstructions such as self-trail avoidance or innate cueing--leads to random looping patterns with clustering across increasing scales that is consistent with the presence of Lévy walks. This predicts that optimal Lévy searches may emerge from simple behaviors observed in fossil trails. We then analyzed fossilized trails of benthic marine organisms by using a novel path analysis technique and find the first evidence, to our knowledge, of Lévy-like search strategies in extinct animals. Our results show that simple search behaviors of extinct animals in heterogeneous environments give rise to hierarchically nested Brownian walk clusters that converge to optimal Lévy patterns. Primary productivity collapse and large-scale food scarcity characterizing mass extinctions evident in the fossil record may have triggered adaptation of optimal Lévy-like searches. The findings suggest that Lévy-like behavior has been used by foragers since at least the Eocene but may have a more ancient origin, which might explain recent widespread observations of such patterns among modern taxa.
    MeSH term(s) Appetitive Behavior ; Fossils ; Models, Theoretical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1405966111
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  10. Article: Year‐round sexual harassment as a behavioral mediator of vertebrate population dynamics

    Wearmouth, Victoria J / Cuthill, Innes C / Morritt, David / Partridge, Julian C / Sims, David W / Southall, Emily J / Thompson, Richard C

    Ecological monographs. 2012 Aug., v. 82, no. 3

    2012  

    Abstract: Within‐species sexual segregation is a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, but its causes remain a topic of much debate. Female avoidance of male coercive mating attempts has the potential to influence the social structure of animal populations, yet ...

    Abstract Within‐species sexual segregation is a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, but its causes remain a topic of much debate. Female avoidance of male coercive mating attempts has the potential to influence the social structure of animal populations, yet it has been largely overlooked as a driver of sexual separation. Indeed, its potential role in long‐term structuring of natural populations has not been studied. Here we use a comparative approach to examine the suitability of multiple hypotheses forwarded to account for sexual segregation (i.e., activity budget, predation risk, thermal niche–fecundity, and social factors) as drivers underlying sex‐specific habitat use in a monomorphic model vertebrate, the small‐spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula. Using this hypothesis‐driven approach, we show that year‐round sexual habitat segregation in S. canicula can be accounted for directly by female avoidance of male sexual harassment. Long‐term electronic tracking reveals that sperm‐storing female catsharks form daytime refuging aggregations in shallow‐water caves (∼3.2 m water depth) and undertake nocturnal foraging excursions into deeper water (∼25 m) on most nights. In contrast, males occupy deeper, cooler habitat (∼18 m) by day and exploit a range of depths nocturnally (1–23 m). Males frequent the locations of shallow‐water female refuges, apparently intercepting females for mating when they emerge from, and return to, refuges on foraging excursions. Females partly compensate for higher metabolic costs incurred when refuging in warmer habitat by remaining inactive; however, egg production rates decline in the warmest months, but refuging behavior is not abandoned. Thermal choice experiments confirm that individual females are willing to “pay” in energy terms to avoid aggressive males and unsolicited male mating attempts. Long‐term evasion of sexual harassment influences both the social structure and fecundity of the study population, with females trading off potential injury and unsolicited matings with longer‐term fitness. This identifies sexual harassment as a persistent cost to females that can mediate vertebrate population dynamics.
    Keywords caves ; egg production ; energy ; fecundity ; females ; foraging ; habitat preferences ; habitats ; males ; models ; population dynamics ; predation ; risk ; Scyliorhinus canicula ; social factors ; social structure ; vertebrates
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2012-08
    Size p. 351-366.
    Publishing place Ecological Society of America
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 410216-2
    ISSN 1557-7015 ; 0012-9615
    ISSN (online) 1557-7015
    ISSN 0012-9615
    DOI 10.1890/11-2052.1
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