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Article ; Online: Use of eye-gaze technology feedback by assistive technology professionals: findings from a thematic analysis.

Griffiths, Tom / Judge, Simon / Souto, David

Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology

2024 , Page(s) 1–18

Abstract: Purpose: ...

Abstract	Purpose:
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2221782-4
ISSN	1748-3115 ; 1748-3107
ISSN (online)	1748-3115
ISSN	1748-3107
DOI	10.1080/17483107.2024.2338125
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Article ; Online: A metacognitive approach to the study of motion-induced duration biases reveals inter-individual differences in forming confidence judgments.

Bruno, Aurelio / Sudkamp, Jennifer / Souto, David

Journal of vision

2023 Volume 23, Issue 3, Page(s) 15

Abstract: Our ability to estimate the duration of subsecond visual events is prone to distortions, which depend on both sensory and decisional factors. To disambiguate between these two influences, we can look at the alignment between discrimination estimates of ... ...

Abstract	Our ability to estimate the duration of subsecond visual events is prone to distortions, which depend on both sensory and decisional factors. To disambiguate between these two influences, we can look at the alignment between discrimination estimates of duration at the point of subjective equality and confidence estimates when the confidence about decisions is minimal, because observers should be maximally uncertain when two stimuli are perceptually the same. Here, we used this approach to investigate the relationship between the speed of a visual stimulus and its perceived duration. Participants were required to compare two intervals, report which had the longer duration, and then rate their confidence in that judgment. One of the intervals contained a stimulus drifting at a constant speed, whereas the stimulus embedded in the other interval could be stationary, linearly accelerating or decelerating, or drifting at the same speed. Discrimination estimates revealed duration compression for the stationary stimuli and, to a lesser degree, for the accelerating and decelerating stimuli. Confidence showed a similar pattern, but, overall, the confidence estimates were shifted more toward higher durations, pointing to a small contribution of decisional processes. A simple observer model, which assumes that both judgments are based on the same sensory information, captured well inter-individual differences in the criterion used to form a confidence judgment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Judgment ; Individuality ; Motion ; Motion Perception ; Bias
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2106064-2
ISSN	1534-7362 ; 1534-7362
ISSN (online)	1534-7362
ISSN	1534-7362
DOI	10.1167/jov.23.3.15
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Article ; Online: Tuning in to a hip-hop beat: Pursuit eye movements reveal processing of biological motion.

Souto, David / Sudkamp, Jennifer / Nacilla, Kyle / Bocian, Mateusz

Human movement science

2023 Volume 91, Page(s) 103126

Abstract: Smooth pursuit eye movements are mainly driven by motion signals to achieve their goal of reducing retinal motion blur. However, they can also show anticipation of predictable movement patterns. Oculomotor predictions may rely on an internal model of the ...

Abstract	Smooth pursuit eye movements are mainly driven by motion signals to achieve their goal of reducing retinal motion blur. However, they can also show anticipation of predictable movement patterns. Oculomotor predictions may rely on an internal model of the target kinematics. Most investigations on the nature of those predictions have concentrated on simple stimuli, such as a decontextualized dot. However, biological motion is one of the most important visual stimuli in regulating human interaction and its perception involves integration of form and motion across time and space. Therefore, we asked whether there is a specific contribution of an internal model of biological motion in driving pursuit eye movements. Unlike previous contributions, we exploited the cyclical nature of walking to measure eye movement's ability to track the velocity oscillations of the hip of point-light walkers. We quantified the quality of tracking by cross-correlating pursuit and hip velocity oscillations. We found a robust correlation between signals, even along the horizontal dimension, where changes in velocity during the stepping cycle are very subtle. The inversion of the walker and the presentation of the hip-dot without context incurred the same additional phase lag along the horizontal dimension. These findings support the view that information beyond the hip-dot contributes to the prediction of hip kinematics that controls pursuit. We also found a smaller phase lag in inverted walkers for pursuit along the vertical dimension compared to upright walkers, indicating that inversion does not simply reduce prediction. We suggest that pursuit eye movements reflect the visual processing of biological motion and as such could provide an implicit measure of higher-level visual function.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Eye Movements ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Pursuit, Smooth ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	601851-8
ISSN	1872-7646 ; 0167-9457
ISSN (online)	1872-7646
ISSN	0167-9457
DOI	10.1016/j.humov.2023.103126
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Article ; Online: Visual selective attention and the control of tracking eye movements: a critical review.

Souto, David / Kerzel, Dirk

Journal of neurophysiology

2021 Volume 125, Issue 5, Page(s) 1552–1576

Abstract: People's eyes are directed at objects of interest with the aim of acquiring visual information. However, processing this information is constrained in capacity, requiring task-driven and salience-driven attentional mechanisms to select few among the many ...

Abstract	People's eyes are directed at objects of interest with the aim of acquiring visual information. However, processing this information is constrained in capacity, requiring task-driven and salience-driven attentional mechanisms to select few among the many available objects. A wealth of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence has demonstrated that visual selection and the motor selection of saccade targets rely on shared mechanisms. This coupling supports the premotor theory of visual attention put forth more than 30 years ago, postulating visual selection as a necessary stage in motor selection. In this review, we examine to which extent the coupling of visual and motor selection observed with saccades is replicated during ocular tracking. Ocular tracking combines catch-up saccades and smooth pursuit to foveate a moving object. We find evidence that ocular tracking requires visual selection of the speed and direction of the moving target, but the position of the motion signal may not coincide with the position of the pursuit target. Further, visual and motor selection can be spatially decoupled when pursuit is initiated (open-loop pursuit). We propose that a main function of coupled visual and motor selection is to serve the coordination of catch-up saccades and pursuit eye movements. A simple race-to-threshold model is proposed to explain the variable coupling of visual selection during pursuit, catch-up and regular saccades, while generating testable predictions. We discuss pending issues, such as disentangling visual selection from preattentive visual processing and response selection, and the pinpointing of visual selection mechanisms, which have begun to be addressed in the neurophysiological literature.
MeSH term(s)	Attention/physiology ; Eye-Tracking Technology ; Humans ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Saccades/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	80161-6
ISSN	1522-1598 ; 0022-3077
ISSN (online)	1522-1598
ISSN	0022-3077
DOI	10.1152/jn.00145.2019
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Article ; Online: An Exploratory Investigation of Pupillometry As a Measure of Tinnitus Intrusiveness on a Test of Auditory Short-Term Memory.

Barrett, Doug J K / Souto, David / Pilling, Michael / Baguley, David M

Ear and hearing

2022 Volume 43, Issue 5, Page(s) 1540–1548

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of pupillometry to provide an objective measure of competition between tinnitus and external sounds during a test of auditory short-term memory.: Design: Twelve ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of pupillometry to provide an objective measure of competition between tinnitus and external sounds during a test of auditory short-term memory. Design: Twelve participants with chronic tinnitus and twelve control participants without tinnitus took part in the study. Pretest sessions used an adaptive method to estimate listeners' frequency discrimination threshold on a test of delayed pitch discrimination for pure tones. Target and probe tones were presented at 72 dB SPL and centered on 750 Hz±2 semitones with an additional jitter of 5 to 20 Hz. Test sessions recorded baseline pupil diameter and task-related pupillary responses (TEPRs) during three blocks of delayed pitch discrimination trials. The difference between target and probe tones was set to the individual's frequency detection threshold for 80% response-accuracy. Listeners with tinnitus also completed the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Linear mixed effects procedures were applied to examine changes in baseline pupil diameter and TEPRs associated with group (tinnitus versus control), block (1 to 3) and their interaction. The association between THI scores and maximum TEPRs was assessed using simple linear regression. Results: Patterns of baseline pupil dilation across trials diverged in listeners with tinnitus and controls. For controls, baseline pupil dilation remained constant across blocks. For listeners with tinnitus, baseline pupil dilation increased on blocks 2 and 3 compared with block 1. TEPR amplitudes were also larger in listeners with tinnitus than controls. Linear mixed effects models yielded a significant group by block interaction for baseline pupil diameter and a significant main effect of group on maximum TEPR amplitudes. Regression analyses yielded a significant association between THI scores and TEPR amplitude in listeners with tinnitus. Conclusions: Our data indicate measures of baseline pupil diameter, and TEPRs are sensitive to competition between tinnitus and external sounds during a test of auditory short-term memory. This result suggests pupillometry can provide an objective measure of intrusion in tinnitus. Future research will be required to establish whether our findings generalize to listeners across a full range of tinnitus severity.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Pitch Discrimination/physiology ; Pupil/physiology ; Tinnitus
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603093-2
ISSN	1538-4667 ; 0196-0202
ISSN (online)	1538-4667
ISSN	0196-0202
DOI	10.1097/AUD.0000000000001214
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Article ; Online: The role of eye movements in perceiving vehicle speed and time-to-arrival at the roadside.

Sudkamp, Jennifer / Bocian, Mateusz / Souto, David

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 23312

Abstract: To avoid collisions, pedestrians depend on their ability to perceive and interpret the visual motion of other road users. Eye movements influence motion perception, yet pedestrians' gaze behavior has been little investigated. In the present study, we ask ...

Abstract	To avoid collisions, pedestrians depend on their ability to perceive and interpret the visual motion of other road users. Eye movements influence motion perception, yet pedestrians' gaze behavior has been little investigated. In the present study, we ask whether observers sample visual information differently when making two types of judgements based on the same virtual road-crossing scenario and to which extent spontaneous gaze behavior affects those judgements. Participants performed in succession a speed and a time-to-arrival two-interval discrimination task on the same simple traffic scenario-a car approaching at a constant speed (varying from 10 to 90 km/h) on a single-lane road. On average, observers were able to discriminate vehicle speeds of around 18 km/h and times-to-arrival of 0.7 s. In both tasks, observers placed their gaze closely towards the center of the vehicle's front plane while pursuing the vehicle. Other areas of the visual scene were sampled infrequently. No differences were found in the average gaze behavior between the two tasks and a pattern classifier (Support Vector Machine), trained on trial-level gaze patterns, failed to reliably classify the task from the spontaneous eye movements it elicited. Saccadic gaze behavior could predict time-to-arrival discrimination performance, demonstrating the relevance of gaze behavior for perceptual sensitivity in road-crossing.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Decision Making/physiology ; Distance Perception/physiology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Motor Vehicles ; Pedestrians/psychology ; Saccades/physiology ; Time Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-02412-x
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Article ; Online: Ambiguity in high definition: Gaze determines physical interpretation of ambiguous rotation even in the absence of a visual context.

Souto, David / Smith, Lily / Sudkamp, Jennifer / Bloj, Marina

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2020 Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 1239–1246

Abstract: Physical interactions between objects, or between an object and the ground, are amongst the most biologically relevant for live beings. Prior knowledge of Newtonian physics may play a role in disambiguating an object's movement as well as foveation by ... ...

Abstract	Physical interactions between objects, or between an object and the ground, are amongst the most biologically relevant for live beings. Prior knowledge of Newtonian physics may play a role in disambiguating an object's movement as well as foveation by increasing the spatial resolution of the visual input. Observers were shown a virtual 3D scene, representing an ambiguously rotating ball translating on the ground. The ball was perceived as rotating congruently with friction, but only when gaze was located at the point of contact. Inverting or even removing the visual context had little influence on congruent judgements compared with the effect of gaze. Counterintuitively, gaze at the point of contact determines the solution of perceptual ambiguity, but independently of visual context. We suggest this constitutes a frugal strategy, by which the brain infers dynamics locally when faced with a foveated input that is ambiguous.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Friction ; Humans ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Rotation ; Space Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-020-01776-x
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Article ; Online: Book of Abstracts of the 21th European Conference on Eye Movements in Leicester 2022.

McGowan, Victoria / Pagán, Ascensión / Paterson, Kevin B / Souto, David / Groner, Rudolf

Journal of eye movement research

2022 Volume 15, Issue 5

Abstract: Contents Keynotes: ...

Abstract	Contents Keynotes:
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2578662-3
ISSN	1995-8692 ; 1995-8692
ISSN (online)	1995-8692
ISSN	1995-8692
DOI	10.16910/jemr.15.5.2
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Article ; Online: Programme of the 21st European Conference on Eye Movements.

McGowan, Victoria / Pagán, Ascensión / Paterson, Kevin B / Souto, David / Groner, Rudolf

Journal of eye movement research

2022 Volume 15, Issue 5

Abstract: About ECEM ECEM was initiated by Rudolf Groner (Bern), Dieter Heller (Bayreuth at the time) and Henk Breimer (Tilburg) in the 198 to provide a forum for an interdisciplinary group of scientists interested in eye movements. Since the inaugural meeting in ... ...

Abstract	About ECEM ECEM was initiated by Rudolf Groner (Bern), Dieter Heller (Bayreuth at the time) and Henk Breimer (Tilburg) in the 198 to provide a forum for an interdisciplinary group of scientists interested in eye movements. Since the inaugural meeting in Bern, the conference has been held every two years in different venues across Europe until 2021, when it was planned to take place in Leicester but was cancelled due to the COVID pandemic. It was decided to hold the meeting in Leicester in August 2022 instead, and as an in person meeting rather than an online or hybrid event. Incidentally, the present meeting is the third time the conference has come to the English East Midlands, now in Leicester following previous meetings in the neighbouring cities of Derby and Nottingham. The sites of previous ECEMs and webpages can be found here..
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2578662-3
ISSN	1995-8692 ; 1995-8692
ISSN (online)	1995-8692
ISSN	1995-8692
DOI	10.16910/jemr.15.5.1
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Article ; Online: Motion integration is anisotropic during smooth pursuit eye movements.

Souto, David / Chudasama, Jayesha / Kerzel, Dirk / Johnston, Alan

Journal of neurophysiology

2019 Volume 121, Issue 5, Page(s) 1787–1797

Abstract: Smooth pursuit eye movements (pursuit) are used to minimize the retinal motion of moving objects. During pursuit, the pattern of motion on the retina carries not only information about the object movement but also reafferent information about the eye ... ...

Abstract	Smooth pursuit eye movements (pursuit) are used to minimize the retinal motion of moving objects. During pursuit, the pattern of motion on the retina carries not only information about the object movement but also reafferent information about the eye movement itself. The latter arises from the retinal flow of the stationary world in the direction opposite to the eye movement. To extract the global direction of motion of the tracked object and stationary world, the visual system needs to integrate ambiguous local motion measurements (i.e., the aperture problem). Unlike the tracked object, the stationary world's global motion is entirely determined by the eye movement and thus can be approximately derived from motor commands sent to the eye (i.e., from an efference copy). Because retinal motion opposite to the eye movement is dominant during pursuit, different motion integration mechanisms might be used for retinal motion in the same direction and opposite to pursuit. To investigate motion integration during pursuit, we tested direction discrimination of a brief change in global object motion. The global motion stimulus was a circular array of small static apertures within which one-dimensional gratings moved. We found increased coherence thresholds and a qualitatively different reflexive ocular tracking for global motion opposite to pursuit. Both effects suggest reduced sampling of motion opposite to pursuit, which results in an impaired ability to extract coherence in motion signals in the reafferent direction. We suggest that anisotropic motion integration is an adaptation to asymmetric retinal motion patterns experienced during pursuit eye movements.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anisotropy ; Discrimination, Psychological ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motion Perception ; Pursuit, Smooth
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80161-6
ISSN	1522-1598 ; 0022-3077
ISSN (online)	1522-1598
ISSN	0022-3077
DOI	10.1152/jn.00591.2018
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