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  1. Article ; Online: Robust Automated Tumour Segmentation Network Using 3D Direction-Wise Convolution and Transformer.

    Chu, Ziping / Singh, Sonit / Sowmya, Arcot

    Journal of imaging informatics in medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: Semantic segmentation of tumours plays a crucial role in fundamental medical image analysis and has a significant impact on cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. UNet and its variants have achieved state-of-the-art results on various 2D and 3D medical ...

    Abstract Semantic segmentation of tumours plays a crucial role in fundamental medical image analysis and has a significant impact on cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. UNet and its variants have achieved state-of-the-art results on various 2D and 3D medical image segmentation tasks involving different imaging modalities. Recently, researchers have tried to merge the multi-head self-attention mechanism, as introduced by the Transformer, into U-shaped network structures to enhance the segmentation performance. However, both suffer from limitations that make networks under-perform on voxel-level classification tasks, the Transformer is unable to encode positional information and translation equivariance, while the Convolutional Neural Network lacks global features and dynamic attention. In this work, a new architecture named TCTNet Tumour Segmentation with 3D Direction-Wise Convolution and Transformer) is introduced, which comprises an encoder utilising a hybrid Transformer-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structure and a decoder that incorporates 3D Direction-Wise Convolution. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid Transformer-CNN network structure obtains better performance than other 3D segmentation networks on the Brain Tumour Segmentation 2021 (BraTS21) dataset. Two more tumour datasets from Medical Segmentation Decathlon are also utilised to test the generalisation ability of the proposed network architecture. In addition, an ablation study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the designed decoder for the tumour segmentation tasks. The proposed method maintains a competitive segmentation performance while reducing computational effort by 10% in terms of floating-point operations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2948-2933
    ISSN (online) 2948-2933
    DOI 10.1007/s10278-024-01131-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Using visual attention estimation on videos for automated prediction of autism spectrum disorder and symptom severity in preschool children.

    de Belen, Ryan Anthony J / Eapen, Valsamma / Bednarz, Tomasz / Sowmya, Arcot

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0282818

    Abstract: Atypical visual attention in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been utilised as a unique diagnosis criterion in previous research. This paper presents a novel approach to the automatic and quantitative screening of ASD as well as ... ...

    Abstract Atypical visual attention in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been utilised as a unique diagnosis criterion in previous research. This paper presents a novel approach to the automatic and quantitative screening of ASD as well as symptom severity prediction in preschool children. We develop a novel computational pipeline that extracts learned features from a dynamic visual stimulus to classify ASD children and predict the level of ASD-related symptoms. Experimental results demonstrate promising performance that is superior to using handcrafted features and machine learning algorithms, in terms of evaluation metrics used in diagnostic tests. Using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach, we obtained an accuracy of 94.59%, a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 76.47% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 96% for ASD classification. In addition, we obtained an accuracy of 94.74%, a sensitivity of 87.50%, a specificity of 100% and an AUC of 99% for ASD symptom severity prediction.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; ROC Curve ; Machine Learning ; Videotape Recording ; Algorithms
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282818
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Cancer Survival Prediction From Whole Slide Images With Self-Supervised Learning and Slide Consistency.

    Fan, Lei / Sowmya, Arcot / Meijering, Erik / Song, Yang

    IEEE transactions on medical imaging

    2023  Volume 42, Issue 5, Page(s) 1401–1412

    Abstract: Histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) at giga-pixel resolution are the gold standard for cancer analysis and prognosis. Due to the scarcity of pixel- or patch-level annotations of WSIs, many existing methods attempt to predict survival outcomes ... ...

    Abstract Histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) at giga-pixel resolution are the gold standard for cancer analysis and prognosis. Due to the scarcity of pixel- or patch-level annotations of WSIs, many existing methods attempt to predict survival outcomes based on a three-stage strategy that includes patch selection, patch-level feature extraction and aggregation. However, the patch features are usually extracted by using truncated models (e.g. ResNet) pretrained on ImageNet without fine-tuning on WSI tasks, and the aggregation stage does not consider the many-to-one relationship between multiple WSIs and the patient. In this paper, we propose a novel survival prediction framework that consists of patch sampling, feature extraction and patient-level survival prediction. Specifically, we employ two kinds of self-supervised learning methods, i.e. colorization and cross-channel, as pretext tasks to train convnet-based models that are tailored for extracting features from WSIs. Then, at the patient-level survival prediction we explicitly aggregate features from multiple WSIs, using consistency and contrastive losses to normalize slide-level features at the patient level. We conduct extensive experiments on three large-scale datasets: TCGA-GBM, TCGA-LUSC and NLST. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework, as it achieves state-of-the-art performance in comparison with previous studies, with concordance index of 0.670, 0.679 and 0.711 on TCGA-GBM, TCGA-LUSC and NLST, respectively.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Supervised Machine Learning ; Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 622531-7
    ISSN 1558-254X ; 0278-0062
    ISSN (online) 1558-254X
    ISSN 0278-0062
    DOI 10.1109/TMI.2022.3228275
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Radiological Diagnosis of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review.

    Singh, Sonit / Hoque, Shakira / Zekry, Amany / Sowmya, Arcot

    Journal of medical systems

    2023  Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 73

    Abstract: Medical image analysis plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of diseases, including screening, surveillance, diagnosis, and prognosis. Liver is one of the major organs responsible for key functions of metabolism, protein and hormone synthesis, ... ...

    Abstract Medical image analysis plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of diseases, including screening, surveillance, diagnosis, and prognosis. Liver is one of the major organs responsible for key functions of metabolism, protein and hormone synthesis, detoxification, and waste excretion. Patients with advanced liver disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) are often asymptomatic in the early stages; however delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to increased rates of decompensated liver diseases, late-stage HCC, morbidity and mortality. Ultrasound (US) is commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis of chronic liver diseases that includes fibrosis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension. In this paper, we first provide an overview of various diagnostic methods for stages of liver diseases and discuss the role of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems in diagnosing liver diseases. Second, we review the utility of machine learning and deep learning approaches as diagnostic tools. Finally, we present the limitations of existing studies and outline future directions to further improve diagnostic accuracy, as well as reduce cost and subjectivity, while also improving workflow for the clinicians.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Liver Cirrhosis/diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 423488-1
    ISSN 1573-689X ; 0148-5598
    ISSN (online) 1573-689X
    ISSN 0148-5598
    DOI 10.1007/s10916-023-01968-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Drusen-aware model for age-related macular degeneration recognition.

    Pan, Junjun / Ho, Sharon / Ly, Angelica / Kalloniatis, Michael / Sowmya, Arcot

    Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 668–679

    Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to build an automated age-related macular degeneration (AMD) colour fundus photography (CFP) recognition method that incorporates confounders (other ocular diseases) and normal age-related changes by using ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to build an automated age-related macular degeneration (AMD) colour fundus photography (CFP) recognition method that incorporates confounders (other ocular diseases) and normal age-related changes by using drusen masks for spatial feature supervision.
    Methods: A range of clinical sources were used to acquire 7588 CFPs. Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalisation was used for pre-processing. ResNet50 was used as the backbone network, and a spatial attention block was added to integrate prior knowledge of drusen features into the backbone. The evaluation metrics used were sensitivity, specificity and F1 score, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall (sensitivity) and area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUC). Fivefold cross-validation was performed, and the results compared with four other methods.
    Results: Excellent discrimination results were obtained with the algorithm. On the public dataset (n = 6565), the proposed method achieved a mean (SD) sensitivity of 0.54 (0.09), specificity of 0.99 (0.00), F1 score of 0.62 (0.06) and AUC of 0.92 (0.02). On the private dataset (n = 1023), the proposed method achieved a sensitivity of 0.92 (0.02), specificity of 0.98 (0.01), F1 score of 0.92 (0.01) and AUC of 0.98 (0.01).
    Conclusion: The proposed drusen-aware model outperformed baseline and other vessel feature-based methods in F1 and AUC on the AMD/normal CFP classification task and achieved comparable results on datasets that included other diseases that often confound classification. The method also improved results when a five-category grading protocol was used, thereby reflecting discriminative ability of the algorithm within a real-life clinical setting.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Retinal Drusen/diagnosis ; Macular Degeneration/diagnosis ; Retina ; Algorithms ; ROC Curve
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604564-9
    ISSN 1475-1313 ; 0275-5408
    ISSN (online) 1475-1313
    ISSN 0275-5408
    DOI 10.1111/opo.13108
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: A Multi-Scale Context Aware Attention Model for Medical Image Segmentation.

    Alam, Md Shariful / Wang, Dadong / Liao, Qiyu / Sowmya, Arcot

    IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics

    2023  Volume 27, Issue 8, Page(s) 3731–3739

    Abstract: Medical image segmentation is critical for efficient diagnosis of diseases and treatment planning. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based methods, particularly U-Net and its variants, have achieved remarkable results on medical image ... ...

    Abstract Medical image segmentation is critical for efficient diagnosis of diseases and treatment planning. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based methods, particularly U-Net and its variants, have achieved remarkable results on medical image segmentation tasks. However, they do not always work consistently on images with complex structures and large variations in regions of interest (ROI). This could be due to the fixed geometric structure of the receptive fields used for feature extraction and repetitive down-sampling operations that lead to information loss. To overcome these problems, the standard U-Net architecture is modified in this work by replacing the convolution block with a dilated convolution block to extract multi-scale context features with varying sizes of receptive fields, and adding a dilated inception block between the encoder and decoder paths to alleviate the problem of information recession and the semantic gap between features. Furthermore, the input of each dilated convolution block is added to the output through a squeeze and excitation unit, which alleviates the vanishing gradient problem and improves overall feature representation by re-weighting the channel-wise feature responses. The original inception block is modified by reducing the size of the spatial filter and introducing dilated convolution to obtain a larger receptive field. The proposed network was validated on three challenging medical image segmentation tasks with varying size ROIs: lung segmentation on chest X-ray (CXR) images, skin lesion segmentation on dermoscopy images and nucleus segmentation on microscopy cell images. Improved performance compared to state-of-the-art techniques demonstrates the effectiveness and generalisability of the proposed Dilated Convolution and Inception blocks-based U-Net (DCI-UNet).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cell Nucleus ; Microscopy ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Semantics ; Attention ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2695320-1
    ISSN 2168-2208 ; 2168-2194
    ISSN (online) 2168-2208
    ISSN 2168-2194
    DOI 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3227540
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Book ; Online: Automatic 3D Multi-modal Ultrasound Segmentation of Human Placenta using Fusion Strategies and Deep Learning

    Singh, Sonit / Stevenson, Gordon / Mein, Brendan / Welsh, Alec / Sowmya, Arcot

    2024  

    Abstract: Purpose: Ultrasound is the most commonly used medical imaging modality for diagnosis and screening in clinical practice. Due to its safety profile, noninvasive nature and portability, ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for fetal assessment in ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Ultrasound is the most commonly used medical imaging modality for diagnosis and screening in clinical practice. Due to its safety profile, noninvasive nature and portability, ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for fetal assessment in pregnancy. Current ultrasound processing methods are either manual or semi-automatic and are therefore laborious, time-consuming and prone to errors, and automation would go a long way in addressing these challenges. Automated identification of placental changes at earlier gestation could facilitate potential therapies for conditions such as fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia that are currently detected only at late gestational age, potentially preventing perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: We propose an automatic three-dimensional multi-modal (B-mode and power Doppler) ultrasound segmentation of the human placenta using deep learning combined with different fusion strategies.We collected data containing Bmode and power Doppler ultrasound scans for 400 studies. Results: We evaluated different fusion strategies and state-of-the-art image segmentation networks for placenta segmentation based on standard overlap- and boundary-based metrics. We found that multimodal information in the form of B-mode and power Doppler scans outperform any single modality. Furthermore, we found that B-mode and power Doppler input scans fused at the data level provide the best results with a mean Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 0.849. Conclusion: We conclude that the multi-modal approach of combining B-mode and power Doppler scans is effective in segmenting the placenta from 3D ultrasound scans in a fully automated manner and is robust to quality variation of the datasets.
    Keywords Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing ; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2024-01-17
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Data augmentation with improved regularisation and sampling for imbalanced blood cell image classification.

    Rana, Priyanka / Sowmya, Arcot / Meijering, Erik / Song, Yang

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 18101

    Abstract: Due to progression in cell-cycle or duration of storage, classification of morphological changes in human blood cells is important for correct and effective clinical decisions. Automated classification systems help avoid subjective outcomes and are more ... ...

    Abstract Due to progression in cell-cycle or duration of storage, classification of morphological changes in human blood cells is important for correct and effective clinical decisions. Automated classification systems help avoid subjective outcomes and are more efficient. Deep learning and more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance on various biomedical image classification problems. However, real-world data often suffers from the data imbalance problem, owing to which the trained classifier is biased towards the majority classes and does not perform well on the minority classes. This study presents an imbalanced blood cells classification method that utilises Wasserstein divergence GAN, mixup and novel nonlinear mixup for data augmentation to achieve oversampling of the minority classes. We also present a minority class focussed sampling strategy, which allows effective representation of minority class samples produced by all three data augmentation techniques and contributes to the classification performance. The method was evaluated on two publicly available datasets of immortalised human T-lymphocyte cells and Red Blood Cells. Classification performance evaluated using F1-score shows that our proposed approach outperforms existing methods on the same datasets.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Blood Cells
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-22882-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Super-resolution phase retrieval network for single-pattern structured light 3D imaging.

    Song, Jianwen / Liu, Kai / Sowmya, Arcot / Sun, Changming

    IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society

    2022  Volume PP

    Abstract: Structured light 3D imaging is often used for obtaining accurate 3D information via phase retrieval. Single-pattern structured light 3D imaging is much faster than multi-pattern versions. Current phase retrieval methods for single-pattern structured ... ...

    Abstract Structured light 3D imaging is often used for obtaining accurate 3D information via phase retrieval. Single-pattern structured light 3D imaging is much faster than multi-pattern versions. Current phase retrieval methods for single-pattern structured light 3D imaging are however not accurate enough. Besides, the projector resolution in a structured light 3D imaging system is expensive to improve due to hardware costs. To address the issues of low accuracy and low resolution of single-pattern structured light 3D imaging, this work proposes a super-resolution phase retrieval network (SRPRNet). Specifically, a phase-shifting module is proposed to extract multi-scale features with different phase shifts, and a refinement and super-resolution module is proposed to obtain refined and super-resolution phase components. After phase demodulation and unwrapping, high-resolution absolute phase is obtained. A sine shifting loss and a cosine shifting loss are also introduced to form the regularization term of the loss function. As far as can be ascertained, the proposed SRPRNet is the first network for super-resolution phase retrieval by using a single pattern, and it can also be used for standard-resolution phase retrieval. Experimental results on three datasets show that SRPRNet achieves state-of-the-art performance on 1×, 2×, and 4× super-resolution phase retrieval tasks.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1941-0042
    ISSN (online) 1941-0042
    DOI 10.1109/TIP.2022.3230245
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Imbalanced classification for protein subcellular localization with multilabel oversampling.

    Rana, Priyanka / Sowmya, Arcot / Meijering, Erik / Song, Yang

    Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)

    2022  Volume 39, Issue 1

    Abstract: Motivation: Subcellular localization of human proteins is essential to comprehend their functions and roles in physiological processes, which in turn helps in diagnostic and prognostic studies of pathological conditions and impacts clinical decision- ... ...

    Abstract Motivation: Subcellular localization of human proteins is essential to comprehend their functions and roles in physiological processes, which in turn helps in diagnostic and prognostic studies of pathological conditions and impacts clinical decision-making. Since proteins reside at multiple locations at the same time and few subcellular locations host far more proteins than other locations, the computational task for their subcellular localization is to train a multilabel classifier while handling data imbalance. In imbalanced data, minority classes are underrepresented, thus leading to a heavy bias towards the majority classes and the degradation of predictive capability for the minority classes. Furthermore, data imbalance in multilabel settings is an even more complex problem due to the coexistence of majority and minority classes.
    Results: Our studies reveal that based on the extent of concurrence of majority and minority classes, oversampling of minority samples through appropriate data augmentation techniques holds promising scope for boosting the classification performance for the minority classes. We measured the magnitude of data imbalance per class and the concurrence of majority and minority classes in the dataset. Based on the obtained values, we identified minority and medium classes, and a new oversampling method is proposed that includes non-linear mixup, geometric and colour transformations for data augmentation and a sampling approach to prepare minibatches. Performance evaluation on the Human Protein Atlas Kaggle challenge dataset shows that the proposed method is capable of achieving better predictions for minority classes than existing methods.
    Availability and implementation: Data used in this study are available at https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/human-protein-atlas-image-classification/data. Source code is available at https://github.com/priyarana/Protein-subcellular-localisation-method.
    Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Algorithms ; Proteins/metabolism ; Software ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Protein Transport
    Chemical Substances Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1422668-6
    ISSN 1367-4811 ; 1367-4803
    ISSN (online) 1367-4811
    ISSN 1367-4803
    DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac841
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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