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  1. Article ; Online: Displaying concerns within telephone triage conversations of callers with chest discomfort in out-of-hours primary care: A conversation analytic study.

    Spek, Michelle / van Charldorp, Tessa C / Vinck, Vera V / Venekamp, Roderick P / Rutten, Frans H / Zwart, Dorien L / de Groot, Esther

    Patient education and counseling

    2023  Volume 113, Page(s) 107770

    Abstract: Objectives: In primary care out of hours service (OHS-PC), triage nurses ask questions to assign urgency level for medical assessment. A semi-automatic decision tool (the Netherlands Triage Standard, NTS) facilitates triage nurses with key questions, ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: In primary care out of hours service (OHS-PC), triage nurses ask questions to assign urgency level for medical assessment. A semi-automatic decision tool (the Netherlands Triage Standard, NTS) facilitates triage nurses with key questions, but does not leave much room for paying attention to callers' concerns. We wanted to understand how callers with chest pain formulate their concerns and are helped further during telephone triage.
    Methods: We conducted a conversation analytic study of 68 triage calls from callers with chest discomfort who contacted OHS-PC of which we selected 35 transcripts in which concerns were raised. We analyzed expressions of concerns and the corresponding triage nurse response.
    Results: Due to the task-oriented nature of the NTS, callers' concerns were overlooked. For callers, however, discussing concerns was relevant, stressed by the finding that the majority of callers with chest discomfort expressed concerns.
    Conclusions: Interactional difficulties in concern-related discussions arised directly after expressed concerns if not handled adequately, or during the switch to the counseling phase.
    Practice implications: When callers display concerns during telephone triage, we recommend triage nurses to explore them briefly and then return to the sequence of tasks described in the NTS-assisted triage process.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Triage ; After-Hours Care ; Chest Pain ; Telephone ; Primary Health Care
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-04
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605590-4
    ISSN 1873-5134 ; 0738-3991
    ISSN (online) 1873-5134
    ISSN 0738-3991
    DOI 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107770
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Shortness of breath as a diagnostic factor for acute coronary syndrome in male and female callers to out-of-hours primary care.

    Spek, Michelle / Venekamp, Roderick P / Erkelens, Daphne C A / van Smeden, Maarten / Wouters, Loes T C M / den Ruijter, Hester M / Rutten, Frans H / Zwart, Dorien L

    Heart (British Cardiac Society)

    2024  Volume 110, Issue 6, Page(s) 425–431

    Abstract: Objective: Chest discomfort and shortness of breath (SOB) are key symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is, however, unknown whether SOB is valuable for recognising ACS during telephone triage in the out-of-hours primary care (OHS- ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Chest discomfort and shortness of breath (SOB) are key symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is, however, unknown whether SOB is valuable for recognising ACS during telephone triage in the out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC) setting.
    Methods: A cross-sectional study performed in the Netherlands. Telephone triage conversations were analysed of callers with chest discomfort who contacted the OHS-PC between 2014 and 2017, comparing patients with SOB with those who did not report SOB. We determine the relation between SOB and (1) High urgency allocation, (2) ACS and (3) ACS or other life-threatening diseases.
    Results: Of the 2195 callers with chest discomfort, 1096 (49.9%) reported SOB (43.7% men, 56.3% women). In total, 15.3% men (13.2% in those with SOB) and 8.4% women (9.2% in those with SOB) appeared to have ACS. SOB compared with no SOB was associated with high urgency allocation (75.9% vs 60.8%, OR: 2.03; 95% CI 1.69 to 2.44, multivariable OR (mOR): 2.03; 95% CI 1.69 to 2.44), but not with ACS (10.9% vs 12.0%; OR: 0.90; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.17, mOR: 0.91; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.19) or 'ACS or other life-threatening diseases' (15.0% vs 14.1%; OR: 1.07; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.36, mOR: 1.09; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.38). For women the relation with ACS was 9.2% vs 7.5%, OR: 1.25; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.88, and for men 13.2% vs 17.4%, OR: 0.72; 95% CI 0.51 to 1.02. For 'ACS or other life-threatening diseases', this was 13.0% vs 8.5%, OR: 1.60; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.32 for women, and 7.5% vs 20.8%, OR: 0.81; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.12 for men.
    Conclusions: Men and women with chest discomfort and SOB who contact the OHS-PC more often receive high urgency than those without SOB. This seems to be adequate in women, but not in men when considering the risk of ACS or other life-threatening diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Female ; Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis ; Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications ; Dyspnea/diagnosis ; Dyspnea/etiology ; Primary Health Care ; After-Hours Care ; Chest Pain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1303417-0
    ISSN 1468-201X ; 1355-6037
    ISSN (online) 1468-201X
    ISSN 1355-6037
    DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2023-323220
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Accuracy of urgency allocation in patients with shortness of breath calling out-of-hours primary care: a cross-sectional study.

    Spek, Michelle / Venekamp, Roderick P / de Groot, Esther / Geersing, Geert-Jan / Erkelens, Daphne C A / van Smeden, Maarten / Dobbe, Anna S M / Delissen, Mathé / Rutten, Frans H / Zwart, Dorien L

    BMC primary care

    2024  Volume 25, Issue 1, Page(s) 101

    Abstract: Background: In out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC), semi-automatic decision support tools are often used during telephone triage. In the Netherlands, the Netherlands Triage Standard (NTS) is used. The NTS is mainly expert-based and evidence on the ... ...

    Abstract Background: In out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC), semi-automatic decision support tools are often used during telephone triage. In the Netherlands, the Netherlands Triage Standard (NTS) is used. The NTS is mainly expert-based and evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the NTS' urgency allocation against clinically relevant outcomes for patients calling with shortness of breath (SOB) is lacking.
    Methods: We included data from adults (≥18 years) who contacted two large Dutch OHS-PC centres for SOB between 1 September 2020 and 31 August 2021 and whose follow-up data about final diagnosis could be retrieved from their own general practitioner (GP). The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI)) of the NTS' urgency levels (high (U1/U2) versus low (U3/U4/U5) and 'final' urgency levels (including overruling of the urgency by triage nurses or supervising general practitioners (GPs)) was determined with life-threatening events (LTEs) as the reference. LTEs included, amongst others, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, acute heart failure and severe pneumonia.
    Results: Out of 2012 eligible triage calls, we could include 1833 adults with SOB who called the OHS-PC, mean age 53.3 (SD 21.5) years, 55.5% female, and 16.6% showed to have had a LTE. Most often severe COVID-19 infection (6.0%), acute heart failure (2.6%), severe COPD exacerbation (2.1%) or severe pneumonia (1.9%). The NTS urgency level had a sensitivity of 0.56 (95% CI 0.50-0.61) and specificity of 0.61 (95% CI 0.58-0.63). Overruling of the NTS' urgency allocation by triage nurses and/or supervising GPs did not impact sensitivity (0.56 vs. 0.54, p = 0.458) but slightly improved specificity (0.61 vs. 0.65, p < 0.001).
    Conclusions: The semi-automatic decision support tool NTS performs poorly with respect to safety (sensitivity) and efficiency (specificity) of urgency allocation in adults calling Dutch OHS-PC with SOB. There is room for improvement of telephone triage in patients calling OHS-PC with SOB.
    Trial registration: The Netherlands Trial Register, number: NL9682 .
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dyspnea/diagnosis ; Heart Failure ; After-Hours Care/methods ; Primary Health Care/methods ; Pneumonia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2731-4553
    ISSN (online) 2731-4553
    DOI 10.1186/s12875-024-02347-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Diabetes and risk of acute coronary syndrome in callers with chest discomfort: Cross-sectional study in out-of-hours primary care.

    Spek, Michelle / Erkelens, Daphne C A / van Het Goor-van Wezep, Coralie / van Smeden, Maarten / Den Ruijter, Hester M / Wouters, Loes T C M / Venekamp, Roderick P / Rutten, Frans H / Zwart, Dorien L

    Diabetes research and clinical practice

    2024  Volume 212, Page(s) 111684

    Abstract: Aims: We investigated the differences in prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by presence versus absence of diabetes in males and females with chest discomfort who called out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC).: Methods: A cross-sectional study ... ...

    Abstract Aims: We investigated the differences in prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by presence versus absence of diabetes in males and females with chest discomfort who called out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC).
    Methods: A cross-sectional study performed in the Netherlands. Patients who called the OHS-PC in the Utrecht region, the Netherlands between 2014 and 2017 with acute chest discomfort were included. We compared those with diabetes with those without diabetes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relation between diabetes and (i) high urgency allocation and (ii) ACS.
    Results: Of the 2,195 callers with acute chest discomfort, 180 (8.2%) reported having diabetes. ACS was present in 15.3% of males (22.0% in those with diabetes) and 8.4% of females (18.8% in those with diabetes). Callers with diabetes did not receive a high urgency more frequently (74.4% vs. 67.8% (OR: 1.38; 95% CI 0.98-1.96). However, such callers had a higher odds for ACS (OR: 2.17; 95% CI 1.47-3.19). These differences were similar for females and males.
    Conclusions: Diabetes holds promise as diagnostic factor in callers to OHS-PC with chest discomfort. It might help triage in this setting given the increased risk of ACS in those with diabetes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-30
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632523-3
    ISSN 1872-8227 ; 0168-8227
    ISSN (online) 1872-8227
    ISSN 0168-8227
    DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111684
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Optimising telephone triage of patients calling for acute shortness of breath during out-of-hours primary care: protocol of a multiple methods study (Opticall).

    Spek, Michelle / Venekamp, Roderick / De Groot, Esther / Geersing, Geert-Jan / Erkelens, Daphne Carmen / van Smeden, Maarten / Rutten, Frans H / Zwart, Dorien L

    BMJ open

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) e059549

    Abstract: Introduction: Callers with acute shortness of breath (SOB) are a challenge for telephone triage at out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC) as SOB could be the sign of a potentially life-threatening disease, yet mostly is a symptom of a broad range of self- ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Callers with acute shortness of breath (SOB) are a challenge for telephone triage at out-of-hours primary care (OHS-PC) as SOB could be the sign of a potentially life-threatening disease, yet mostly is a symptom of a broad range of self-limiting disorders. Current telephone triage practice is mainly expert based and clear evidence on accuracy, safety and efficiency of the use of the Netherlands Triage Standard (NTS) by triage nurses based on the eventual clinical outcome is lacking for this domain.
    Methods and data analysis: Multiple methods study in five OHS-PC services in the Utrecht region, the Netherlands. Data will be collected from OHS-PC electronic health records (EHR) and backed up tapes of telephone triage conversations, which will be linked to routine primary care EHR data. In cross-sectional studies, we will (1) validate the NTS urgency classification for adults with SOB against final diagnoses and (2) develop diagnostic prediction models for urgent diagnoses (eg, composite endpoint of urgent diagnoses, pulmonary embolism, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure and pneumonia). We will develop improvement measures for the use of the NTS by triage nurses through practice observations and semistructured interviews with patients, triage nurses and general practitioners (GPs). In an action research approach, we will, in collaboration with these stakeholders, implement and evaluate our findings in both GP and triage nurse educational programmes as well as in OHS-PC services.
    Ethics and dissemination: The Medical Ethics Review Committee Utrecht, the Netherlands, approved the study protocol (protocol 21/361). We will take into account the 'code of conduct for responsible research' of the WHO, the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the 'Dutch Medical Treatment Contracts Act'. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and at (inter)national meetings.
    Trial registration number: NL9682.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; After-Hours Care/methods ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dyspnea ; Humans ; Primary Health Care ; Telephone ; Triage/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059549
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Accuracy and interobserver-agreement of respiratory rate measurements by healthcare professionals, and its effect on the outcomes of clinical prediction/diagnostic rules.

    Latten, Gideon H P / Spek, Michelle / Muris, Jean W M / Cals, Jochen W L / Stassen, Patricia M

    PloS one

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 10, Page(s) e0223155

    Abstract: Objective: In clinical prediction/diagnostic rules aimed at early detection of critically ill patients, the respiratory rate plays an important role. We investigated the accuracy and interobserver-agreement of respiratory rate measurements by healthcare ...

    Abstract Objective: In clinical prediction/diagnostic rules aimed at early detection of critically ill patients, the respiratory rate plays an important role. We investigated the accuracy and interobserver-agreement of respiratory rate measurements by healthcare professionals, and the potential effect of incorrect measurements on the scores of 4 common clinical prediction/diagnostic rules: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria, quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS).
    Methods: Using an online questionnaire, we showed 5 videos with a healthy volunteer, breathing at a fixed (true) rate (13-28 breaths/minute). Respondents measured the respiratory rate, and categorized it as low, normal, or high. We analysed how accurate the measurements were using descriptive statistics, and calculated interobserver-agreement using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and agreement between measurements and categorical judgments using Cohen's Kappa. Finally, we analysed how often incorrect measurements led to under/overestimation in the selected clinical rules.
    Results: In total, 448 healthcare professionals participated. Median measurements were slightly higher (1-3/min) than the true respiratory rate, and 78.2% of measurements were within 4/min of the true rate. ICC was moderate (0.64, 95% CI 0.39-0.94). When comparing the measured respiratory rates with the categorical judgments, 14.5% were inconsistent. Incorrect measurements influenced the 4 rules in 8.8% (SIRS) to 37.1% (NEWS). Both underestimation (4.5-7.1%) and overestimation (3.9-32.2%) occurred.
    Conclusions: The accuracy and interobserver-agreement of respiratory rate measurements by healthcare professionals are suboptimal. This leads to both over- and underestimation of scores of four clinical prediction/diagnostic rules. The clinically most important effect could be a delay in diagnosis and treatment of (critically) ill patients.
    MeSH term(s) Health Personnel ; Humans ; Observer Variation ; Respiratory Rate/physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Video Recording
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0223155
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Workload, diagnostic work-up and treatment of urinary tract infections in adults during out-of-hours primary care: a retrospective cohort study.

    Spek, Michelle / Cals, Jochen W L / Oudhuis, Guy J / Savelkoul, Paul H M / de Bont, Eefje G P M

    BMC family practice

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 231

    Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in primary care. Previous research showed that GPs find it challenging to diagnose UTIs and frequently divert from guidelines leading to unwarranted antibiotic ... ...

    Abstract Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in primary care. Previous research showed that GPs find it challenging to diagnose UTIs and frequently divert from guidelines leading to unwarranted antibiotic prescriptions and inefficient use of diagnostics such as urinary cultures. We hypothesise that management of UTIs during out-of-hours care may be extra challenging due to a higher workload and logistical issues regarding diagnostic work-up and obtaining results. We therefore aimed to study the workload, diagnostic work-up and treatment of UTIs during out-of-hours primary care.
    Methods: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study in which we analysed a full year (2018) of electronic patient records of two large Dutch GP out-of-hours centres. All adult patients with UTI symptoms were included in this study. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression were used to analyse diagnostics and subsequent management.
    Results: A total of 5657 patients were included (78.9% female, mean age of 54 years), with an average of eight patients per day that contact a GP out-of-hours centre because of UTI symptoms. Urinary dipsticks were used in 87.5% of all patients visiting the out-of-hours centres with UTI symptoms. Strikingly, urinary cultures were only requested in 10.3% of patients in which urinary culture was indicated. Seventy-four percent of the patients received antibiotics. Seventy-nine percent of the patients with a negative nitrite test still received antibiotics. Remarkably, patients at risk of complications because of a UTI, such as men, received fewer antibiotic prescriptions.
    Conclusions: In total, 74% of the patients received antibiotics. 8 out of 10 patients still received an antibiotic prescription in case of a negative nitrite test, and 9 out of 10 patients with an indication did not receive a urine culture. In conclusion, we found that correctly diagnosing UTIs and prescribing antibiotics for UTIs is a challenge that needs major improvement, especially during out-of-hours GP care.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; After-Hours Care ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Primary Health Care ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy ; Workload
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study
    ISSN 1471-2296
    ISSN (online) 1471-2296
    DOI 10.1186/s12875-020-01305-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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