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Article ; Online: Exploring Working Memory Capacity and Efficiency Processes to Understand Working Memory Training Outcomes in Primary School Children.

Tan, Alexandra S L / Lau, Regine C / Anderson, Peter J / Gathercole, Susan / Bellgrove, Mark A / Wiley, Joshua F / Spencer-Smith, Megan M

Journal of cognition

2024 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 23

Abstract: Despite the abundance of research evaluating working memory training outcomes in children, few studies have examined the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This study aimed to contribute understanding by exploring ... ...

Abstract	Despite the abundance of research evaluating working memory training outcomes in children, few studies have examined the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This study aimed to contribute understanding by exploring whether
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2514-4820
ISSN (online)	2514-4820
DOI	10.5334/joc.348
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A neural index of inefficient evidence accumulation in dyslexia underlying slow perceptual decision making.

Stefanac, Nicole R / Zhou, Shou-Han / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / O'Connell, Redmond / Bellgrove, Mark A

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

2021 Volume 142, Page(s) 122–137

Abstract: Visual processing deficits have been widely reported in developmental dyslexia however the locus of cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we examined the neural correlates of perceptual decision-making using a dot-motion task and ... ...

Abstract	Visual processing deficits have been widely reported in developmental dyslexia however the locus of cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we examined the neural correlates of perceptual decision-making using a dot-motion task and electroencephalography (EEG) and investigated whether presenting deficits were unique to children with dyslexia or if they were also evident in other, typically developing children with equally immature reading systems. Sixty-eight children participated: 32 with dyslexia (DD; 16 females); 21 age-matched controls (AM; 11 females) and 15 reading-matched controls (RM; 9 females). All participants completed a bilaterally presented random-dot-motion task while EEG was recorded. Neural signatures of low level sensory processing (steady state visual evoked potentials; SSVEPs), pre-target attentional bias (posterior α power), attentional orienting (N2), evidence accumulation (centro-parietal positive decision signal; CPP) and execution of a motor response (β) were obtained to dissect the temporal sequence of perceptual decision-making. Reading profile provided a score of relative lexical and sublexical skills for each participant. Although all groups performed comparably in terms of task accuracy and false alarm rate, the DD group were slower and demonstrated an earlier peak latency, reduced slope and lower amplitude of the CPP compared with both AM and RM controls. Reading profile was found to moderate the relationship between word reading ability, reaction time as well as CPP indices showing that lexical dyslexics responded more slowly and had a shallower slope, reduced amplitude and earlier latency of CPP waveforms than sublexical dyslexics. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia, particularly those with relatively poorer lexical abilities, have a reduced rate and peak of evidence accumulation as denoted by CPP markers yet remain slow in their overt response. This is in keeping with hypotheses that children with dyslexia have impairment in effectively sampling and processing evidence about visual motion stimuli.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-24
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280622-8
ISSN	1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
ISSN (online)	1973-8102
ISSN	0010-9452
DOI	10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.021
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Article ; Online: Episodic and prospective memory difficulties in 13-year-old children born very preterm.

Stedall, Paulina M / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Lah, Suncica / Doyle, Lex W / Spittle, Alicia J / Burnett, Alice C / Anderson, Peter J

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

2022 Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 257–265

Abstract: Objectives: Children born very preterm (VP) are susceptible to a range of cognitive impairments, yet the effects of VP birth on long-term, episodic, and prospective memory remains unclear. This study examined episodic and prospective memory functioning ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Children born very preterm (VP) are susceptible to a range of cognitive impairments, yet the effects of VP birth on long-term, episodic, and prospective memory remains unclear. This study examined episodic and prospective memory functioning in children born VP compared with their term-born counterparts at 13 years. Method: VP ( Results: The VP group performed worse on all measures of verbal and visuospatial episodic memory than the term group. While there were no group differences in event-based or long-term prospective memory, the VP group performed worse on time-based and short-term prospective memory tasks than term-born counterparts. Parents of children born VP reported more everyday memory difficulties than parents of children born at term, with parent-ratings indicating significantly elevated rates of everyday memory challenges in children born VP. Conclusions: Children born VP warrant long-term surveillance, as challenges associated with VP birth include memory difficulties at 13 years. This study highlights the need for greater research and clinical attention into childhood functional memory outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Memory, Episodic ; Memory, Short-Term ; Gestational Age ; Attention
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1230632-0
ISSN	1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
ISSN (online)	1469-7661
ISSN	1355-6177
DOI	10.1017/S1355617722000170
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Article ; Online: Parental Mental Health and Parenting Behaviors Following Very Preterm Birth: Associations in Mothers and Fathers and Implications for Child Cognitive Outcome.

McMahon, Grace E / Treyvaud, Karli / Spittle, Alicia J / Giallo, Rebecca / Lee, Katherine J / Cheong, Jeanie L / Doyle, Lex W / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Anderson, Peter J

Journal of pediatric psychology

2023 Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 293–304

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the longitudinal associations between parental mental health symptoms within 4 weeks of birth, parenting behaviors at 1 year, and child general cognitive ability at 4.5-5 years in a sample of children born very preterm (VP). ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To investigate the longitudinal associations between parental mental health symptoms within 4 weeks of birth, parenting behaviors at 1 year, and child general cognitive ability at 4.5-5 years in a sample of children born very preterm (VP). This study also examined whether these associations differed based on level of family social risk. Methods: Participants were 143 children born <30 weeks' gestation and their parents. Within 4 weeks of birth, mothers' and fathers' depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale. Parents' sensitive and structuring parenting behaviors were assessed at 1 year using the Emotional Availability Scales. Child general cognitive ability was assessed at 4.5-5 years using the Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition. Results: Higher maternal depressive symptoms were associated with lower levels of sensitive and structuring parenting behavior, while higher maternal anxiety symptoms were associated with higher levels of structuring parenting behavior. There was weak evidence for positive associations between mothers' sensitive parenting behavior and fathers' structuring parenting behavior and child general cognitive ability. There was also weak evidence for stronger associations between mothers' mental health symptoms, parenting behaviors, and child general cognitive ability, in families of higher compared with lower social risk. Conclusions: Depressive and anxiety symptoms experienced by mothers in the initial weeks following VP birth can have long-term effects on their parenting behaviors. Enquiring about parents' mental health during their child's hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit is crucial.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Child, Preschool ; Mothers/psychology ; Parenting/psychology ; Fathers/psychology ; Premature Birth ; Mental Health ; Parents/psychology ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	625329-5
ISSN	1465-735X ; 0146-8693
ISSN (online)	1465-735X
ISSN	0146-8693
DOI	10.1093/jpepsy/jsac094
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Article ; Online: Inhibitory control in children with agenesis of the corpus callosum compared with typically developing children.

Soon, Emilyn / Siffredi, Vanessa / Anderson, Peter J / Anderson, Vicki A / McIlroy, Alissandra / Leventer, Richard J / Wood, Amanda G / Spencer-Smith, Megan M

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS

2023 Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 18–26

Abstract: Objectives: The developmental absence (agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation associated with risk for a range of neuropsychological difficulties. Inhibitory control outcomes, including interference control and ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The developmental absence (agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation associated with risk for a range of neuropsychological difficulties. Inhibitory control outcomes, including interference control and response inhibition, in children with AgCC are unclear. This study examined interference control and response inhibition: 1) in children with AgCC compared with typically developing (TD) children, 2) in children with different anatomical features of AgCC (complete Methods: Participants were 27 children with AgCC and 32 TD children 8-16 years who completed inhibitory control assessments and brain MRI to define AgCC anatomical features and measure white matter volume and microstructure. Results: The AgCC cohort had poorer performance and higher rates of below average performance on inhibitory control measures than TD children. Children with complex AgCC had poorer response inhibition performance than children with isolated AgCC. While not statistically significant, there were select medium to large effect sizes for better inhibitory control associated with greater volume and microstructure of the AC and PC, and with reduced volume and microstructure of the remnant CC in partial AgCC. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of inhibitory control difficulties in children with AgCC. While the sample was small, the study found preliminary evidence that the AC (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/complications ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; White Matter/diagnostic imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1230632-0
ISSN	1469-7661 ; 1355-6177
ISSN (online)	1469-7661
ISSN	1355-6177
DOI	10.1017/S1355617723000218
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Article ; Online: Thirteen-Year Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Early Preventive Care for Very Preterm Infants and Their Parents.

Stedall, Paulina M / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Mainzer, Rheanna M / Treyvaud, Karli / Burnett, Alice C / Doyle, Lex W / Spittle, Alicia J / Anderson, Peter J

The Journal of pediatrics

2022 Volume 246, Page(s) 80–88.e4

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate 13-year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of preventive care (VIBeS Plus) for infants born very preterm and their parents and examine whether possible effects of intervention varied by family social risk.: Study design: ...

Abstract	Objective: To evaluate 13-year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of preventive care (VIBeS Plus) for infants born very preterm and their parents and examine whether possible effects of intervention varied by family social risk. Study design: Families were randomized to an intervention arm (n = 61) or a standard care arm (n = 59). The intervention was delivered at home by psychologists and physiotherapists over the infants' first year, focusing on infant development and parental mental health. At 13 years corrected age, cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes, and parental mental health were assessed. Primary estimands were between-group mean differences, estimated using multiple imputed regression models. Results: Follow-up included 81 surviving children (69%). There was little evidence of benefits of the intervention for IQ, attention, executive functioning, working memory, and academic skills regardless of level of social risk. Specifically, mean differences in adolescent cognitive outcomes ranged from -2.0 units (95% CI, -9.9 to 5.9) in favor of standard treatment to 5.1 units (95% CI, -2.3 to 12.5) favoring the intervention. A group-by-social risk interaction was observed only for adolescent motor outcomes, with mean differences favoring the intervention for those at higher social risk (balance, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.3-8.5; total motor, 3.2; 95% CI, 0.3-6.2), but not those at lower social risk (balance, -0.3; 95% CI, -2.4 to 1.9; total motor, 0.03; 95% CI, -1.9 to 2.0). Mean differences in adolescent behavior and parental mental health ranged from -6.6 (95% CI -13.8, 0.5) to -0.2 (95% CI, -1.9 to 1.4) and -1.8 (95% CI, -4.1 to 0.6) to -1.7 (95% CI, -4.3 to 1.0), respectively, indicating a pattern of fewer symptoms in the intervention group. Conclusions: Benefits of the intervention persisted for adolescent behavior, with better motor outcomes observed in those from socially disadvantaged families. Replication with larger samples, multiple informant reports, and assessment of quality of life-related outcomes is warranted. Trial registration: http://www.anzctr.org.au/: ACTRN12605000492651.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child Development ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control ; Parents/psychology ; Quality of Life
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3102-1
ISSN	1097-6833 ; 0022-3476
ISSN (online)	1097-6833
ISSN	0022-3476
DOI	10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.013
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Article ; Online: Intra- and inter-hemispheric structural connectome in agenesis of the corpus callosum.

Shi, Minghui / Freitas, Lorena G A / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Kebets, Valeria / Anderson, Vicki / McIlroy, Alissandra / Wood, Amanda G / Leventer, Richard J / Van De Ville, Dimitri / Siffredi, Vanessa

NeuroImage. Clinical

2021 Volume 31, Page(s) 102709

Abstract: Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation characterized by the complete or partial failure to develop the corpus callosum. Despite missing the largest white matter bundle connecting the left and right hemispheres of the ... ...

Abstract	Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation characterized by the complete or partial failure to develop the corpus callosum. Despite missing the largest white matter bundle connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain, studies have shown preserved inter-hemispheric communication in individuals with AgCC. It is likely that plasticity provides mechanisms for the brain to adjust in the context of AgCC, as the malformation disrupts programmed developmental brain processes very early on. A proposed candidate for neuroplastic response in individuals with AgCC is strengthening of intra-hemispheric structural connections. In the present study, we explore this hypothesis using a graph-based approach of the structural connectome, which enables intra- and inter-hemispheric analyses at multiple resolutions and quantification of structural characteristics through graph metrics. Structural graph metrics of 19 children with AgCC (13 with complete, 6 with partial AgCC) were compared to those of 29 typically developing controls (TDC). Associations between structural graph metrics and a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes were examined using a multivariate data-driven approach (Partial Least Squares Correlation, PLSC). Our results provide new evidence suggesting structural strengthening of intra-hemispheric pathways as a neuroplastic response in the acallosal brain, and highlight regional variability in structural connectivity in children with AgCC compared to TDC. There was little evidence that structural graph properties in children with AgCC were associated with neurobehavioral outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report leveraging graph theory tools to explicitly characterize whole-brain intra- and inter-hemispheric structural connectivity in AgCC, opening avenues for future research on neuroplastic responses in AgCC.
MeSH term(s)	Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Brain ; Child ; Connectome ; Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Neuronal Plasticity
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2701571-3
ISSN	2213-1582 ; 2213-1582
ISSN (online)	2213-1582
ISSN	2213-1582
DOI	10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102709
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Article ; Online: Anterior and posterior commissures in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Alternative pathways for attention processes?

Siffredi, Vanessa / Wood, Amanda G / Leventer, Richard J / Vaessen, Maarten / McIlroy, Alissandra / Anderson, Vicki / Vuilleumier, Patrik / Spencer-Smith, Megan M

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

2019 Volume 121, Page(s) 454–467

Abstract: Developmental absence (agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation resulting from disruption of corpus callosum formation, a structure that is crucial for the transfer and integration of information, including attention ... ...

Abstract	Developmental absence (agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation resulting from disruption of corpus callosum formation, a structure that is crucial for the transfer and integration of information, including attention processes, across the brain. This study aimed to investigate previously proposed candidates for alternative inter-hemispheric pathways in AgCC by examining (1) white matter volume and microstructure of the anterior and posterior commissures in children with AgCC compared to typically developing controls (TDC), and (2) in children with AgCC, examine the associations of white matter volume and microstructure of the anterior and posterior commissures and any remaining corpus callosum with attention processes. Participants were 21 children with AgCC (13 complete, 8 partial) recruited from The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and 30 TDC aged 8-17 years. T1-and diffusion-weighted MR sequences were used to calculate volume and microstructural parameters. Neuropsychological testing assessed attention processes. We found the anterior commissure was significantly larger in volume in children with AgCC than TDC (p = .027), with reduced mean FA (p = .001) associated with increased mean RD (p < .001). In children with AgCC, we found microstructural properties of the anterior commissure associated with attentional processes, specifically, mean FA of the anterior commissure was associated with better divided attention (p = .03), and the association between alerting attention and mean AD and RD was found to be moderated by age (p = .027, p = .008) and the degree of corpus callosum agenesis (p = .025, p = .016). Furthermore, in partial AgCC, larger posterior commissure volume was associated with better orienting attention (p = .035). In conclusion, we provide evidence that the volume and microstructure of the anterior commissure are altered in children with AgCC, and this neuroplastic response might have an influence on attention processes.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology ; Attention/physiology ; Child ; Corpus Callosum/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; White Matter/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-23
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280622-8
ISSN	1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
ISSN (online)	1973-8102
ISSN	0010-9452
DOI	10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.014
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Article ; Online: Parenting and Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Children Born Moderate-to-Late Preterm and at Term.

McMahon, Grace E / Treyvaud, Karli / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Spittle, Alicia J / Lee, Katherine J / Doyle, Lex W / Cheong, Jeanie L / Anderson, Peter J

The Journal of pediatrics

2021 Volume 241, Page(s) 90–96.e2

Abstract: Objectives: To compare the parenting environment and the relationships between parenting behaviors and concurrent child neurobehavioral outcomes at 2 years of corrected age between children born moderate-to-late preterm (MLP; 32-36 weeks of gestation) ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To compare the parenting environment and the relationships between parenting behaviors and concurrent child neurobehavioral outcomes at 2 years of corrected age between children born moderate-to-late preterm (MLP; 32-36 weeks of gestation) and at term (≥37 weeks of gestation). Study design: Participants were 129 children born MLP and 110 children born at term and their mothers. Mothers' parenting behaviors (sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, nonhostility) were assessed at 2 years of corrected age using the Emotional Availability Scales. Child cognitive and language development were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, and social-emotional competence using the Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. Results: Mothers of children born MLP and at term displayed similar parenting behaviors overall, with slightly lower nonintrusiveness in mothers of children born MLP (adjusted mean difference -0.32 [-0.60, -0.04]; P = .03). In both groups of children, greater maternal sensitivity was associated with better cognitive development (P < .001 MLP; P = .02 term), increased maternal structuring was associated with better social-emotional competence (P = .02 MLP; P = .03 term), and higher maternal nonintrusiveness was associated with better cognitive, language, and social-emotional outcomes (all P < .04). Greater maternal sensitivity and structuring were associated with better language development in children born MLP but not in children born at term. Conclusions: Parenting behaviors are important for neurobehavioral outcomes in children born MLP and at term. Language development may be more strongly influenced by select parenting behaviors in children born MLP compared with children born at term.
MeSH term(s)	Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Language Development ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Premature Birth ; Prospective Studies ; Term Birth
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3102-1
ISSN	1097-6833 ; 0022-3476
ISSN (online)	1097-6833
ISSN	0022-3476
DOI	10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.10.038
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Article ; Online: Large-scale functional network dynamics in human callosal agenesis: Increased subcortical involvement and preserved laterality.

Siffredi, Vanessa / Farouj, Younes / Tarun, Anjali / Anderson, Vicki / Wood, Amanda G / McIlroy, Alissandra / Leventer, Richard J / Spencer-Smith, Megan M / Ville, Dimitri Van De

NeuroImage

2021 Volume 243, Page(s) 118471

Abstract: In the human brain, the corpus callosum is the major white-matter commissural tract enabling the transmission of sensory-motor, and higher level cognitive information between homotopic regions of the two cerebral hemispheres. Despite developmental ... ...

Abstract	In the human brain, the corpus callosum is the major white-matter commissural tract enabling the transmission of sensory-motor, and higher level cognitive information between homotopic regions of the two cerebral hemispheres. Despite developmental absence (i.e., agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC), functional connectivity is preserved, including interhemispheric connectivity. Subcortical structures have been hypothesised to provide alternative pathways to enable this preservation. To test this hypothesis, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in children with AgCC and typically developing children, and a time-resolved approach to retrieve temporal characteristics of whole-brain functional networks. We observed an increased engagement of the cerebellum and amygdala/hippocampus networks in children with AgCC compared to typically developing children. There was little evidence that laterality of activation networks was affected in AgCC. Our findings support the hypothesis that subcortical structures play an essential role in the functional reconfiguration of the brain in the absence of a corpus callosum.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Connectome ; Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity ; White Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118471
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