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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic disparities and neuroplasticity: Moving toward adaptation, intersectionality, and inclusion.

Noble, Kimberly G / Hart, Emma R / Sperber, Jessica F

2022 Volume 76, Issue 9, Page(s) 1486–1495

Abstract: Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) has far-reaching linkages with children's cognitive and socioemotional development, academic achievement, health, and brain structure and function. Rather than focusing on understandings about the neuroscience of ... ...

Abstract	Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) has far-reaching linkages with children's cognitive and socioemotional development, academic achievement, health, and brain structure and function. Rather than focusing on understandings about the neuroscience of socioeconomic inequality that have recently been reviewed elsewhere, the present article reviews several new directions in the field, beginning first with a consideration of the deficit versus adaptation framework. Although scientists largely agree that socioeconomic disparities in brain development are experience-dependent phenomena rooted in neuroplasticity, historically, such differences have been framed as deficits, which may benefit from intervention. However, emerging research suggests that some developmental differences among children experiencing adversity may alternatively be considered context-appropriate adaptations to the individual's environment. We next discuss how socioeconomic circumstances are inextricably intertwined with race, and consider how measurement of racism and discrimination must be part of a full understanding of the neuroscience of socioeconomic inequality. We argue that scientists must consciously recruit racially and socioeconomically diverse samples-and include measures of SES, race, and discrimination in analyses-to promote a more complete understanding of the neuroplasticity specifically, and psychological science more broadly. We discuss the extent to which researcher and editor positionality have contributed to these problems historically, and conclude by considering paths forward. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Educational Status ; Humans ; Intersectional Framework ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Racism ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	209464-2
ISSN	1935-990X ; 0003-066X
ISSN (online)	1935-990X
ISSN	0003-066X
DOI	10.1037/amp0000934
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Article ; Online: Relations among Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Stress, and the Home Language Environment.

Hart, Emma R / Troller-Renfree, Sonya V / Sperber, Jessica F / Noble, Kimberly G

Journal of child language

2023 , Page(s) 1–18

Abstract: While socioeconomic disparities in the home language environment have been well established, the mechanisms explaining these disparities are poorly understood. One plausible mechanism is heightened stress. The current study investigated whether maternal ... ...

Abstract	While socioeconomic disparities in the home language environment have been well established, the mechanisms explaining these disparities are poorly understood. One plausible mechanism is heightened stress. The current study investigated whether maternal perceived stress was 1) associated with measures of the home language environment, and 2) mediated the relation between socioeconomic disparities and the home language environment. Data from three independent studies were analyzed, which together comprised 322 mother-child dyads. Two studies included mothers and their six- to twelve-month-old infants (N = 227). The third included mothers and their five- to nine-year-old children (N = 95). Mothers reported their educational attainment, income, and stress. Language Environment Analysis (LENA) measured the home language environment. As has been previously reported, socioeconomic disparities were observed in adult words and conversational turns. Stress did not mediate these associations, nor was it associated with adult words or conversational turns. Alternate mechanisms for future exploration are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1466489-6
ISSN	1469-7602 ; 0305-0009
ISSN (online)	1469-7602
ISSN	0305-0009
DOI	10.1017/S0305000923000156
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Article ; Online: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant development and maternal mental health in the first 2 years of life.

Sperber, Jessica F / Hart, Emma R / Troller-Renfree, Sonya V / Watts, Tyler W / Noble, Kimberly G

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies

2022 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 107–135

Abstract: We investigated how exogenous variation in exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic during the first year of life is related to infant development, maternal mental health, and perceived stress. Ninety-three socioeconomically diverse pregnant women were ... ...

Abstract	We investigated how exogenous variation in exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic during the first year of life is related to infant development, maternal mental health, and perceived stress. Ninety-three socioeconomically diverse pregnant women were recruited before the pandemic to participate in a longitudinal study. Infants ranged in age at the beginning of lockdown (0-9.5 months old), thus experiencing different durations of pandemic exposure across the first year of life. The duration of pandemic exposure was not associated with family demographic characteristics, suggesting it captured exogenous variability. We tested associations between this exogenous variation in pandemic exposure and child and family outcomes. We also examined whether mother-reported disruptive life events were correlated with child and family outcomes. We found no association between duration of pandemic exposure in the first year of life and infant socioemotional problems, infant language development, or maternal mental health and perceived stress symptoms, at 12 or 24 months. However, we found that self-reported exposure to pandemic-related disruptive life events predicted greater maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress at 12 months, and greater depression and anxiety at 24 months. Socioeconomic status did not moderate these associations. These findings suggest cautious optimism for infants raised during this period.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; COVID-19 ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; Child Development ; Longitudinal Studies ; Communicable Disease Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2020049-3
ISSN	1532-7078 ; 1525-0008
ISSN (online)	1532-7078
ISSN	1525-0008
DOI	10.1111/infa.12511
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Article ; Online: Associations among stress and language and socioemotional development in a low-income sample.

Troller-Renfree, Sonya V / Hart, Emma R / Sperber, Jessica F / Fox, Nathan A / Noble, Kimberly G

Development and psychopathology

2022 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 597–605

Abstract: Stress has been linked with children's socioemotional problems and lower language scores, particularly among children raised in socioeconomically disadvantaged circumstances. Much of the work examining the relations among stress, language, and ... ...

Abstract	Stress has been linked with children's socioemotional problems and lower language scores, particularly among children raised in socioeconomically disadvantaged circumstances. Much of the work examining the relations among stress, language, and socioemotional functioning have relied on assessments of a single dimension of maternal stress. However, stress can stem from different sources, and people may appraise stressors differently. Taking a dimensional approach, this manuscript characterizes stress in multiple ways: as an overall composite; across the constructs of psychological appraisal vs. environmental stressors; and the independent contributions of a variety assessments. Data are from 548 mother-infant dyads (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Child Development ; Language ; Language Development ; Mother-Child Relations/psychology ; Mothers/psychology ; Poverty
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Controlled Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1036173-x
ISSN	1469-2198 ; 0954-5794
ISSN (online)	1469-2198
ISSN	0954-5794
DOI	10.1017/S0954579421001759
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Article ; Online: Sleep and Negative Affect Across Toddlerhood in the Context of Stress.

Sperber, Jessica F / McQuillan, Maureen E / Hoyniak, Caroline P / Staples, Angela D / Rudasill, Kathleen M / Molfese, Victoria J / Bates, John E

Affective science

2022 Volume 3, Issue 2, Page(s) 370–382

Abstract: Negative affect is associated with both high stress and poor sleep, but questions remain about the direction of these associations across time and interactions between stress and sleep, especially in early childhood. The present study examined sleep ... ...

Abstract	Negative affect is associated with both high stress and poor sleep, but questions remain about the direction of these associations across time and interactions between stress and sleep, especially in early childhood. The present study examined sleep deficits, family stress, and observed negative affect in a sample of toddlers at 30, 36, and 42 months (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2978299-5
ISSN	2662-205X ; 2662-2041
ISSN (online)	2662-205X
ISSN	2662-2041
DOI	10.1007/s42761-021-00094-2
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Article: The Effect of a U.S. Poverty Reduction Intervention on Maternal Assessments of Young Children's Health, Nutrition, and Sleep: A Randomized Control Trial.

Sperber, Jessica F / Gennetian, Lisa A / Hart, Emma R / Kunin-Batson, Alicia / Magnuson, Katherine / Duncan, Greg J / Yoshikawa, Hirokazu / Fox, Nathan A / Halpern-Meekin, Sarah / Noble, Kimberly G

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

2023

Abstract: Importance: Children experiencing poverty are more likely to experience worse health outcomes during the first few years of life, including injury, chronic illness, worse nutrition, and poorer sleep. The extent to which a poverty reduction intervention ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Children experiencing poverty are more likely to experience worse health outcomes during the first few years of life, including injury, chronic illness, worse nutrition, and poorer sleep. The extent to which a poverty reduction intervention improves children's health, nutrition, sleep, and healthcare utilization is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of a 3-year, monthly unconditional cash transfer on health, nutrition, sleep, and healthcare utilization of children experiencing poverty who are healthy at birth. Design: Longitudinal randomized control trial. Setting: Mother-infant dyads were recruited from postpartum wards in 12 hospitals in four cities across the U.S. Participants: 1,000 mothers were enrolled in the study. Eligibility criteria included: an annual income below the federal poverty line, being of legal age for consent, speaking English or Spanish, residing in the state of recruitment, and having an infant admitted to the well-baby nursery with plans to be discharged to the custody of the mother. Intervention: Mothers were randomly assigned to receive either a high-cash gift ($333 per month, or $3,996 per year; Main outcomes and measures: Pre-registered maternal assessments of the focal child's health, nutrition, sleep, and healthcare utilization were collected at children's ages 1, 2, and 3. Results: Enrolled participants were majority Black (42%) and Hispanic (41%). 857 mothers participated in all three waves of data collection. We found no statistically detectable differences between the high-cash and low-cash gift groups in maternal assessments of children's overall health, sleep, or healthcare utilization. However, mothers in the high-cash gift group reported higher child consumption of fresh produce compared with mothers in the low-cash gift group at age 2, the only time point it was measured ( Conclusions and relevance: In this RCT, unconditional cash transfers to mothers experiencing poverty did not improve their reports of their child's health, sleep, or healthcare utilization. However, stable income support of this magnitude improved toddler's consumption of fresh produce. Healthy newborns tend to grow into healthy toddlers, and the impacts of poverty reduction on children's health and sleep may not be fully borne out until later in life. Trial registration: Baby's First Years (BFY; ID NCT03593356) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03593356?term=NCT03593356&draw=2&rank=1.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.05.25.23290530
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Article ; Online: Associations between maternal stress and infant resting brain activity among families residing in poverty in the U.S.

Troller-Renfree, Sonya V / Sperber, Jessica F / Hart, Emma R / Costanzo, Molly A / Gennetian, Lisa A / Meyer, Jerrold S / Fox, Nathan A / Noble, Kimberly G

Biological psychology

2023 Volume 184, Page(s) 108683

Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that maternal experiences of stress shape children's functional brain activity in the first years of life. Individuals living in poverty are more likely to experience stress from a variety of sources. However, it is unclear how ... ...

Abstract	Growing evidence suggests that maternal experiences of stress shape children's functional brain activity in the first years of life. Individuals living in poverty are more likely to experience stress from a variety of sources. However, it is unclear how stress is related to resting brain activity among children born into poverty. The present study examines whether infants born into households experiencing poverty show differences in brain activity associated with maternal reports of experiencing stress. The analytic sample comprised 247 mother-infant dyads who completed maternal questionnaires characterizing stress, and for whom recordings of infant resting brain activity were obtained at 1 year of age (M=12.93 months, SD=1.66; 50% female). Mothers (40% Black, non-Hispanic, 40% Hispanic, 12% White, non-Hispanic) who reported higher stress had infants who showed more resting brain activity in the lower end of the frequency spectrum (relative theta power) and less resting brain activity in the middle range of the frequency spectrum (relative alpha power). While statistically detectable at the whole-brain level, follow-up exploratory analyses revealed that these effects were most apparent in electrodes over frontal and parietal regions of the brain. These findings held after adjusting for a variety of potentially confounding variables. Altogether, the present study suggests that, among families experiencing low economic resources, maternal reports of stress are associated with differences in patterns of infant resting brain activity during the first year of life.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Brain/physiology ; Ethnicity ; Mothers/psychology ; Poverty ; Stress, Psychological ; Racial Groups ; Maternal Exposure
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108683
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Article ; Online: Unconditional Cash Transfers and Maternal Assessments of Children's Health, Nutrition, and Sleep: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Sperber, Jessica F / Gennetian, Lisa A / Hart, Emma R / Kunin-Batson, Alicia / Magnuson, Katherine / Duncan, Greg J / Yoshikawa, Hirokazu / Fox, Nathan A / Halpern-Meekin, Sarah / Noble, Kimberly G

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 9, Page(s) e2335237

Abstract: Importance: Children experiencing poverty are more likely to experience worse health outcomes, including injury, chronic illness, worse nutrition, and poorer sleep. The extent to which poverty reduction improves these outcomes is unknown.: Objective: ...

Abstract	Importance: Children experiencing poverty are more likely to experience worse health outcomes, including injury, chronic illness, worse nutrition, and poorer sleep. The extent to which poverty reduction improves these outcomes is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a 3-year, monthly unconditional cash transfer on health, nutrition, sleep, and health care utilization among children experiencing poverty who were healthy at birth. Design, setting, and participants: This longitudinal randomized clinical trial recruited 1000 mother-infant dyads between May 2018 and June 2019. Dyads were recruited from postpartum wards in 12 hospitals in 4 US cities: New York, New York; Omaha, Nebraska; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota. Eligibility criteria included an annual income less than the federal poverty line, legal age for consent, English or Spanish speaking, residing in the state of recruitment, and an infant admitted to the well-baby nursery who will be discharged to the mother's custody. Data analysis was conducted from July 2022 to August 2023. Intervention: Mothers were randomly assigned to receive either a high-cash gift ($333/mo, or $3996/y) or a low-cash gift ($20/mo, or $240/y) for the first several years of their child's life. Main outcomes and measures: Primary preregistered outcomes reported here include an index of child health and medical care and child sleep disturbances. Secondary preregistered outcomes reported include children's consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods. Results: A total of 1000 mother-infant dyads were enrolled, with 400 randomized to the high-cash gift group and 600 to the low-cash gift group. Participants were majority Black (42%) and Hispanic (41%); 857 mothers participated in all 3 waves of data collection. We found no statistically detectable differences between the high-cash and low-cash gift groups in maternal assessments of children's health (effect size [ES] range, 0.01-0.08; SE range, 0.02-0.07), sleep (ES range, 0.01-0.10; SE, 0.07), or health care utilization (ES range, 0.01-0.11; SE range, 0.03-0.07). However, mothers in the high-cash gift group reported higher child consumption of fresh produce at child age 2 years, the only time point it was measured (ES, 0.17; SE, 0.07; P = .03). Conclusions and relevance: In this study, unconditional cash transfers to mothers experiencing poverty did not improve reports of their child's health, sleep, or health care utilization. However, stable income support of this magnitude improved toddlers' consumption of fresh produce. Healthy newborns tend to grow into healthy toddlers, and the impacts of poverty reduction on children's health and sleep may not be fully borne out until later in life. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03593356.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Female ; Child ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Child Health ; Nutritional Status ; Food ; Mothers ; Sleep
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35237
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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic disparities and neuroplasticity: Moving toward adaptation, intersectionality, and inclusion.

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Article ; Online: Relations among Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Stress, and the Home Language Environment.

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Article ; Online: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant development and maternal mental health in the first 2 years of life.

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Article ; Online: Associations among stress and language and socioemotional development in a low-income sample.

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Article ; Online: Sleep and Negative Affect Across Toddlerhood in the Context of Stress.

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Article: The Effect of a U.S. Poverty Reduction Intervention on Maternal Assessments of Young Children's Health, Nutrition, and Sleep: A Randomized Control Trial.

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Article ; Online: Associations between maternal stress and infant resting brain activity among families residing in poverty in the U.S.

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Article ; Online: Unconditional Cash Transfers and Maternal Assessments of Children's Health, Nutrition, and Sleep: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

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