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Article ; Online: ChatGPT and Bard exhibit spontaneous citation fabrication during psychiatry literature search.

McGowan, Alessia / Gui, Yunlai / Dobbs, Matthew / Shuster, Sophia / Cotter, Matthew / Selloni, Alexandria / Goodman, Marianne / Srivastava, Agrima / Cecchi, Guillermo A / Corcoran, Cheryl M

Psychiatry research

2023 Volume 326, Page(s) 115334

Abstract: ChatGPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) is a large language model (LLM), which comprises a neural network that has learned information and patterns of language use from large amounts of text on the internet. ChatGPT, introduced by OpenAI, responds ... ...

Abstract	ChatGPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) is a large language model (LLM), which comprises a neural network that has learned information and patterns of language use from large amounts of text on the internet. ChatGPT, introduced by OpenAI, responds to human queries in a conversational manner. Here, we aimed to assess whether ChatGPT could reliably produce accurate references to supplement the literature search process. We describe our March 2023 exchange with ChatGPT, which generated thirty-five citations, two of which were real. 12 citations were similar to actual manuscripts (e.g., titles with incorrect author lists, journals, or publication years) and the remaining 21, while plausible, were in fact a pastiche of multiple existent manuscripts. In June 2023, we re-tested ChatGPT's performance and compared it to that of Google's GPT counterpart, Bard 2.0. We investigated performance in English, as well as in Spanish and Italian. Fabrications made by LLMs, including erroneous citations, have been called "hallucinations"; we discuss reasons for which this is a misnomer. Furthermore, we describe potential explanations for citation fabrication by GPTs, as well as measures being taken to remedy this issue, including reinforcement learning. Our results underscore that output from conversational LLMs should be verified.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Communication ; Language ; Dietary Supplements ; Hallucinations ; Psychiatry
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445361-x
ISSN	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
ISSN (online)	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
ISSN	0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
DOI	10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115334
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Article ; Online: Linguistic correlates of suicidal ideation in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Dobbs, Matthew F / McGowan, Alessia / Selloni, Alexandria / Bilgrami, Zarina / Sarac, Cansu / Cotter, Matthew / Herrera, Shaynna N / Cecchi, Guillermo A / Goodman, Marianne / Corcoran, Cheryl M / Srivastava, Agrima

Schizophrenia research

2023 Volume 259, Page(s) 20–27

Abstract: Suicidal ideation (SI) is prevalent among individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Natural language processing (NLP) provides an efficient method to identify linguistic markers of suicidality. Prior work has demonstrated that an increased ... ...

Abstract	Suicidal ideation (SI) is prevalent among individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Natural language processing (NLP) provides an efficient method to identify linguistic markers of suicidality. Prior work has demonstrated that an increased use of "I", as well as words with semantic similarity to "anger", "sadness", "stress" and "lonely", are correlated with SI in other cohorts. The current project analyzes data collected in an SI supplement to an NIH R01 study of thought disorder and social cognition in CHR. This study is the first to use NLP analyses of spoken language to identify linguistic correlates of recent suicidal ideation among CHR individuals. The sample included 43 CHR individuals, 10 with recent suicidal ideation and 33 without, as measured by the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, as well as 14 healthy volunteers without SI. NLP methods include part-of-speech (POS) tagging, a GoEmotions-trained BERT Model, and Zero-Shot Learning. As hypothesized, individuals at CHR for psychosis who endorsed recent SI utilized more words with semantic similarity to "anger" compared to those who did not. Words with semantic similarity to "stress", "loneliness", and "sadness" were not significantly different between the two CHR groups. Contrary to our hypotheses, CHR individuals with recent SI did not use the word "I" more than those without recent SI. As anger is not characteristic of CHR, findings have implications for the consideration of subthreshold anger-related sentiment in suicidal risk assessment. As NLP is scalable, findings suggest that language markers may improve suicide screening and prediction in this population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Suicidal Ideation ; Psychotic Disorders ; Suicide ; Linguistics ; Language ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.014
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Article ; Online: Construct validity for computational linguistic metrics in individuals at clinical risk for psychosis: Associations with clinical ratings.

Bilgrami, Zarina R / Sarac, Cansu / Srivastava, Agrima / Herrera, Shaynna N / Azis, Matilda / Haas, Shalaila S / Shaik, Riaz B / Parvaz, Muhammad A / Mittal, Vijay A / Cecchi, Guillermo / Corcoran, Cheryl M

Schizophrenia research

2022 Volume 245, Page(s) 90–96

Abstract: Language deficits are prevalent in psychotic illness, including its risk states, and are related to marked impairment in functioning. It is therefore important to characterize language impairment in the psychosis spectrum in order to develop potential ... ...

Abstract	Language deficits are prevalent in psychotic illness, including its risk states, and are related to marked impairment in functioning. It is therefore important to characterize language impairment in the psychosis spectrum in order to develop potential preventive interventions. Natural language processing (NLP) metrics of semantic coherence and syntactic complexity have been used to discriminate schizophrenia patients from healthy controls (HC) and predict psychosis onset in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. To date, no studies have yet examined the construct validity of key NLP features with respect to clinical ratings of thought disorder in a CHR cohort. Herein we test the association of key NLP metrics of coherence and complexity with ratings of positive and negative thought disorder, respectively, in 60 CHR individuals, using Andreasen's Scale of Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication (TLC) Scale to measure of positive and negative thought disorder. As hypothesized, in CHR individuals, the NLP metric of semantic coherence was significantly correlated with positive thought disorder severity and the NLP metrics of complexity (sentence length and determiner use) were correlated with negative thought disorder severity. The finding of construct validity supports the premise that NLP analytics, at least in respect to core features of reduction of coherence and complexity, are capturing clinically relevant language disturbances in risk states for psychosis. Further psychometric study is required, in respect to reliability and other forms of validity.
MeSH term(s)	Benchmarking ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Psychotic Disorders/complications ; Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.019
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Article ; Online: Differential Expression of Anomalous Self-Experiences in Spontaneous Speech in Clinical High-Risk and Early-Course Psychosis Quantified by Natural Language Processing.

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2023 Volume 8, Issue 10, Page(s) 1005–1012

Abstract: Background: Basic self-disturbance, or anomalous self-experiences (ASEs), is a core feature of the schizophrenia spectrum. We propose a novel method of natural language processing to quantify ASEs in spoken language by direct comparison to an inventory ... ...

Abstract	Background: Basic self-disturbance, or anomalous self-experiences (ASEs), is a core feature of the schizophrenia spectrum. We propose a novel method of natural language processing to quantify ASEs in spoken language by direct comparison to an inventory of self-disturbance, the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE). We hypothesized that there would be increased similarity in open-ended speech to the IPASE items in individuals with early-course psychosis (PSY) compared with healthy individuals, with clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals intermediate in similarity. Methods: Open-ended interviews were obtained from 170 healthy control participants, 167 CHR participants, and 89 PSY participants. We calculated the semantic similarity between IPASE items and "I" sentences from transcribed speech samples using S-BERT (Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Text). Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare distributions across groups. A nonnegative matrix factorization of cosine similarity was performed to rank IPASE items. Results: Spoken language of CHR individuals had the greatest semantic similarity to IPASE items when compared to both healthy control (s = 0.44, p < 10 Conclusions: We found that open-ended interviews elicited language with increased semantic similarity to the IPASE by participants in the CHR group compared with patients with psychosis. This demonstrates the utility of these methods for differentiating patients from healthy control participants. This complementary approach has the capacity to scale to large studies investigating phenomenological features of schizophrenia and potentially other clinical populations.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Speech ; Natural Language Processing ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.06.007
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Article ; Online: A qualitative study on identity in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: " … Why does it have to be one thing?".

Sarac, Cansu / DeLuca, Joseph S / Bilgrami, Zarina R / Herrera, Shaynna N / Myers, Jonathan J / Dobbs, Matthew F / Haas, Shalaila S / Todd, Therese L / Srivastava, Agrima / Jespersen, Rachel / Shaik, Riaz B / Landa, Yulia / Davidson, Larry / Pavlo, Anthony J / Corcoran, Cheryl M

Psychiatric rehabilitation journal

2021 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 44–53

Abstract: Objective: Qualitative research can shed light on the subjective experiences of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, complement quantitative research, broaden our understanding of experiencing CHR, and inform intervention development. ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Qualitative research can shed light on the subjective experiences of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, complement quantitative research, broaden our understanding of experiencing CHR, and inform intervention development. The aim of this study was to explore life experiences of individuals at CHR through qualitative research. Method: Participants were 37 individuals at CHR (20 male, 17 female) aged 16-34 ( Results: Four major themes and one subtheme related to identity were identified through the iterative thematic analysis: Conclusions and implications for practice: The present study demonstrates that identity formation is a major process for youth in general and that psychosis experiences can make this process more challenging. CHR participants spontaneously brought up multiple themes related to identity in open-ended interviews, suggesting the relevance of this topic in this population. Clinicians should continue to probe identity-related concerns on an individual basis and research should focus on integrating this framework into the conceptualization and treatment of CHR. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy ; Qualitative Research ; Self Concept ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2070454-9
ISSN	1559-3126 ; 1095-158X
ISSN (online)	1559-3126
ISSN	1095-158X
DOI	10.1037/prj0000492
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Article ; Online: Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ): Rationale and Study Design of the Largest Global Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Wannan, Cassandra M J / Nelson, Barnaby / Addington, Jean / Allott, Kelly / Anticevic, Alan / Arango, Celso / Baker, Justin T / Bearden, Carrie E / Billah, Tashrif / Bouix, Sylvain / Broome, Matthew R / Buccilli, Kate / Cadenhead, Kristin S / Calkins, Monica E / Cannon, Tyrone D / Cecci, Guillermo / Chen, Eric Yu Hai / Cho, Kang Ik K / Choi, Jimmy /

Clark, Scott R / Coleman, Michael J / Conus, Philippe / Corcoran, Cheryl M / Cornblatt, Barbara A / Diaz-Caneja, Covadonga M / Dwyer, Dominic / Ebdrup, Bjørn H / Ellman, Lauren M / Fusar-Poli, Paolo / Galindo, Liliana / Gaspar, Pablo A / Gerber, Carla / Glenthøj, Louise Birkedal / Glynn, Robert / Harms, Michael P / Horton, Leslie E / Kahn, René S / Kambeitz, Joseph / Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana / Kane, John M / Kapur, Tina / Keshavan, Matcheri S / Kim, Sung-Wan / Koutsouleris, Nikolaos / Kubicki, Marek / Kwon, Jun Soo / Langbein, Kerstin / Lewandowski, Kathryn E / Light, Gregory A / Mamah, Daniel / Marcy, Patricia J / Mathalon, Daniel H / McGorry, Patrick D / Mittal, Vijay A / Nordentoft, Merete / Nunez, Angela / Pasternak, Ofer / Pearlson, Godfrey D / Perez, Jesus / Perkins, Diana O / Powers, Albert R / Roalf, David R / Sabb, Fred W / Schiffman, Jason / Shah, Jai L / Smesny, Stefan / Spark, Jessica / Stone, William S / Strauss, Gregory P / Tamayo, Zailyn / Torous, John / Upthegrove, Rachel / Vangel, Mark / Verma, Swapna / Wang, Jijun / Rossum, Inge Winter-van / Wolf, Daniel H / Wolff, Phillip / Wood, Stephen J / Yung, Alison R / Agurto, Carla / Alvarez-Jimenez, Mario / Amminger, Paul / Armando, Marco / Asgari-Targhi, Ameneh / Cahill, John / Carrión, Ricardo E / Castro, Eduardo / Cetin-Karayumak, Suheyla / Mallar Chakravarty, M / Cho, Youngsun T / Cotter, David / D'Alfonso, Simon / Ennis, Michaela / Fadnavis, Shreyas / Fonteneau, Clara / Gao, Caroline / Gupta, Tina / Gur, Raquel E / Gur, Ruben C / Hamilton, Holly K / Hoftman, Gil D / Jacobs, Grace R / Jarcho, Johanna / Ji, Jie Lisa / Kohler, Christian G / Lalousis, Paris Alexandros / Lavoie, Suzie / Lepage, Martin / Liebenthal, Einat / Mervis, Josh / Murty, Vishnu / Nicholas, Spero C / Ning, Lipeng / Penzel, Nora / Poldrack, Russell / Polosecki, Pablo / Pratt, Danielle N / Rabin, Rachel / Rahimi Eichi, Habiballah / Rathi, Yogesh / Reichenberg, Avraham / Reinen, Jenna / Rogers, Jack / Ruiz-Yu, Bernalyn / Scott, Isabelle / Seitz-Holland, Johanna / Srihari, Vinod H / Srivastava, Agrima / Thompson, Andrew / Turetsky, Bruce I / Walsh, Barbara C / Whitford, Thomas / Wigman, Johanna T W / Yao, Beier / Yuen, Hok Pan / Ahmed, Uzair / Byun, Andrew Jin Soo / Chung, Yoonho / Do, Kim / Hendricks, Larry / Huynh, Kevin / Jeffries, Clark / Lane, Erlend / Langholm, Carsten / Lin, Eric / Mantua, Valentina / Santorelli, Gennarina / Ruparel, Kosha / Zoupou, Eirini / Adasme, Tatiana / Addamo, Lauren / Adery, Laura / Ali, Munaza / Auther, Andrea / Aversa, Samantha / Baek, Seon-Hwa / Bates, Kelly / Bathery, Alyssa / Bayer, Johanna M M / Beedham, Rebecca / Bilgrami, Zarina / Birch, Sonia / Bonoldi, Ilaria / Borders, Owen / Borgatti, Renato / Brown, Lisa / Bruna, Alejandro / Carrington, Holly / Castillo-Passi, Rolando I / Chen, Justine / Cheng, Nicholas / Ching, Ann Ee / Clifford, Chloe / Colton, Beau-Luke / Contreras, Pamela / Corral, Sebastián / Damiani, Stefano / Done, Monica / Estradé, Andrés / Etuka, Brandon Asika / Formica, Melanie / Furlan, Rachel / Geljic, Mia / Germano, Carmela / Getachew, Ruth / Goncalves, Mathias / Haidar, Anastasia / Hartmann, Jessica / Jo, Anna / John, Omar / Kerins, Sarah / Kerr, Melissa / Kesselring, Irena / Kim, Honey / Kim, Nicholas / Kinney, Kyle / Krcmar, Marija / Kotler, Elana / Lafanechere, Melanie / Lee, Clarice / Llerena, Joshua / Markiewicz, Christopher / Matnejl, Priya / Maturana, Alejandro / Mavambu, Aissata / Mayol-Troncoso, Rocío / McDonnell, Amelia / McGowan, Alessia / McLaughlin, Danielle / McIlhenny, Rebecca / McQueen, Brittany / Mebrahtu, Yohannes / Mensi, Martina / Hui, Christy Lai Ming / Suen, Yi Nam / Wong, Stephanie Ming Yin / Morrell, Neal / Omar, Mariam / Partridge, Alice / Phassouliotis, Christina / Pichiecchio, Anna / Politi, Pierluigi / Porter, Christian / Provenzani, Umberto / Prunier, Nicholas / Raj, Jasmine / Ray, Susan / Rayner, Victoria / Reyes, Manuel / Reynolds, Kate / Rush, Sage / Salinas, Cesar / Shetty, Jashmina / Snowball, Callum / Tod, Sophie / Turra-Fariña, Gabriel / Valle, Daniela / Veale, Simone / Whitson, Sarah / Wickham, Alana / Youn, Sarah / Zamorano, Francisco / Zavaglia, Elissa / Zinberg, Jamie / Woods, Scott W / Shenton, Martha E

Schizophrenia bulletin

2024 Volume 50, Issue 3, Page(s) 496–512

Abstract: This article describes the rationale, aims, and methodology of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ). This is the largest international collaboration to date that will develop algorithms to predict trajectories and outcomes of ... ...

Abstract	This article describes the rationale, aims, and methodology of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ). This is the largest international collaboration to date that will develop algorithms to predict trajectories and outcomes of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and to advance the development and use of novel pharmacological interventions for CHR individuals. We present a description of the participating research networks and the data processing analysis and coordination center, their processes for data harmonization across 43 sites from 13 participating countries (recruitment across North America, Australia, Europe, Asia, and South America), data flow and quality assessment processes, data analyses, and the transfer of data to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data Archive (NDA) for use by the research community. In an expected sample of approximately 2000 CHR individuals and 640 matched healthy controls, AMP SCZ will collect clinical, environmental, and cognitive data along with multimodal biomarkers, including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, fluid biospecimens, speech and facial expression samples, novel measures derived from digital health technologies including smartphone-based daily surveys, and passive sensing as well as actigraphy. The study will investigate a range of clinical outcomes over a 2-year period, including transition to psychosis, remission or persistence of CHR status, attenuated positive symptoms, persistent negative symptoms, mood and anxiety symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. The global reach of AMP SCZ and its harmonized innovative methods promise to catalyze the development of new treatments to address critical unmet clinical and public health needs in CHR individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Prospective Studies ; Adult ; Prodromal Symptoms ; Young Adult ; International Cooperation ; Adolescent ; Research Design/standards ; Male ; Female
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbae011
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Article ; Online: ChatGPT and Bard exhibit spontaneous citation fabrication during psychiatry literature search.

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Article ; Online: Linguistic correlates of suicidal ideation in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

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Article ; Online: Construct validity for computational linguistic metrics in individuals at clinical risk for psychosis: Associations with clinical ratings.

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Article ; Online: Differential Expression of Anomalous Self-Experiences in Spontaneous Speech in Clinical High-Risk and Early-Course Psychosis Quantified by Natural Language Processing.

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Article ; Online: A qualitative study on identity in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: " … Why does it have to be one thing?".

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Article ; Online: Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ): Rationale and Study Design of the Largest Global Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

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