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Article: Nitrogen overgrowth as a catalytic mechanism during diamond chemical vapour deposition

Oberg, Lachlan M / Batzer, Marietta / Stacey, Alastair / Doherty, Marcus W

Carbon. 2021 June 30, v. 178

2021

Abstract: Nitrogen is frequently included in chemical vapour deposition feed gases to accelerate diamond growth. While there is no consensus for an atomistic mechanism of this effect, existing studies have largely focused on the role of sub-surface nitrogen and ... ...

Abstract	Nitrogen is frequently included in chemical vapour deposition feed gases to accelerate diamond growth. While there is no consensus for an atomistic mechanism of this effect, existing studies have largely focused on the role of sub-surface nitrogen and nitrogen-based adsorbates. In this work, we demonstrate the catalytic effect of surface-embedded nitrogen in nucleating new layers of (100) diamond. To do so we develop a model of nitrogen overgrowth using density functional theory. Nucleation of new layers occurs through C insertion into a C–C surface dimer. However, we find that C insertion into a C–N dimer has substantially reduced energy requirements. In particular, the rate of the key dimer ring-opening and closing mechanism is increased 400-fold in the presence of nitrogen. Full incorporation of the substitutional nitrogen defect is then facilitated through charge transfer of an electron from the nitrogen lone pair to charge acceptors on the surface. This work provides a compelling mechanism for the role of surface-embedded nitrogen in enhancing (100) diamond growth through the nucleation of new layers. Furthermore, it demonstrates a pathway for substitutional nitrogen formation during chemical vapour deposition which can be extended to study the creation of technologically relevant nitrogen-based defects.
Keywords	carbon ; density functional theory ; energy ; models ; nitrogen ; vapors
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0630
Size	p. 606-615.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	0008-6223
DOI	10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.008
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Miniature fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of brain tumour.

Ndabakuranye, Jean Pierre / Belcourt, James / Sharma, Deepak / O'Connell, Cathal D / Mondal, Victor / Srivastava, Sanjay K / Stacey, Alastair / Long, Sam / Fleiss, Bobbi / Ahnood, Arman

Lab on a chip

2024 Volume 24, Issue 4, Page(s) 946–954

Abstract: Fluorescence-guided surgery has emerged as a vital tool for tumour resection procedures. As well as intraoperative tumour visualisation, 5-ALA-induced PpIX provides an avenue for quantitative tumour identification based on ratiometric fluorescence ... ...

Abstract	Fluorescence-guided surgery has emerged as a vital tool for tumour resection procedures. As well as intraoperative tumour visualisation, 5-ALA-induced PpIX provides an avenue for quantitative tumour identification based on ratiometric fluorescence measurement. To this end, fluorescence imaging and fibre-based probes have enabled more precise demarcation between the cancerous and healthy tissues. These sensing approaches, which rely on collecting the fluorescence light from the tumour resection site and its "remote" spectral sensing, introduce challenges associated with optical losses. In this work, we demonstrate the viability of tumour detection at the resection site using a miniature fluorescence measurement system. Unlike the current bulky systems, which necessitate remote measurement, we have adopted a millimetre-sized spectral sensor chip for quantitative fluorescence measurements. A reliable measurement at the resection site requires a stable optical window between the tissue and the optoelectronic system. This is achieved using an antifouling diamond window, which provides stable optical transparency. The system achieved a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 98.3% in detecting a surrogate tumour at a resolution of 1 × 1 mm
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Fluorescence ; Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Aminolevulinic Acid ; Optical Imaging
Chemical Substances	Aminolevulinic Acid (88755TAZ87)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2056646-3
ISSN	1473-0189 ; 1473-0197
ISSN (online)	1473-0189
ISSN	1473-0197
DOI	10.1039/d3lc00982c
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Polycrystalline diamond coating on 3D printed titanium scaffolds: Surface characterisation and foreign body response.

Booth, Marsilea A / Pope, Leon / Sherrell, Peter C / Stacey, Alastair / Tran, Phong A / Fox, Kate E

Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications

2021 Volume 130, Page(s) 112467

Abstract: Titanium-based implants are the leading material for orthopaedic surgery, due to their strength, versatility, fabrication via additive manufacturing and invoked biological response. However, the interface between the implant and the host tissue requires ... ...

Abstract	Titanium-based implants are the leading material for orthopaedic surgery, due to their strength, versatility, fabrication via additive manufacturing and invoked biological response. However, the interface between the implant and the host tissue requires improvement to better integrate the implant material and mitigate foreign body response. The interface can be manipulated by changing the surface energy, chemistry, and topography of the Titanium-based implant. Recently, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has emerged as an exciting coating material for 3D printed titanium scaffolds showing enhanced mammalian cell functions while inhibiting bacterial attachment in vitro. In this study, we performed in-depth characterisation of PCD coatings investigating the surface topography, thickness, surface energy, and compared its foreign body response in vivo with uncoated titanium scaffold. Coating PCD onto titanium scaffolds resulted in a similar microscale surface roughness (RMS
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology ; Diamond ; Foreign Bodies ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Surface Properties ; Titanium
Chemical Substances	Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; Diamond (7782-40-3) ; Titanium (D1JT611TNE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2012160-X
ISSN	1873-0191 ; 0928-4931
ISSN (online)	1873-0191
ISSN	0928-4931
DOI	10.1016/j.msec.2021.112467
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure.

White, Simon J U / Yang, Tieshan / Dontschuk, Nikolai / Li, Chi / Xu, Zai-Quan / Kianinia, Mehran / Stacey, Alastair / Toth, Milos / Aharonovich, Igor

Light, science & applications

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 186

Abstract: Controlling and manipulating individual quantum systems in solids underpins the growing interest in the development of scalable quantum technologies. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has garnered significant attention in quantum photonic ... ...

Abstract	Controlling and manipulating individual quantum systems in solids underpins the growing interest in the development of scalable quantum technologies. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has garnered significant attention in quantum photonic applications due to its ability to host optically stable quantum emitters. However, the large bandgap of hBN and the lack of efficient doping inhibits electrical triggering and limits opportunities to study the electrical control of emitters. Here, we show an approach to electrically modulate quantum emitters in an hBN-graphene van der Waals heterostructure. We show that quantum emitters in hBN can be reversibly activated and modulated by applying a bias across the device. Notably, a significant number of quantum emitters are intrinsically dark and become optically active at non-zero voltages. To explain the results, we provide a heuristic electrostatic model of this unique behavior. Finally, employing these devices we demonstrate a nearly-coherent source with linewidths of ~160 MHz. Our results enhance the potential of hBN for tunable solid-state quantum emitters for the growing field of quantum information science.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662628-7
ISSN	2047-7538 ; 2047-7538
ISSN (online)	2047-7538
ISSN	2047-7538
DOI	10.1038/s41377-022-00877-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Author Correction: Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure.

White, Simon J U / Yang, Tieshan / Dontschuk, Nikolai / Li, Chi / Xu, Zai-Quan / Kianinia, Mehran / Stacey, Alastair / Toth, Milos / Aharonovich, Igor

Light, science & applications

2022 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 226

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2662628-7
ISSN	2047-7538 ; 2047-7538
ISSN (online)	2047-7538
ISSN	2047-7538
DOI	10.1038/s41377-022-00917-2
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Article ; Online: Control of Neuronal Survival and Development Using Conductive Diamond.

Falahatdoost, Samira / Prawer, Yair D J / Peng, Danli / Chambers, Andre / Zhan, Hualin / Pope, Leon / Stacey, Alastair / Ahnood, Arman / Al Hashem, Hassan N / De León, Sorel E / Garrett, David J / Fox, Kate / Clark, Michael B / Ibbotson, Michael R / Prawer, Steven / Tong, Wei

ACS applied materials & interfaces

2024 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 4361–4374

Abstract: This study demonstrates the control of neuronal survival and development using nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD). We highlight the role of N-UNCD in regulating neuronal activity via near-infrared illumination, demonstrating the ... ...

Abstract	This study demonstrates the control of neuronal survival and development using nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD). We highlight the role of N-UNCD in regulating neuronal activity via near-infrared illumination, demonstrating the generation of stable photocurrents that enhance neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth and foster a more active, synchronized neuronal network. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing reveals that diamond substrates improve cellular-substrate interaction by upregulating extracellular matrix and gap junction-related genes. Our findings underscore the potential of conductive diamond as a robust and biocompatible platform for noninvasive and effective neural tissue engineering.
MeSH term(s)	Diamond/pharmacology ; Diamond/chemistry ; Electric Conductivity ; Tissue Engineering ; Neurons/physiology ; Cell Survival
Chemical Substances	Diamond (7782-40-3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1944-8252
ISSN (online)	1944-8252
DOI	10.1021/acsami.3c14680
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Nitrogen overgrowth as a catalytic mechanism during diamond chemical vapour deposition

Oberg, Lachlan M. / Batzer, Marietta / Stacey, Alastair / Doherty, Marcus W.

2020

Abstract	Nitrogen is frequently included in chemical vapour deposition feed gases to accelerate diamond growth. While there is no consensus for an atomistic mechanism of this effect, existing studies have largely focused on the role of sub-surface nitrogen and nitrogen-based adsorbates. In this work, we demonstrate the catalytic effect of surface-embedded nitrogen in nucleating new layers of (100) diamond. To do so we develop a model of nitrogen overgrowth using density functional theory. Nucleation of new layers occurs through C insertion into a C--C surface dimer. However, we find that C insertion into a C--N dimer has substantially reduced energy requirements. In particular, the rate of the key dimer ring-opening and closing mechanism is increased 400-fold in the presence of nitrogen. Full incorporation of the substitutional nitrogen defect is then facilitated through charge transfer of an electron from the nitrogen lone pair to charge acceptors on the surface. This work provides a compelling mechanism for the role of surface-embedded nitrogen in enhancing (100) diamond growth through the nucleation of new layers. Furthermore, it demonstrates a pathway for substitutional nitrogen formation during chemical vapour deposition which can be extended to study the creation of technologically relevant nitrogen-based defects. Comment: main text: 19 pages, 9 figures supplementary: 10 pages, 10 figures
Keywords	Condensed Matter - Materials Science ; Physics - Applied Physics
Subject code	530
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Highly aligned 2D NV ensemble fabrication from nitrogen-terminated (111) surface

Tatsuishi, Tetsuya / Kanehisa, Kyotaro / Kageura, Taisuke / Sonoda, Takahiro / Hata, Yuki / Kawakatsu, Kazuto / Tanii, Takashi / Onoda, Shinobu / Stacey, Alastair / Kono, Shozo / Kawarada, Hiroshi

Carbon. 2021 Aug. 15, v. 180

2021

Abstract: The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is fascinating and has a long spin coherence time. It is applied to magnetic sensors with high sensitivity (∼fT). To achieve a high sensitivity, an aligned NV ensemble is required. This paper presents a new ... ...

Abstract	The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is fascinating and has a long spin coherence time. It is applied to magnetic sensors with high sensitivity (∼fT). To achieve a high sensitivity, an aligned NV ensemble is required. This paper presents a new methodology for the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) aligned NV ensembles by using nitrogen-terminated (111) surface. To realize this, pure diamond growth and high nitrogen coverage on (111) surface were performed. As a result, we have succeeded in producing 2D NV ensembles, with 1 × 10⁹ cm⁻². Coherence time T₂ was 2.45 μs. Also, Using dynamical decoupling, the decoherence sources were revealed. The alignment ratio along [111] axis was archived 60%. Thermal annealing of the nitrogen termination was introduced to improve the alignment ratio. After that, the alignment rate was up to 73%. This report shows that the aligned 2D NV ensemble has possibility to be applied for multiple quantum devices.
Keywords	carbon ; magnetism ; methodology ; nitrogen
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0815
Size	p. 127-134.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	0008-6223
DOI	10.1016/j.carbon.2021.04.057
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Diamond surface functionalization via visible light-driven C-H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing.

Rodgers, Lila V H / Nguyen, Suong T / Cox, James H / Zervas, Kalliope / Yuan, Zhiyang / Sangtawesin, Sorawis / Stacey, Alastair / Jaye, Cherno / Weiland, Conan / Pershin, Anton / Gali, Adam / Thomsen, Lars / Meynell, Simon A / Hughes, Lillian B / Jayich, Ania C Bleszynski / Gui, Xin / Cava, Robert J / Knowles, Robert R / de Leon, Nathalie P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2024 Volume 121, Issue 11, Page(s) e2316032121

Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, ... ...

Abstract	Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C-H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C-F, C-Cl, C-S, and C-N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2316032121
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Article: Enhanced Widefield Quantum Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles Using Diamond Nanopillar Arrays

McCloskey, Daniel J / Dontschuk, Nikolai / Broadway, David A / Nadarajah, Athavan / Stacey, Alastair / Tetienne, Jean-Philippe / Hollenberg, Lloyd C. L / Prawer, Steven / Simpson, David A

ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2020 Feb. 26, v. 12, no. 11

2020

Abstract: Surface micro- and nano-patterning techniques are often employed to enhance the optical interface to single photoluminescent emitters in diamond, but the utility of such surface structuring in applications requiring ensembles of emitters is still open to ...

Abstract	Surface micro- and nano-patterning techniques are often employed to enhance the optical interface to single photoluminescent emitters in diamond, but the utility of such surface structuring in applications requiring ensembles of emitters is still open to investigation. Here, we demonstrate scalable and fault-tolerant fabrication of closely packed arrays of fluorescent diamond nanopillars, each hosting its own dense, uniformly bright ensemble of near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers. We explore the optimal sizes for these structures and realize enhanced spin and photoluminescence properties resulting in a 4.5 times increase in optically detected magnetic resonance sensitivity when compared to unpatterned surfaces. Utilizing the increased measurement sensitivity, we image the mechanical stress tensor in each diamond pillar across the arrays and show that the fabrication process has a negligible impact on in-built stress compared to the unpatterned surface. Our results represent a valuable pathway toward future multimodal and vector-resolved imaging studies, for instance in biological contexts.
Keywords	image analysis ; magnetism ; mechanical stress ; photoluminescence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0226
Size	p. 13421-13427.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1944-8252
DOI	10.1021/acsami.9b19397
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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