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  1. Article ; Online: Retinoic acid influences the timing and scaling of avian wing development.

    Stainton, Holly / Towers, Matthew

    Cell reports

    2022  Volume 38, Issue 4, Page(s) 110288

    Abstract: A fundamental question in biology is how embryonic development is timed between different species. To address this problem, we compared wing development in the quail and the larger chick. We reveal that pattern formation is faster in the quail as ... ...

    Abstract A fundamental question in biology is how embryonic development is timed between different species. To address this problem, we compared wing development in the quail and the larger chick. We reveal that pattern formation is faster in the quail as determined by the earlier activation of 5'Hox genes, termination of developmental organizers (Shh and Fgf8), and the laying down of the skeleton (Sox9). Using interspecies tissue grafts, we show that developmental timing can be reset during a critical window of retinoic acid signaling. Accordingly, extending the duration of retinoic acid signaling switches developmental timing between the quail and the chick and the chick and the larger turkey. However, the incremental growth rate is comparable between all three species, suggesting that the pace of development primarily governs differences in the expansion of the skeletal pattern. The widespread distribution of retinoic acid could coordinate developmental timing throughout the embryo.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Embryonic Development/physiology ; Embryonic Induction/physiology ; Quail/embryology ; Tretinoin/metabolism ; Turkeys/embryology ; Wings, Animal/embryology
    Chemical Substances Tretinoin (5688UTC01R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110288
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Polarizing Region Tissue Grafting in the Chick Embryo Limb Bud.

    Stainton, Holly / Towers, Matthew

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2018  Volume 1863, Page(s) 143–153

    Abstract: The polarizing region of the developing limb bud is an important organizing center that is involved in anteroposterior (thumb to little finger) patterning and has three main functions that are now considered to depend on the secreted protein Sonic ... ...

    Abstract The polarizing region of the developing limb bud is an important organizing center that is involved in anteroposterior (thumb to little finger) patterning and has three main functions that are now considered to depend on the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh). These are (1) specifying anteroposterior positional values by autocrine and graded paracrine signaling; (2) promoting growth in adjacent mesenchyme; (3) maintaining the distal epithelium that is essential for limb outgrowth by induction of a factor in adjacent mesenchyme. The polarizing region was identified using classical tissue grafting techniques in chicken embryos. Here we describe this procedure using tissue from transgenic Green Fluorescent Protein-expressing chicken embryos that allows the long-term fate of the polarizing region to be determined. This technique provides a highly useful and effective method to understand how the polarizing region patterns the limb and has implications for other organizing centers.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Body Patterning ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism ; Limb Buds/embryology ; Limb Buds/transplantation ; Signal Transduction ; Wings, Animal/embryology ; Wings, Animal/physiology
    Chemical Substances Hedgehog Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-8772-6_8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Fgf signalling triggers an intrinsic mesodermal timer that determines the duration of limb patterning.

    Sedas Perez, Sofia / McQueen, Caitlin / Stainton, Holly / Pickering, Joseph / Chinnaiya, Kavitha / Saiz-Lopez, Patricia / Placzek, Marysia / Ros, Maria A / Towers, Matthew

    Nature communications

    2023  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 5841

    Abstract: Complex signalling between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER - a thickening of the distal epithelium) and the mesoderm controls limb patterning along the proximo-distal axis (humerus to digits). However, the essential in vivo requirement for AER-Fgf ... ...

    Abstract Complex signalling between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER - a thickening of the distal epithelium) and the mesoderm controls limb patterning along the proximo-distal axis (humerus to digits). However, the essential in vivo requirement for AER-Fgf signalling makes it difficult to understand the exact roles that it fulfils. To overcome this barrier, we developed an amenable ex vivo chick wing tissue explant system that faithfully replicates in vivo parameters. Using inhibition experiments and RNA-sequencing, we identify a transient role for Fgfs in triggering the distal patterning phase. Fgfs are then dispensable for the maintenance of an intrinsic mesodermal transcriptome, which controls proliferation/differentiation timing and the duration of patterning. We also uncover additional roles for Fgf signalling in maintaining AER-related gene expression and in suppressing myogenesis. We describe a simple logic for limb patterning duration, which is potentially applicable to other systems, including the main body axis.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Chickens ; Epithelium ; Extremities ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics ; Mesoderm
    Chemical Substances Fibroblast Growth Factors (62031-54-3)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-41457-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: An intrinsic cell cycle timer terminates limb bud outgrowth.

    Pickering, Joseph / Rich, Constance A / Stainton, Holly / Aceituno, Cristina / Chinnaiya, Kavitha / Saiz-Lopez, Patricia / Ros, Marian A / Towers, Matthew

    eLife

    2018  Volume 7

    Abstract: The longstanding view of how proliferative outgrowth terminates following the patterning phase of limb development involves the breakdown of reciprocal extrinsic signalling between the distal mesenchyme and the overlying epithelium (e-m signalling). ... ...

    Abstract The longstanding view of how proliferative outgrowth terminates following the patterning phase of limb development involves the breakdown of reciprocal extrinsic signalling between the distal mesenchyme and the overlying epithelium (e-m signalling). However, by grafting distal mesenchyme cells from late stage chick wing buds to the epithelial environment of younger wing buds, we show that this mechanism is not required. RNA sequencing reveals that distal mesenchyme cells complete proliferative outgrowth by an intrinsic cell cycle timer in the presence of e-m signalling. In this process, e-m signalling is required permissively to allow the intrinsic cell cycle timer to run its course. We provide evidence that a temporal switch from BMP antagonism to BMP signalling controls the intrinsic cell cycle timer during limb outgrowth. Our findings have general implications for other patterning systems in which extrinsic signals and intrinsic timers are integrated.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Proliferation/genetics ; Chickens ; Epithelium/growth & development ; Extremities/growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Limb Buds/growth & development ; Limb Buds/metabolism ; Mesoderm/growth & development ; Organogenesis/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.37429
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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