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Article ; Online: The breeding systems and floral visitors of two widespread African dry forest species of ethnobotanical significance.

Coppinger, Christine Rose / Stanley, Dara A

2023 Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e0292929

Abstract: Forest products derived from woody trees, such as fruits, seeds, honey, wood and others, are important resources for supporting rural livelihoods. However, little is known about the breeding systems or floral visitors of trees that provide these ... ...

Abstract	Forest products derived from woody trees, such as fruits, seeds, honey, wood and others, are important resources for supporting rural livelihoods. However, little is known about the breeding systems or floral visitors of trees that provide these resources, often due to the difficulty of accessing tree canopies. This study addresses key knowledge gaps from a data poor region, providing information on the breeding systems and contribution of biotic pollination to two trees abundant in south-central Africa, that provide forest product supports for rural livelihoods: Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin and Syzygium guineense (Willd.) subsp. barotsense F. White (Fabaceae and Myrtaceae respectively). The breeding systems of these species were assessed by conducting controlled pollination experiments, and then measuring the effects on reproductive success to determine the degree of self-compatibility and pollen limitation. Floral visitors and their behaviour were observed to provide preliminary information on possible pollinator groups. S. guineense appeared to be self-compatible, while J. paniculata showed signs of both self-incompatibility and pollen limitation. Floral visitors of both species were dominated by bees, with native honeybees (Apis mellifera) providing the highest visitation rates. These insights provide the first steps for understanding the reproductive ecology of these key tree species and can help to inform sustained management and conservation aimed at protecting forests and supporting rural livelihoods, as well as broaden the understanding of the floral visitors, and contribution of biotic pollination to forest tree reproductive success.
MeSH term(s)	Bees ; Animals ; Flowers ; Plant Breeding ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Forests ; Trees ; Fabaceae
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0292929
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Article ; Online: Weak evidence base for bee protective pesticide mitigation measures.

Straw, Edward A / Stanley, Dara A

Journal of economic entomology

2023 Volume 116, Issue 5, Page(s) 1604–1612

Abstract: Pesticides help produce food for humanity's growing population, yet they have negative impacts on the environment. Limiting these impacts, while maintaining food supply, is a crucial challenge for modern agriculture. Mitigation measures are actions taken ...

Abstract	Pesticides help produce food for humanity's growing population, yet they have negative impacts on the environment. Limiting these impacts, while maintaining food supply, is a crucial challenge for modern agriculture. Mitigation measures are actions taken by pesticide users, which modify the risk of the application to nontarget organisms, such as bees. Through these, the impacts of pesticides can be reduced, with minimal impacts on the efficacy of the pesticide. Here we collate the scientific evidence behind mitigation measures designed to reduce pesticide impacts on bees using a systematic review methodology. We included all publications which tested the effects of any pesticide mitigation measure (using a very loose definition) on bees, at any scale (from individual through to population level), so long as they presented evidence on the efficacy of the measure. We found 34 publications with direct evidence on the topic, covering a range of available mitigation measures. No currently used mitigation measures were thoroughly tested, and some entirely lacked empirical support, showing a weak evidence base for current recommendations and policy. We found mitigation measure research predominantly focuses on managed bees, potentially failing to protect wild bees. We also found that label-recommended mitigation measures, which are the mitigation measures most often applied, specifically are seldom tested empirically. Ultimately, we recommend that more, and stronger, scientific evidence is required to justify existing mitigation measures to help reduce the impacts of pesticides on bees while maintaining crop protection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	1938-291X ; 0022-0493
ISSN (online)	1938-291X
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1093/jee/toad118
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Article ; Online: Impacts of local and landscape grassland management on the structure of plant-pollinator networks

Larkin, Michelle / Stanley, Dara A.

Basic and Applied Ecology. 2023 Aug., v. 70 p.50-59

2023

Abstract: Grassland management under local-scale results-based agri-environmental payment schemes (RBAPSs) are designed to benefit some biodiversity groups like plants. However, it is unknown if RBAPSs affect plant-pollinator interaction networks, and whether ... ...

Abstract	Grassland management under local-scale results-based agri-environmental payment schemes (RBAPSs) are designed to benefit some biodiversity groups like plants. However, it is unknown if RBAPSs affect plant-pollinator interaction networks, and whether local or landscape management is more influential. Most studies focus on traditional community structure measures like richness, neglecting the impacts management may have on network structure and stability, and thereby ecosystem function. Plant species that benefit from RBAPSs could also act as key forage plants for pollinators, but this has not been investigated. We sampled networks across 23 grasslands in the West of Ireland to investigate if grassland management at local (RBAPS) and/or landscape scale (proportion of semi-natural grassland) influence network size, connectance, nestedness, linkage density and specialization of networks. Species strength analysis was used to identify key plant species for bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies, and butterflies. Results indicate RBAPSs benefit network size and linkage density, where species-rich grasslands supported larger networks and higher linkage densities. Networks surrounded by higher proportions of semi-natural grassland also had larger network sizes and higher linkage densities. Nestedness was greater in landscapes with high proportions of improved grassland. Key plant species differed between pollinator groups. Our results highlight that managing grasslands to promote greater plant diversity through a local scale RBAPS positively influences the structure and stability of networks, with possible implications for pollination service delivery. However, networks are also influenced by landscape management suggesting that local-scale management by itself may not be sufficient to conserve networks. We conclude that measures aimed at pollinators should include grassland management at both spatial scales where possible and to promote the establishment of key plant species to help sustain a wider range of pollinator taxa.
Keywords	Syrphidae ; applied ecology ; community structure ; ecological function ; forage ; grassland management ; grasslands ; landscape management ; landscapes ; nestedness ; pollination ; pollinators ; species diversity ; Ireland ; Agri-environmental schemes ; Plant-pollinator interactions ; Grassland ; Bees ; Hoverflies ; Plants
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-08
Size	p. 50-59.
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2026806-3
ISSN	1439-1791
ISSN	1439-1791
DOI	10.1016/j.baae.2023.04.003
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Honey contamination from plant protection products approved for cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cultivation: A systematic review of existing research and methods.

Boakye, Richard G / Stanley, Dara A / White, Blanaid

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e0280175

Abstract: The main component of chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao), is a significant commercial agricultural plant that directly sustains the livelihoods of an estimated forty to fifty million people. The economies of many cocoa producing nations, particularly ... ...

Abstract	The main component of chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao), is a significant commercial agricultural plant that directly sustains the livelihoods of an estimated forty to fifty million people. The economies of many cocoa producing nations, particularly those in the developing world, are supported by cocoa export revenue. To ensure satisfactory yields, however, the plant is usually intensely treated with pesticides because it is vulnerable to disease and pest attacks. Even though pesticides help protect the cocoa plant, unintended environmental contamination is also likely. Honey, produced from nectar obtained by honeybees from flowers while foraging, can serve as a good indicator for the level of pesticide residues and environmental pesticide build-up in landscapes. Here, we use a systematic literature review to quantify the extent of research on residues of pesticides used in cocoa cultivation in honey. In 81% of the 104 studies examined for this analysis, 169 distinct compounds were detected. Imidacloprid was the most frequently detected pesticide, making neonicotinoids the most frequently found class of pesticides overall. However, in cocoa producing countries, organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids were the most frequently detected pesticides. Interestingly, only 19% of studies were carried out in cocoa producing countries. We recommend prioritizing more research in the countries that produce cocoa to help to understand the potential impact of pesticide residues linked with cocoa cultivation in honey and the environment more generally to inform better pesticide usage, human health, and environmental policies.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bees ; Animals ; Cacao/chemistry ; Honey/analysis ; Chocolate/analysis ; Pesticide Residues/analysis ; Pesticides/analysis
Chemical Substances	Pesticide Residues ; Pesticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0280175
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Article ; Online: Self-reported assessment of compliance with pesticide rules.

Straw, Edward A / Kelly, Edel / Stanley, Dara A

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

2023 Volume 254, Page(s) 114692

Abstract: How pesticides are used is very important in determining the risk they pose to both the user, and the environment. Given they can have toxic properties, if pesticides are misused they could cause serious harm to the users health as well as a range of ... ...

Abstract	How pesticides are used is very important in determining the risk they pose to both the user, and the environment. Given they can have toxic properties, if pesticides are misused they could cause serious harm to the users health as well as a range of environmental damage. Despite this, very little research has quantified whether agricultural use of pesticides is compliant with the legally binding obligations and associated guidance surrounding application. In this survey we used an online, fully anonymous, questionnaire to ask Irish farmers about how they use pesticides. We used a self-reporting methodology, directly asking farmers about their compliance levels. We had a total of 76 unique valid respondents. Our respondents covered the broad range of Irish agriculture, and we quantified how this relates to national demographics. Overall compliance regarding pesticide use was high, with the majority of respondents complying the majority of the time. However, we also found a sizable group who report low compliance levels for certain topics. Respondents reported the highest levels of non-compliance with the use of personal protective equipment, with nearly half of all respondents admitting to not wearing certain required protective equipment on a regular basis. In contrast, for some areas like application rate, very high compliance was reported. Moderate levels of non-compliance with bee protective mitigation measures were found, and some reported practices like not emptying or washing out the spray tank between sprays could have serious impacts on pollinators, soil organisms and other non-targets. Additionally, a minority of respondents admitted to actions which could cause serious water course pollution. As the first survey on a range of pesticide compliance topics within a developed nation, the compliance seen is very high compared to levels in developing nations. Our results demonstrate that the assumption that all legal obligations and guidance surrounding pesticide use are followed is unfounded, but that the majority of the respondents are mostly compliant. Education or enforcement should be targeted to certain areas where compliance is weakest to minimise harm from pesticide use. Reducing the non-compliance we report here could benefit both farmer and environmental health, and ensure that pesticides are used in a manner that risk assessment has deemed safe.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Self Report ; Occupational Exposure ; Agriculture ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Chemical Substances	Pesticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	436536-7
ISSN	1090-2414 ; 0147-6513
ISSN (online)	1090-2414
ISSN	0147-6513
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114692
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Article ; Online: Solitary bee behaviour and pollination service delivery is differentially impacted by neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides.

O'Reilly, Alison D / Stanley, Dara A

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 894, Page(s) 164399

Abstract: Solitary bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants, and their decline poses a risk to the sustained provision of the services they provide. Although evidence suggests that exposure to insecticides can affect bees, most pesticide research ... ...

Abstract	Solitary bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants, and their decline poses a risk to the sustained provision of the services they provide. Although evidence suggests that exposure to insecticides can affect bees, most pesticide research and risk assessment has focussed on social bees and mortality while solitary species are understudied. The ability to forage is critical for solitary bee reproduction, also in how they deliver pollination services, and we know little about how insecticides can impact these behaviours. We exposed solitary red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) to field realistic levels of two widely used insecticides with differing modes of action (lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and acetamiprid (neonicotinoid)), in a semi-field setting over multiple rounds of exposure. We then tested impacts on bee behaviour and pollination in apples, an important global insect-pollinated crop. Pollination by insecticide-treated bees reduced apple production by up to 86 % depending on the compound and the number of exposures, but the underlying mechanism behind this remains unclear and should be investigated further. Other measurements of pollination services including number of seeds per apple and stigma pollen deposition showed no relationship with pesticide treatment. Bee foraging behaviour was also affected by treatment where both insecticides appear to induce an excitatory effect which was constant for acetamiprid and eventually ceased for lambda-cyhalothrin after multiple exposures. This suggests that both neonicotinoid and non‑neonicotinoid insecticides can potentially affect behaviour and pollination services of solitary bees depending on how often they are exposed, which is particularly important given the changing usage patterns of these compound classes based on regulations around their use. This highlights the importance of moving insecticide risk assessment towards more field realistic scenarios and including sublethal effects on solitary and social bees, in addition to considering repeated exposures of bees to pesticides as is realistic in the field.
MeSH term(s)	Bees ; Animals ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Pollination ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; Neonicotinoids/toxicity ; Pesticides
Chemical Substances	Insecticides ; cyhalothrin (V0V73PEB8M) ; Pyrethrins ; Neonicotinoids ; Pesticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164399
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Zs.A 949: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Contrasting effects of fungicide and herbicide active ingredients and their formulations on bumblebee learning and behaviour.

Thompson, Linzi J / Stout, Jane C / Stanley, Dara A

The Journal of experimental biology

2023 Volume 226, Issue 6

Abstract: Fungicides and herbicides are two of the most heavily applied pesticide classes in the world, but receive little research attention with regards to their potential impacts on bees. As they are not designed to target insects, the mechanisms behind ... ...

Abstract	Fungicides and herbicides are two of the most heavily applied pesticide classes in the world, but receive little research attention with regards to their potential impacts on bees. As they are not designed to target insects, the mechanisms behind potential impacts of these pesticides are unclear. It is therefore important to understand their influence at a range of levels, including sublethal impacts on behaviours such as learning. We used the proboscis extension reflex (PER) paradigm to assess how the herbicide glyphosate and the fungicide prothioconazole affect bumblebee olfactory learning. We also assessed responsiveness, and compared the impacts of these active ingredients and their respective commercial formulations (Roundup Biactive and Proline). We found that learning was not impaired by either formulation but, of the bees that displayed evidence of learning, exposure to prothioconazole active ingredient increased learning level in some situations, while exposure to glyphosate active ingredient resulted in bumblebees being less likely to respond to antennal stimulation with sucrose. Our data suggest that fungicides and herbicides may not negatively impact olfactory learning ability when bumblebees are exposed orally to field-realistic doses in a lab setting, but that glyphosate has the potential to cause changes in responsiveness in bees. As we found impacts of active ingredients and not commercial formulations, this suggests that co-formulants may modify impacts of active ingredients in the products tested on olfactory learning without being toxic themselves. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind potential impacts of fungicides and herbicides on bees, and to evaluate the implications of behavioural changes caused by glyphosate and prothioconazole for bumblebee fitness.
MeSH term(s)	Bees ; Animals ; Herbicides/toxicity ; Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity ; Learning ; Conditioning, Classical ; Smell
Chemical Substances	Herbicides ; Fungicides, Industrial
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.245180
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Article ; Online: Non‐neonicotinoid pesticides impact bumblebee activity and pollen provisioning

O'Reilly, Alison D. / Stanley, Dara A.

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023 Aug., v. 60, no. 8 p.1673-1683

2023

Abstract: Bees are essential pollinators of crops and wild plants and their ability to forage and pollinate are key aspects of their behaviour. Bee populations are under threat, with the use of insecticides a contributing factor. Most research has focused on ... ...

Abstract	Bees are essential pollinators of crops and wild plants and their ability to forage and pollinate are key aspects of their behaviour. Bee populations are under threat, with the use of insecticides a contributing factor. Most research has focused on neonicotinoid insecticides and bee mortality, and little is known about impacts on bee foraging and delivery of pollination services. However, other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and pyrethroids, are increasingly used globally, but little is known about how these widely used substances may impact bees, particularly non‐honeybees. We exposed bumblebee Bombus terrestris colonies to field‐relevant doses of a pyrethroid (lambda‐cyhalothrin) and an organophosphate (dimethoate) and investigated sublethal effects on behaviour at the individual and colony level, in addition to pollination service delivery under semi‐field conditions. We show, for the first time, that exposure to these chemicals impacts the activity and pollen provisioning of bumblebee Bombus terrestris audax colonies, while no short‐term effects on flower handling behaviour or pollination service delivery were detected. We found that colonies exposed to dimethoate were less active, with 67% fewer bees leaving the colony to forage than control colonies, and of those that returned, 92% fewer returned pollen provisions to the nest. Colonies exposed to lambda‐cyhalothrin did not differ in activity; however, 62% fewer of these bees returned with pollen provisions. Policy implications. These findings give important insights into how exposure to different classes of insecticides could impact bumblebee activity and their provision of pollen required for colony development. With a focus on neonicotinoids in terms of policy changes regarding insecticides and bees, we show that other insecticide classes should also be re‐examined in relation to their potential risks for pollinators. We confirm the need to improve risk assessment of insecticides to assess sublethal effects, include non‐honeybee species in risk assessment processes and also consider key behaviours such as foraging and interactions with plants.
Keywords	Bombus terrestris ; applied ecology ; bees ; dimethoate ; flowers ; issues and policy ; lambda-cyhalothrin ; mortality ; neonicotinoid insecticides ; nests ; pollen ; pollination ; pyrethrins ; risk assessment
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-08
Size	p. 1673-1683.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.14444
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Article ; Online: Solitary bee behaviour and pollination service delivery is differentially impacted by neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides

O'Reilly, Alison D. / Stanley, Dara A.

Science of the Total Environment. 2023 Oct., v. 894 p.164399-

2023

Abstract	Solitary bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants, and their decline poses a risk to the sustained provision of the services they provide. Although evidence suggests that exposure to insecticides can affect bees, most pesticide research and risk assessment has focussed on social bees and mortality while solitary species are understudied. The ability to forage is critical for solitary bee reproduction, also in how they deliver pollination services, and we know little about how insecticides can impact these behaviours. We exposed solitary red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) to field realistic levels of two widely used insecticides with differing modes of action (lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and acetamiprid (neonicotinoid)), in a semi-field setting over multiple rounds of exposure. We then tested impacts on bee behaviour and pollination in apples, an important global insect-pollinated crop. Pollination by insecticide-treated bees reduced apple production by up to 86 % depending on the compound and the number of exposures, but the underlying mechanism behind this remains unclear and should be investigated further. Other measurements of pollination services including number of seeds per apple and stigma pollen deposition showed no relationship with pesticide treatment. Bee foraging behaviour was also affected by treatment where both insecticides appear to induce an excitatory effect which was constant for acetamiprid and eventually ceased for lambda-cyhalothrin after multiple exposures. This suggests that both neonicotinoid and non‑neonicotinoid insecticides can potentially affect behaviour and pollination services of solitary bees depending on how often they are exposed, which is particularly important given the changing usage patterns of these compound classes based on regulations around their use. This highlights the importance of moving insecticide risk assessment towards more field realistic scenarios and including sublethal effects on solitary and social bees, in addition to considering repeated exposures of bees to pesticides as is realistic in the field.
Keywords	Osmia rufa ; acetamiprid ; apples ; environment ; forage ; insect pollination ; insecticide application ; lambda-cyhalothrin ; mortality ; pollen ; pyrethrins ; risk ; risk assessment ; solitary bees ; stigma ; Crop yield ; Osmia bicornis ; Foraging behaviour
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-10
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164399
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Irish faba beans (Fabales: Fabaceae) depend on wild bumblebee pollination for marketable yields

Burns, Katherine L. W. / Stanley, Dara A.

Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2023 May, v. 25, no. 2 p.312-322

2023

Abstract: Quantifying the contributions of insect pollinators to crops provides insight into how pollination services should be managed and protected into the future. Faba bean, Vicia faba var minor (Linneaus), is a widely grown crop globally that can benefit from ...

Abstract	Quantifying the contributions of insect pollinators to crops provides insight into how pollination services should be managed and protected into the future. Faba bean, Vicia faba var minor (Linneaus), is a widely grown crop globally that can benefit from pollinator visitation, but only from species that are morphologically compatible with the plant's long‐corollae flowers. Here, we rank insect pollinators in terms of their potential importance to faba bean pollination and quantify the economic value of pollination for Irish faba beans. Our findings demonstrate that bee pollination contributes significantly to the pod set of faba beans, and, consequently, the crop's production value. We find that pollination services account for almost half of Ireland's total faba bean market value, with the pollinator contribution estimated at almost €4,000,000 per year. We estimate that, relative to other pollinators, wild bumblebees contribute to approximately 70% of the economic value of pollination services in faba bean fields, driven mainly by the contributions of a long‐tongued bumblebee species, Bombus hortorum (Linneaus; Hymenoptera: Apidae). Based on these results, we suggest that B. hortorum populations be encouraged on farmland through appropriate management to ensure the continued delivery of pollination services to Irish faba beans.
Keywords	Bombus hortorum ; Vicia faba ; agricultural land ; bee pollination ; entomology ; faba beans ; forests ; insects ; market value ; pollinators ; Ireland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Size	p. 312-322.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1444210-3
ISSN	1461-9563 ; 1461-9555
ISSN (online)	1461-9563
ISSN	1461-9555
DOI	10.1111/afe.12553
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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