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Article ; Online: Greenhouse gas production from an intermittently dosed cold-climate wastewater treatment wetland.

Ayotte, S H / Allen, C R / Parker, A / Stein, O R / Lauchnor, E G

2024 Volume 924, Page(s) 171484

Abstract: This study explores the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of nitrous oxide ( ... ...

Abstract	This study explores the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of nitrous oxide (N
MeSH term(s)	Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Wetlands ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Greenhouse Effect ; Wastewater ; Environmental Monitoring ; Nitrogen ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Water Purification
Chemical Substances	Greenhouse Gases ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J) ; Wastewater ; Nitrogen (N762921K75) ; Methane (OP0UW79H66) ; Nitrous Oxide (K50XQU1029)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171484
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Article ; Online: Seasonality, C:N ratio and plant species influence on denitrification and plant nitrogen uptake in treatment wetlands

Allen, C.R. / Burr, M.D. / Camper, A.K. / Moss, J.J. / Stein, O.R.

Ecological Engineering. , p.106946-

2023 , Page(s) 106946–

Abstract: Synthetic wastewater with an average total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentration of 72 mg l⁻¹ (18 NH₄-N and 54 NO₃-N) and three organic carbon‑nitrogen (C:N) ratios (0, 1.2, 2.4) was batch-loaded to 72 microcosms planted in monocultures of five plant ... ...

Abstract	Synthetic wastewater with an average total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentration of 72 mg l⁻¹ (18 NH₄-N and 54 NO₃-N) and three organic carbon‑nitrogen (C:N) ratios (0, 1.2, 2.4) was batch-loaded to 72 microcosms planted in monocultures of five plant species or left unplanted. Water quality was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 15 days during 15-day incubations at eight temperature settings ranging from 4 to 24 °C. This allowed for comparisons of TDN removal as influenced by plant species, temperature, and C:N ratio. Strong interactions between independent variables influence interpretation. At a C:N ratio of zero, all plant species significantly increased TDN removal compared to the unplanted microcosms. However, unplanted microcosms showed nearly complete TDN removal at the highest C:N ratio and warm temperatures; removal decreased with decreasing temperature and C:N ratio. TDN removal in Deschampsia cespitosa and Typha latifolia was better but responded similarly to unplanted with respect to temperature and C:N ratio. Conversely, microcosms of Phragmites australis and Schoneoplectus acutus had complete and rapid removal of all applied TDN (177 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹) under all C:N ratios and temperatures. Complete TDN removal was observed in Carex utriculata for all C:N ratios and temperatures except for the coldest temperature (4 °C). However, increasing the C:N ratio at this temperature increased TDN removal. Higher C:N ratios increase TDN removal, likely by increased denitrification, but simultaneously reduce plant biomass and plant uptake of nitrogen. Overall, removal of nitrate was enhanced with organic carbon addition and warm temperature, but specific plant species promoted complete removal even without organic carbon and in winter.
Keywords	Carex utriculata ; Deschampsia cespitosa ; Phragmites australis ; Typha latifolia ; carbon nitrogen ratio ; denitrification ; nitrates ; nitrogen ; organic carbon ; phytomass ; plant nitrogen content ; temperature ; wastewater ; water quality ; winter ; Ammonium ; Carex ; Constructed wetland ; Deschampsia ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; Phragmites ; Schoenoplectus ; Typha
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	1127407-4
ISSN	0925-8574
ISSN	0925-8574
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.106946
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Article: Presence and persistence of wastewater pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in hydroponic reactors of treatment wetland species.

VanKempen-Fryling, R J / Stein, O R / Camper, A K

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

2015 Volume 72, Issue 1, Page(s) 135–140

Abstract: Treatment wetlands (TWs) efficiently remove many pollutants including a several log order reduction of pathogens from influent to effluent; however, there is evidence to suggest that pathogen cells are sequestered in a subsurface wetland and may remain ... ...

Abstract	Treatment wetlands (TWs) efficiently remove many pollutants including a several log order reduction of pathogens from influent to effluent; however, there is evidence to suggest that pathogen cells are sequestered in a subsurface wetland and may remain viable months after inoculation. Escherichia coli is a common pathogen in domestic and agricultural wastewater and the O157:H7 strain causes most environmental outbreaks in the United States. To assess attachment of E. coli to the TW rhizosphere, direct measurements of E. coli levels were taken. Experiments were performed in chemostats containing either Teflon nylon as an abiotic control or roots of Carex utriculata or Schoenoplectus acutus. Flow of simulated wastewater through the chemostat was set to maintain a 2 hour residence time. The influent was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 containing DsRed fluorescent protein. Root samples were excised and analyzed via epifluorescent microscopy. E. coli O157:H7 was detected on the root surface at 2 hours after inoculation, and were visible as single cells. Microcolonies began forming at 24 hours post-inoculation and were detected for up to 1 week post-inoculation. Image analysis determined that the number of microcolonies with >100 cells increased 1 week post-inoculation, confirming that E. coli O157:H7 is capable of growth within biofilms surrounding wetland plant roots.
MeSH term(s)	Biofilms ; Carex Plant/microbiology ; Cyperaceae/microbiology ; Escherichia coli O157/growth & development ; Escherichia coli O157/physiology ; Hydroponics/instrumentation ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; United States ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation ; Waste Water/microbiology ; Wetlands
Chemical Substances	Waste Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
DOI	10.2166/wst.2015.199
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Article: Polar organic solvent removal in microcosm constructed wetlands

Grove, J.K / Stein, O.R

Water research. 2005 Oct., v. 39, issue 16

2005

Keywords	constructed wetlands ; solvents ; acetone ; butanol ; phytoremediation ; evapotranspiration ; Juncus effusus ; Carex ; Iris pseudacorus ; seasonal variation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2005-10
Size	p. 4040-4050.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
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Article: On fitting the k-C* first order model to batch loaded sub-surface treatment wetlands.

Stein, O R / Towler, B W / Hook, P B / Biederman, J A

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

2007 Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 93–99

Abstract: The k-C* first order model was fit to time-series COD data collected from batch-loaded model wetlands. Four replicates of four plant species treatments; Carex utriculata (sedge), Schoenoplectus acutus (bulrush), Typha latifolia (cattail) and unplanted ... ...

Abstract	The k-C* first order model was fit to time-series COD data collected from batch-loaded model wetlands. Four replicates of four plant species treatments; Carex utriculata (sedge), Schoenoplectus acutus (bulrush), Typha latifolia (cattail) and unplanted controls were compared. Temperature was varied by 4 degrees C from 24 degrees C to 4 degrees C to 24 degrees C over a year-long period. One mathematical fit was made for each wetland replicate at each temperature setting (192 fits). Temperature effects on both parameters were subsequently estimated by fitting the Arrhenius relationship to the estimated coefficients. Inherent interactions between k and C* make values dependent on sample timing and statistical technique for either time series (batch load) or distance profile (plug flow) data. Coefficients calibrated using the Levenberg-Marquardt method are compared to values previously reported using a nonlinear mixed effect regression technique. Overall conclusions are similar across approaches: (a) the magnitude of the coefficients varies strongly by species; (b) the rate constant k decreases with increasing temperature; and (c) temperature and species variation in the residual concentration C* is greater than the variation in k, such that variation in k alone is a poor predictor of performance. However, the magnitudes of the coefficients, especially the rate parameter k, vary between the statistical techniques, highlighting the need to better document the statistical routines used to calibrate the k-C* model.
MeSH term(s)	Kinetics ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; Temperature ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Water Movements ; Water Purification/methods ; Wetlands
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-06-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
DOI	10.2166/wst.2007.515
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Article: Temperature, plant species and residence time effects on nitrogen removal in model treatment wetlands.

Allen, C R / Stein, O R / Hook, P B / Burr, M D / Parker, A E / Hafla, E C

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

2013 Volume 68, Issue 11, Page(s) 2337–2343

Abstract: Total nitrogen (TN) removal in treatment wetlands (TWs) is challenging due to nitrogen cycle complexity and the variation of influent nitrogen species. Plant species, season, temperature and hydraulic loading most likely influence root zone oxygenation ... ...

Abstract	Total nitrogen (TN) removal in treatment wetlands (TWs) is challenging due to nitrogen cycle complexity and the variation of influent nitrogen species. Plant species, season, temperature and hydraulic loading most likely influence root zone oxygenation and appurtenant nitrogen removal, especially for ammonium-rich wastewater. Nitrogen data were collected from two experiments utilizing batch-loaded (3-, 6-, 9- and 20-day residence times), sub-surface TWs monitored for at least one year during which temperature was varied between 4 and 24 °C. Synthetic wastewater containing 17 mg/l N as NH4 and 27 mg/l amino-N, 450 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 13 mg/l SO4-S was applied to four replicates of Carex utriculata, Schoenoplectus acutus and Typha latifolia and unplanted controls. Plant presence and species had a greater effect on TN removal than temperature or residence time. Planted columns achieved approximately twice the nitrogen removal of unplanted controls (40-95% versus 20-50% removal) regardless of season and temperature. TWs planted with Carex outperformed both Typha and Schoenoplectus and demonstrated less temperature dependency. TN removal with Carex was excellent at all temperatures and residence times; Schoenoplectus and Typha TN removal improved at longer residence times. Reductions in TN were not accompanied by increases in NO3, which was consistently below 1 mg/l N.
MeSH term(s)	Carex Plant/metabolism ; Nitrogen/isolation & purification ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Temperature ; Typhaceae/metabolism ; Water Purification ; Wetlands
Chemical Substances	Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
DOI	10.2166/wst.2013.482
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Article: On fitting the k-C* first order model to batch loaded sub-surface treatment wetlands

Stein, O.R / Towler, B.W / Hook, P.B / Biederman, J.A

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2007, v. 56, no. 3

2007

Keywords	wastewater treatment ; simulation models ; statistical models ; constructed wetlands ; statistical analysis ; algorithms ; regression analysis ; calibration ; nonlinear models ; chemical oxygen demand ; mathematical models ; wetland plants ; phytoremediation ; Carex ; Schoenoplectus acutus ; Typha latifolia ; temperature ; estimation ; species differences ; prediction
Language	English
Size	p. 93-99.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the 10th IWA International Specialized Conference on "Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control", September 23-29, 2006, Lisbon, Portugal.
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
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Article: Seasonal influence on sulfate reduction and zinc sequestration in subsurface treatment wetlands

Stein, O.R / Borden-Stewart, D.J / Hook, P.B / Jones, W.L

Water research. 2007 Aug., v. 41, issue 15

2007

Keywords	seasonal variation ; sulfates ; reduction ; zinc ; subsurface flow ; wetlands ; hydrologic models ; ecosystem management ; mathematical models ; simulation models ; ambient temperature ; chemical oxygen demand ; water pollution ; pollutants ; pollution load ; water quality analysis ; water quality ; sulfides ; pollution control ; redox potential ; wetland conservation ; microbial contamination
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-08
Size	p. 3440-3448.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.023
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Article: Floating treatment wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment.

Faulwetter, J L / Burr, M D / Cunningham, A B / Stewart, F M / Camper, A K / Stein, O R

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

2011 Volume 64, Issue 10, Page(s) 2089–2095

Abstract: Floating islands are a form of treatment wetland characterized by a mat of synthetic matrix at the water surface into which macrophytes can be planted and through which water passes. We evaluated two matrix materials for treating domestic wastewater, ... ...

Abstract	Floating islands are a form of treatment wetland characterized by a mat of synthetic matrix at the water surface into which macrophytes can be planted and through which water passes. We evaluated two matrix materials for treating domestic wastewater, recycled plastic and recycled carpet fibers, for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal. These materials were compared to pea gravel or open water (control). Experiments were conducted in laboratory scale columns fed with synthetic wastewater containing COD, organic and inorganic nitrogen, and mineral salts. Columns were unplanted, naturally inoculated, and operated in batch mode with continuous recirculation and aeration. COD was efficiently removed in all systems examined (>90% removal). Ammonia was efficiently removed by nitrification. Removal of total dissolved N was ∼50% by day 28, by which time most remaining nitrogen was present as NO(3)-N. Complete removal of NO(3)-N by denitrification was accomplished by dosing columns with molasses. Microbial communities of interest were visualized with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) by targeting specific functional genes. Shifts in the denitrifying community were observed post-molasses addition, when nitrate levels decreased. The conditioning time for reliable nitrification was determined to be approximately three months. These results suggest that floating treatment wetlands are a viable alternative for domestic wastewater treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria, Aerobic/enzymology ; Bacteria, Aerobic/growth & development ; Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; Montana ; Nitrite Reductases/genetics ; Nitrogen/isolation & purification ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Pilot Projects ; Plastics/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation & purification ; Water Purification/methods ; Water Quality/standards ; Wetlands
Chemical Substances	DNA, Bacterial ; Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-) ; Nitrite Reductases (EC 1.7.-) ; ammonia monooxygenase (EC 1.7.3.-) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	764273-8
ISSN	1996-9732 ; 0273-1223
ISSN (online)	1996-9732
ISSN	0273-1223
DOI	10.2166/wst.2011.576
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Article: Impinging jet calibration of excess shear sediment detachment parameters

Stein, O.R / Nett, D.D

Transactions of the ASAE. Nov/Dec 1997. v. 40 (6)

1997

Abstract: An excess shear sediment detachment relation is commonly used in erosion prediction models. Traditional field methods for calibration of soil-dependent empirical constants are both expensive and conceptually suspect. The subprocesses of sediment ... ...

Abstract	An excess shear sediment detachment relation is commonly used in erosion prediction models. Traditional field methods for calibration of soil-dependent empirical constants are both expensive and conceptually suspect. The subprocesses of sediment detachment and transport cannot be physically separated, therefore they cannot be calibrated independently. Impingement of a clear-water jet on a soil bed produces detachment without transport at the point of maximum scour. In this article, a mathematical description of the impinging jet scour process is used to calibrate an excess shear detachment relation. Four calibration models are developed based on variants of the jet-scour rate equations (differential and integral form, each evaluated using arithmetic and logarithmic values for dependent variables). All models assume detachment is linearly related to excess shear. The validity of this calibration technique has been tested in the laboratory by measuring scour depth versus time for six different soils, all evaluated in a disturbed, saturated condition. A total of 14 replicates on the soils were conducted where hydraulic inputs were varied with replicate. Statistical analyses were used to place confidence limits about the optimal sediment detachment values for each of the four models. Only the arithmetic differential model produced results considerably different than the other three. The integrated log model produced the tightest confidence intervals and this is suggested for further use. The size of the confidence intervals demonstrates the replicability of the technique. The technique produced detachment rate constants that are similar to field calibration studies for soils of similar properties. Critical shear values are an approximate order of magnitude lower, but all soils were evaluated only in the highly erosive, disturbed, unconsolidated, and saturated condition. The technique can be applied to soils in other conditions and it is possible that this discrepancy is due to different soil conditions.
Keywords	soil erosion ; prediction ; mathematical models ; equations ; calibration ; computer software
Language	English
Dates of publication	1997-11
Size	p. 1573-1580.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	241942-7
ISSN	0001-2351
ISSN	0001-2351
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