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Article ; Online: Impacts of water level fluctuations on mercury concentrations in hydropower reservoirs

Felicity J. Ni / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / David Poirier / Brian Branfireun / Steve Petro / Michael T. Arts / Richard Chong-Kit / Carl P.J. Mitchell / George B. Arhonditsis

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol 220, Iss , Pp 112354- (2021)

A microcosm experiment

2021

Abstract: Hydropower generation, a renewable source of electricity, has been linked to elevated methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in impoundments and aquatic biota. This study investigates the impact of water level fluctuations (WLF) on MeHg concentrations in ... ...

Abstract	Hydropower generation, a renewable source of electricity, has been linked to elevated methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in impoundments and aquatic biota. This study investigates the impact of water level fluctuations (WLF) on MeHg concentrations in water, sediment, and fish. Using a set of controlled microcosm experiments emulating the drawdown/refill dynamics and subsequent sediment exposure to air experienced in reservoirs, we demonstrate that less frequent WLFs, and/or increased exposure of sediment to air, can lead to elevated MeHg concentrations in sediment, and total mercury (THg) and MeHg concentrations in water. In examining the effects of WLF frequency (two-day, weekly, and monthly), the monthly treatment displayed the highest THg and MeHg water levels, while the weekly treatment was characterized by the highest MeHg levels in the sediment. Our work supports emerging evidence that longer duration between WLF creates a larger surface area of sediment exposed to air leading to conditions conducive to higher MeHg concentrations in sediments and water. In contrast, THg, MeHg, and fatty acid trends in fish were largely inconclusive characterized by similar among-treatment effects and minimal temporal variability over the course of our experiment. This result could partly be attributed to overall low mercury levels and simple “worm-forage fish” food web in our experiment. To elucidate the broader impacts of water fluctuations on aquatic chemistry and biota, other factors (e.g., longer WLF cycles, dissolved organic matter, temperature, more complex food webs) which modulate both methylation rates and food web dynamics must be considered.
Keywords	Mercury ; Methylation ; Water level fluctuations ; Dam management ; Hydropower ; Environmental pollution ; TD172-193.5 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: A comparison of fish tissue mercury concentrations from homogenized fillet and nonlethal biopsy plugs

Knight, Alexis / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Brian A. Branfireun / Peter Drouin / Ram Prashad / Steve Petro / Moustapha Oke

Journal of environmental sciences (China). 2019 June, v. 80

2019

Abstract: The use of biopsy plugs to sample fish muscle tissue for mercury analyses is a viable alternative to lethal sampling; however, the practice has yet to be widely implemented in routine monitoring due to concerns about variability of mercury concentrations ...

Abstract	The use of biopsy plugs to sample fish muscle tissue for mercury analyses is a viable alternative to lethal sampling; however, the practice has yet to be widely implemented in routine monitoring due to concerns about variability of mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissues. Here we examine distribution of mercury in fillets of four fish species (Walleye, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass and Lake Trout), suitability of left/right side of fillet for biopsy sampling, and appropriateness of re-using a biopsy punch. The results showed that average mercury concentrations in left and right fillets of fish are similar. Mercury concentrations in biopsy plug samples, taken from the anterior dorsal area of the fish fillet, were statistically equivalent to the mercury concentrations in homogenized fillets. There was no discernible cross contamination between samples when a biopsy punch was reused after washing in hot soapy water, and as such, biopsy punches can be recycled during sampling to reduce the sampling cost. If a tissue mass collected from a specific site on the fillet is insufficient, then we suggest sampling corresponding locations on the other fillet rather than sampling two adjacent sites on one fillet to obtain more tissue. The results presented here can improve the accuracy of fillet biopsy plug sampling, minimize fish mortality for mercury monitoring, and reduce labor and material costs in monitoring programs.
Keywords	Esox lucius ; Micropterus dolomieu ; Salvelinus namaycush ; biopsy ; cross contamination ; fish ; fish fillets ; labor ; mercury ; monitoring ; mortality ; muscle tissues ; sampling
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-06
Size	p. 137-145.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Is it appropriate to composite fish samples for mercury trend monitoring and consumption advisories?

Nilima Gandhi / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Sarah B. Gewurtz / Ken G. Drouillard / George B. Arhonditsis / Steve Petro

Environment International, Vol 88, Iss , Pp 80-

2016 Volume 85

Abstract: Monitoring mercury levels in fish can be costly because variation by space, time, and fish type/size needs to be captured. Here, we explored if compositing fish samples to decrease analytical costs would reduce the effectiveness of the monitoring ... ...

Abstract	Monitoring mercury levels in fish can be costly because variation by space, time, and fish type/size needs to be captured. Here, we explored if compositing fish samples to decrease analytical costs would reduce the effectiveness of the monitoring objectives. Six compositing methods were evaluated by applying them to an existing extensive dataset, and examining their performance in reproducing the fish consumption advisories and temporal trends. The methods resulted in varying amount (average 34–72%) of reductions in samples, but all (except one) reproduced advisories very well (96–97% of the advisories did not change or were one category more restrictive compared to analysis of individual samples). Similarly, the methods performed reasonably well in recreating temporal trends, especially when longer-term and frequent measurements were considered. The results indicate that compositing samples within 5 cm fish size bins or retaining the largest/smallest individuals and compositing in-between samples in batches of 5 with decreasing fish size would be the best approaches. Based on the literature, the findings from this study are applicable to fillet, muscle plug and whole fish mercury monitoring studies. The compositing methods may also be suitable for monitoring Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in fish. Overall, compositing fish samples for mercury monitoring could result in a substantial savings (approximately 60% of the analytical cost) and should be considered in fish mercury monitoring, especially in long-term programs or when study cost is a concern. Keywords: Mercury Hg, Compositing/pooling, Fish, Monitoring, Advisories, Sensitive population
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Is it appropriate to composite fish samples for mercury trend monitoring and consumption advisories?

Gandhi, Nilima / George B. Arhonditsis / Ken G. Drouillard / Sarah B. Gewurtz / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Steve Petro

Environment international. 2016 Mar., v. 88

2016

Abstract	Monitoring mercury levels in fish can be costly because variation by space, time, and fish type/size needs to be captured. Here, we explored if compositing fish samples to decrease analytical costs would reduce the effectiveness of the monitoring objectives. Six compositing methods were evaluated by applying them to an existing extensive dataset, and examining their performance in reproducing the fish consumption advisories and temporal trends. The methods resulted in varying amount (average 34â72%) of reductions in samples, but all (except one) reproduced advisories very well (96â97% of the advisories did not change or were one category more restrictive compared to analysis of individual samples). Similarly, the methods performed reasonably well in recreating temporal trends, especially when longer-term and frequent measurements were considered. The results indicate that compositing samples within 5cm fish size bins or retaining the largest/smallest individuals and compositing in-between samples in batches of 5 with decreasing fish size would be the best approaches. Based on the literature, the findings from this study are applicable to fillet, muscle plug and whole fish mercury monitoring studies. The compositing methods may also be suitable for monitoring Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in fish. Overall, compositing fish samples for mercury monitoring could result in a substantial savings (approximately 60% of the analytical cost) and should be considered in fish mercury monitoring, especially in long-term programs or when study cost is a concern.
Keywords	data collection ; filleting ; fish ; fish consumption ; mercury ; monitoring ; muscles ; persistent organic pollutants
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-03
Size	p. 80-85.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.013
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: High levels, partitioning and fish consumption based water guidelines of perfluoroalkyl acids downstream of a former firefighting training facility in Canada

Bhavsar, Satyendra P / Craig Fowler / Sarah Day / Steve Petro / Nilima Gandhi / Sarah B. Gewurtz / Chunyan Hao / Xiaoming Zhao / Ken G. Drouillard / Dave Morse

Environment international. 2016 Sept., v. 94

2016

Abstract: High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), have been observed at locations in/around/downstream of the sites where PFOS-based firefighting foam was used repeatedly for a prolonged period. In this study, ... ...

Abstract	High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), have been observed at locations in/around/downstream of the sites where PFOS-based firefighting foam was used repeatedly for a prolonged period. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of PFAA contamination in the Lake Niapenco area in Ontario, Canada, where among the highest ever reported levels of PFOS were recently measured in amphipods, fish and snapping turtle plasma. Levels and distribution of PFAAs in water, sediment and fish samples collected from the area varied widely. An upstream pond beside a former firefighting training area (FFTA) was confirmed as the source of PFAAs even 20years after the last use of the foam at the FFTA. Recent PFOS concentration in water (~60ng/L) at Lake Niapenco, about 14km downstream of the pond, was still 3â7Ã higher than the background levels. For PFOS, Log KD ranged 1.3â2.5 (meanÂ±SE: 1.7Â±0.1), Log BAFs ranged 2.4â4.7 (3.4Â±0.05), and Log BSAFs ranged 0.7â2.9 (1.7Â±0.05). Some fish species-specific differences in BAF and BSAF were observed. At Log BAF of 4.7, fish PFOS levels at Lake Niapenco could reach 15,000ng/g, 100Ã greater than a âdo not eatâ advisory benchmark, without exceeding the current drinking water guideline of 300ng/L. A fish consumption based water guideline was estimated at 1â15ng/L, which is likely applicable worldwide given that the Log BAFs observed in this study were comparable to those previously reported in the literature. It appears that PFAA in the downstream waters increased between 2011 and 2015; however, further monitoring is required to confirm this trend.
Keywords	Amphipoda ; acids ; drinking water ; fire fighting ; fish ; fish consumption ; foams ; guidelines ; lakes ; monitoring ; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ; sediments ; Ontario
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-09
Size	p. 415-423.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.023
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: High levels, partitioning and fish consumption based water guidelines of perfluoroalkyl acids downstream of a former firefighting training facility in Canada

Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Craig Fowler / Sarah Day / Steve Petro / Nilima Gandhi / Sarah B. Gewurtz / Chunyan Hao / Xiaoming Zhao / Ken G. Drouillard / Dave Morse

Environment International, Vol 94, Iss , Pp 415-

2016 Volume 423

Abstract	High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), have been observed at locations in/around/downstream of the sites where PFOS-based firefighting foam was used repeatedly for a prolonged period. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of PFAA contamination in the Lake Niapenco area in Ontario, Canada, where among the highest ever reported levels of PFOS were recently measured in amphipods, fish and snapping turtle plasma. Levels and distribution of PFAAs in water, sediment and fish samples collected from the area varied widely. An upstream pond beside a former firefighting training area (FFTA) was confirmed as the source of PFAAs even 20 years after the last use of the foam at the FFTA. Recent PFOS concentration in water (~60 ng/L) at Lake Niapenco, about 14 km downstream of the pond, was still 3–7× higher than the background levels. For PFOS, Log KD ranged 1.3–2.5 (mean ± SE: 1.7 ± 0.1), Log BAFs ranged 2.4–4.7 (3.4 ± 0.05), and Log BSAFs ranged 0.7–2.9 (1.7 ± 0.05). Some fish species-specific differences in BAF and BSAF were observed. At Log BAF of 4.7, fish PFOS levels at Lake Niapenco could reach 15,000 ng/g, 100× greater than a “do not eat” advisory benchmark, without exceeding the current drinking water guideline of 300 ng/L. A fish consumption based water guideline was estimated at 1–15 ng/L, which is likely applicable worldwide given that the Log BAFs observed in this study were comparable to those previously reported in the literature. It appears that PFAA in the downstream waters increased between 2011 and 2015; however, further monitoring is required to confirm this trend. Keywords: Perfluoroalkyl acids PFAAs, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid PFOS, Firefighting, Guideline, Fish advisory, Worldwide
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Cooking fish is not effective in reducing exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Bhavsar, Satyendra P / Eric Braekevelt / Eric J. Reiner / Holly Lee / Nilima Gandhi / Roni Bronson / Rui Guo / Sheryl A. Tittlemier / Steve Petro / Xianming Zhang

Environment international. 2014 May, v. 66

2014

Abstract: Consumption of fish is considered a part of a healthy diet; however, health risks from fish consumption exist due to potential exposure to various contaminants accumulated in fish. Cooking fish can reduce exposure to many organic chemicals in fish. ... ...

Abstract	Consumption of fish is considered a part of a healthy diet; however, health risks from fish consumption exist due to potential exposure to various contaminants accumulated in fish. Cooking fish can reduce exposure to many organic chemicals in fish. Similar results have been presented for low levels of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a class of contaminants of emerging concern, in grocery store fish. We examined the effectiveness of three cooking methods (i.e., baking, broiling, and frying) on reducing PFAS levels in four sport fish species. Samples of Chinook salmon, common carp, lake trout and walleye were collected from four rivers in Ontario, Canada and skin-off fillets were analyzed for regular groups of PFASs such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), as well as perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPIAs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs), which are PFASs of emerging concern. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFAS detected and the concentrations were more than an order of magnitude higher than those reported for fish from grocery stores in Canada, Spain, and China. Although concentrations of PFOS in fish fillets generally increase after cooking, amounts of PFOS largely remain unchanged. Relatively minor differences in changes in the fish PFAS amounts after cooking depended on fish species and cooking method used. We conclude that cooking sport fish is generally not an effective approach to reduce dietary exposure to PFASs, especially PFOS.
Keywords	baking ; broiling ; carboxylic acids ; Cyprinus carpio ; dietary exposure ; fish ; fish consumption ; fish fillets ; frying ; game fish ; grocery stores ; healthy diet ; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ; phosphoric acid ; phosphorous acid ; risk ; rivers ; Salvelinus namaycush ; sulfonic acid ; China ; Ontario ; Spain
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-05
Size	p. 107-114.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.024
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids in sport fish species downstream of a firefighting training facility at Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, Canada

Gewurtz, Sarah B / Chris G. Mahon / Dave Morse / Eric Braekevelt / Eric J. Reiner / Ken Drouillard / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Sheryl A. Tittlemier / Steve Petro / Xiaoming Zhao

Environment international. 2014 June, v. 67

2014

Abstract: A recent study reported elevated concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in surface water, snapping turtles, and amphipods in Lake Niapenco, downstream of Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, ... ...

Abstract	A recent study reported elevated concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in surface water, snapping turtles, and amphipods in Lake Niapenco, downstream of Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, Canada. Here, our goals were to 1) determine the extent of PFAA contamination in sport fish species collected downstream of the airport, 2) explore if the airport could be a potential source, and 3) compare fish PFOS concentrations to consumption advisory benchmarks. The PFOS levels in several sport fish collected from the three locations closest to the airport (<40km) were among the highest previously published in the peer-reviewed literature and also tended to exceed consumption benchmarks. The only other fish that had comparable concentrations were collected in a region affected by inputs from a major fluorinated chemical production facility. In contrast, PFOS concentrations in the two most downstream locations (>70km) were comparable to or below the average concentrations in fish as observed in the literature and were generally below the benchmarks. With regards to perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs), there was no significant decrease in concentrations in fish with distance from the airport and levels were comparable to or below the average concentrations observed in the literature, suggesting that the airport is not a significant source of PFCAs in these fish species. PFOS-based aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) was used at a firefighting training facility at the airport in the 1980s to mid-1990s. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the historical use of AFFF at the airport has resulted in fish PFOS concentrations that exceed the 95th percentile concentration of values reported in the literature to date.
Keywords	airports ; Amphipoda ; Chelydridae ; fire fighting ; fish ; foams ; game fish ; lakes ; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ; surface water ; Ontario
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-06
Size	p. 1-11.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Cooking fish is not effective in reducing exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Xianming Zhang / Rui Guo / Eric Braekevelt / Steve Petro / Nilima Gandhi / Eric J. Reiner / Holly Lee / Roni Bronson / Sheryl A. Tittlemier

Environment International, Vol 66, Iss , Pp 107-

2014 Volume 114

Abstract	Consumption of fish is considered a part of a healthy diet; however, health risks from fish consumption exist due to potential exposure to various contaminants accumulated in fish. Cooking fish can reduce exposure to many organic chemicals in fish. Similar results have been presented for low levels of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a class of contaminants of emerging concern, in grocery store fish. We examined the effectiveness of three cooking methods (i.e., baking, broiling, and frying) on reducing PFAS levels in four sport fish species. Samples of Chinook salmon, common carp, lake trout and walleye were collected from four rivers in Ontario, Canada and skin-off fillets were analyzed for regular groups of PFASs such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), as well as perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPIAs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs), which are PFASs of emerging concern. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFAS detected and the concentrations were more than an order of magnitude higher than those reported for fish from grocery stores in Canada, Spain, and China. Although concentrations of PFOS in fish fillets generally increase after cooking, amounts of PFOS largely remain unchanged. Relatively minor differences in changes in the fish PFAS amounts after cooking depended on fish species and cooking method used. We conclude that cooking sport fish is generally not an effective approach to reduce dietary exposure to PFASs, especially PFOS. Keywords: Perfluoroalkyl substances, Fish consumption, Cooking, PFOS, Emerging contaminant, Great Lakes
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333 ; 590
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: High levels of perfluoroalkyl acids in sport fish species downstream of a firefighting training facility at Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, Canada

Sarah B. Gewurtz / Satyendra P. Bhavsar / Steve Petro / Chris G. Mahon / Xiaoming Zhao / Dave Morse / Eric J. Reiner / Sheryl A. Tittlemier / Eric Braekevelt / Ken Drouillard

Environment International, Vol 67, Iss , Pp 1-

2014 Volume 11

Abstract	A recent study reported elevated concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in surface water, snapping turtles, and amphipods in Lake Niapenco, downstream of Hamilton International Airport, Ontario, Canada. Here, our goals were to 1) determine the extent of PFAA contamination in sport fish species collected downstream of the airport, 2) explore if the airport could be a potential source, and 3) compare fish PFOS concentrations to consumption advisory benchmarks. The PFOS levels in several sport fish collected from the three locations closest to the airport (<40 km) were among the highest previously published in the peer-reviewed literature and also tended to exceed consumption benchmarks. The only other fish that had comparable concentrations were collected in a region affected by inputs from a major fluorinated chemical production facility. In contrast, PFOS concentrations in the two most downstream locations (>70 km) were comparable to or below the average concentrations in fish as observed in the literature and were generally below the benchmarks. With regards to perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs), there was no significant decrease in concentrations in fish with distance from the airport and levels were comparable to or below the average concentrations observed in the literature, suggesting that the airport is not a significant source of PFCAs in these fish species. PFOS-based aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) was used at a firefighting training facility at the airport in the 1980s to mid-1990s. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the historical use of AFFF at the airport has resulted in fish PFOS concentrations that exceed the 95th percentile concentration of values reported in the literature to date. Keywords: Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), Sport fish, Human fish consumers, Fish consumption advisories
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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