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Article ; Online: The articulation of sauropod necks: methodology and mythology.

Stevens, Kent A

PloS one

2013 Volume 8, Issue 10, Page(s) e78572

Abstract: Sauropods are often imagined to have held their heads high atop necks that ascended in a sweeping curve that was formed either intrinsically because of the shape of their vertebrae, or behaviorally by lifting the head, or both. Their necks are also ... ...

Abstract	Sauropods are often imagined to have held their heads high atop necks that ascended in a sweeping curve that was formed either intrinsically because of the shape of their vertebrae, or behaviorally by lifting the head, or both. Their necks are also popularly depicted in life with poses suggesting avian flexibility. The grounds for such interpretations are examined in terms of vertebral osteology, inferences about missing soft tissues, intervertebral flexibility, and behavior. Osteologically, the pronounced opisthocoely and conformal central and zygapophyseal articular surfaces strongly constrain the reconstruction of the cervical vertebral column. The sauropod cervico-dorsal vertebral column is essentially straight, in contrast to the curvature exhibited in those extant vertebrates that naturally hold their heads above rising necks. Regarding flexibility, extant vertebrates with homologous articular geometries preserve a degree of zygapophyseal overlap at the limits of deflection, a constraint that is further restricted by soft tissues. Sauropod necks, if similarly constrained, were capable of sweeping out large feeding surfaces, yet much less capable of retracting the head to explore the enclosed volume in an avian manner. Behaviorally, modern vertebrates generally assume characteristic neck postures which are close to the intrinsic curvature of the undeflected neck. With the exception of some vertebrates that can retract their heads to balance above their shoulders at rest (e.g., felids, lagomorphs, and some ratites), the undeflected neck generally predicts the default head height at rest and during locomotion.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Archaeology ; Behavior, Animal ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/physiology ; Neck/anatomy & histology ; Neck/physiology ; Posture
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0078572
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Article: The vision of David Marr.

Stevens, Kent A

Perception

2012 Volume 41, Issue 9, Page(s) 1061–1072

Abstract: Marr proposed a computational paradigm for studying the visual system, wherein aspects of vision would be amenable to study with what might be regarded a computational-reductionist approach. First, vision would be cleaved into separable 'computational ... ...

Abstract	Marr proposed a computational paradigm for studying the visual system, wherein aspects of vision would be amenable to study with what might be regarded a computational-reductionist approach. First, vision would be cleaved into separable 'computational theories', in which the visual system is characterized in terms of its computational goals and the strategies by which they are carried out. Each such computational theory could then be investigated in increasingly concrete terms, from symbols and measurements, to representations and algorithms, to processes and neural implementations. This paradigm rests on some general expectations of a symbolic information processing system, including his stated principles of explicit naming, modular design, least commitment, and graceful degradation. In retrospect, the computational framework also tacitly rests on additional assumptions about the nature of biological information processing: (1) separability of computational strategies, (2) separability of representations, (3) a pipeline nature of information processing, and that (4) the representations employ primitives of low dimensionality. These assumptions are discussed in this retrospective.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185533-5
ISSN	1468-4233 ; 0301-0066
ISSN (online)	1468-4233
ISSN	0301-0066
DOI	10.1068/p7297
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Article ; Online: Chronic Bowel Obstruction in a Middle-aged Man.

Beckman, Ross M / Stevens, Kent A / Jones, Christian

JAMA surgery

2018 Volume 154, Issue 1, Page(s) 83–84

MeSH term(s)	Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction/etiology ; Intestinal Obstruction/surgery ; Intestine, Small/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Fibrosis/complications ; Peritoneal Fibrosis/diagnosis ; Peritoneal Fibrosis/surgery ; Peritonitis/complications ; Peritonitis/diagnosis ; Peritonitis/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2701841-6
ISSN	2168-6262 ; 2168-6254
ISSN (online)	2168-6262
ISSN	2168-6254
DOI	10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2582
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Article ; Online: Patterns of referral for refugees in western Tanzania: a retrospective review.

Abrahim, Orit / Rapaport, Sarah / Ngude, Hilary / Abbas, Mohamed / Winch, Peter J / Stevens, Kent A / Enumah, Zachary Obinna

The Pan African medical journal

2022 Volume 41, Page(s) 76

Abstract: Introduction: access to essential secondary and tertiary healthcare, including surgery and medical sub-specialties, is a challenge in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), especially for displaced populations. Referrals from refugee camps are highly ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: access to essential secondary and tertiary healthcare, including surgery and medical sub-specialties, is a challenge in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), especially for displaced populations. Referrals from refugee camps are highly regulated and may pose barriers to accessing essential secondary healthcare in a timely manner. Refugee referral systems and the ways they interact with national systems are poorly understood. Such information is necessary for resource allocation and prioritization, optimizing patient outcomes, national-level planning, and investment in capacity-building. Methods: a retrospective review of referrals from Nyarugusu Refugee Camp in Tanzania to Kabanga Hospital between January 2016-May 2017 was conducted. Data was collected from logbooks on patient demographics, diagnosis, and reason for referral. Diagnoses and reasons for referral were further coded by organ system and specific referral codes, respectively. Results: there were 751 entries in the referral logbook between January 2016 and May 2017. Of these, 79 (10.5%) were excluded as they were caretakers or missing both diagnoses and reason for referral resulting in 672 (89.5%) total entries for analysis.The most common organ system of diagnosis was musculoskeletal (171, 25.5%) followed by head, ear, eye, nose and throat (n=164, 24.4%) and infectious disease (n=92, 13.7%). The most common reason for referral was imaging (n=250, 37.2%) followed by need for a specialist (n=214, 31.9%) and further management (n=116, 17.3%). X-ray comprised the majority of imaging referred (n=249, 99.6%). The most common specialties referred to were ophthalmology (n=104, 48.6%) followed by surgery (n=63, 29.4%), and otolaryngology (ENT) (n=17, 7.9%). Conclusion: given a large burden of referral for refugee patients and sharing of in and out-of-camp healthcare facilities with nationals, refugees should be included in national health care plans and have clear referral processes. Epidemiological data that include these intertwined referral patterns are necessary to promote efficient resource allocation, reduce unnecessary referrals, and prevent delays in care that could affect patient outcomes. International agencies, NGOs, and governments should conduct cost analyses to explore innovative capacity-building projects for secondary care in camp-based facilities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Referral and Consultation ; Refugee Camps ; Refugees ; Retrospective Studies ; Tanzania
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-27
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.2022.41.76.32559
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Article ; Online: What Proportion of East African Refugees Report Musculoskeletal Problems? A Cross-sectional Survey.

Rapaport, Sarah / Ngude, Hilary / Ficke, James R / Yenokyan, Gayane / Rafiq, Mohamed Yunus / Juma, Omar / Sakran, Joseph V / Stevens, Kent A / Enumah, Zachary Obinna

Clinical orthopaedics and related research

2023

Abstract: Background: Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading cause of disability worldwide and disproportionally affect individuals in low-income and middle-income countries. There is a dearth of evidence on musculoskeletal problems among refugees, 74% of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading cause of disability worldwide and disproportionally affect individuals in low-income and middle-income countries. There is a dearth of evidence on musculoskeletal problems among refugees, 74% of whom reside in low-income and middle-income countries. Questions/purposes: (1) What proportion of refugees in Nyarugusu Camp, Kigoma, western Tanzania, are affected by musculoskeletal problems and what are the characteristics of those individuals? (2) What are the characteristics of these musculoskeletal problems, including their causes, location, and duration? (3) What forms of healthcare do those with musculoskeletal problems seek, including those for both musculoskeletal and nonmusculoskeletal problems? Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among refugees in Nyarugusu Camp, using the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need tool. The Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need tool is a validated population-based survey tool developed for use in limited-resource settings that is intended to determine the prevalence of surgical disease in a community. It uses a cluster random sampling methodology with house-to-house data collection in the form of a verbal head-to-toe examination that is performed by a trained community healthcare worker. A total of 99% responded, and 3574 records were analyzed. The mean age of respondents was 23 ± 18 years, with under 18 as the most-represented age group (44% [1563]). A total of 57% (2026) of respondents were women, 79% (2802 of 3536) were generally healthy, and 92% (3297 of 3570) had visited a camp medical facility. Only records endorsing musculoskeletal problems (extremity or back) were included in this analysis. Using all refugees surveyed as our denominator and refugees who endorsed a musculoskeletal problem (extremity or back) as the numerator, we calculated the proportion of refugees who endorsed a musculoskeletal problem. We then analyzed the characteristics of those endorsing musculoskeletal problems, including their healthcare-seeking behavior, and the characteristics of the musculoskeletal problems themselves. Results: Among 3574 refugees interviewed, 22% (769) reported musculoskeletal problems, with 17% (609) reporting extremity problems and 7% (266) reporting back problems. Among all people surveyed, 8% (290) reported current extremity problems while 5% (188) reported current back problems. Among those reporting musculoskeletal problems, respondents younger than 18 years were the most-represented age group (28% [169 of 609]) whereas respondents between 30 and 44 years of age were the most-represented age group for back problems (29% [76 of 266]). Wounds from an injury or trauma (24% [133 of 557]) and acquired disability (24% [133 of 557]) were the most-common causes of extremity problems, whereas acquired disability (53% [97 of 184]) followed by a wound not from injury or trauma (25% [45 of 184]) were the most common causes of back problems. Fifty percent (303) of those with extremity problems characterized it as disabling, whereas 76% (203) of those with back problems did. Conclusion: Over one of five refugees endorsed musculoskeletal problems, which are most often caused by acquired disease and injury. These musculoskeletal problems are often characterized as disabling, yet only slightly more than half have sought treatment for problems. This warrants further research on care-seeking behavior in this setting, and emphasizes that investing in the spectrum of musculoskeletal health systems, including medical management and rehabilitation services, is critical to decreasing disability caused by musculoskeletal problems. Level of evidence: Level IV, prognostic study.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80301-7
ISSN	1528-1132 ; 0009-921X
ISSN (online)	1528-1132
ISSN	0009-921X
DOI	10.1097/CORR.0000000000002729
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Article ; Online: Patterns, procedures, and indications for pediatric surgery in a Tanzanian Refugee Camp: a 20-year experience.

Rapaport, Sarah / Enumah, Zachary Obinna / Ngude, Hilary / Rhee, Daniel S / Abbas, Mohamed / Lekey, Amber / Winch, Peter J / Sakran, Joseph V / Stevens, Kent A

World journal of pediatric surgery

2023 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) e000528

Abstract: Background: There are 103 million displaced people worldwide, 41% of whom are children. Data on the provision of surgery in humanitarian settings are limited. Even scarcer is literature on pediatric surgery performed in humanitarian settings, ... ...

Abstract	Background: There are 103 million displaced people worldwide, 41% of whom are children. Data on the provision of surgery in humanitarian settings are limited. Even scarcer is literature on pediatric surgery performed in humanitarian settings, particularly protracted humanitarian settings. Methods: We reviewed patterns, procedures, and indications for pediatric surgery among children in Nyarugusu Refugee Camp using a 20-year retrospective dataset. Results: A total of 1221 pediatric surgical procedures were performed over the study period. Teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 years were the most common age group undergoing surgery (n=991; 81%). A quarter of the procedures were performed on local Tanzanian children seeking care in the camp (n=301; 25%). The most common procedures performed were cesarean sections (n=858; 70%), herniorrhaphies (n=197; 16%), and exploratory laparotomies (n=55; 5%). Refugees were more likely to undergo exploratory laparotomy (n=47; 5%) than Tanzanian children (n=7; 2%; p=0.032). The most common indications for exploratory laparotomy were acute abdomen (n=24; 44%), intestinal obstruction (n=10; 18%), and peritonitis (n=9; 16%). Conclusions: There is a significant volume of basic pediatric general surgery performed in the Nyarugusu Camp. Services are used by both refugees and local Tanzanians. We hope this research will inspire further advocacy and research on pediatric surgical services in humanitarian settings worldwide and illuminate the need for including pediatric refugee surgery within the growing global surgery movement.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2516-5410
ISSN (online)	2516-5410
DOI	10.1136/wjps-2022-000528
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Article: Humanitarian surgical service utilization by a host country population: comparing surgery patterns between refugees and Tanzanians using an interrupted time-series analysis.

Enumah, Zachary Obinna / Rapaport, Sarah / Ngude, Hilary / Yenokyan, Gayane / Lekey, Amber / Winch, Peter J / Stevens, Kent A

Conflict and health

2021 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 85

Abstract: Background: While current estimates suggest that up to three million additional surgical procedures are needed to meet the needs of forcibly displaced populations, literature on surgical care for refugee or forced migrant populations has often focused ... ...

Abstract	Background: While current estimates suggest that up to three million additional surgical procedures are needed to meet the needs of forcibly displaced populations, literature on surgical care for refugee or forced migrant populations has often focused on acute phase and war-related trauma or violence with insufficient attention to non-war related pathologies. To our knowledge, no study has compared refugee versus host population utilization of surgical services in a refugee camp-based hospital over such an extended period of twenty years. The aim of this paper is to first describe the patterns of surgical care by comparing refugee and host population utilization of surgical services in Nyarugusu refugee camp between 2000 and 2020, then evaluate the impact of a large influx of refugees in 2015 on refugee and host population utilization. Methods: The study was based on a retrospective review of surgical logbooks in Nyarugusu refugee camp (Kigoma, Tanzania) between 2000 and 2020. We utilized descriptive statistics and multiple group, interrupted time series methodology to assess baseline utilization of surgical services by a host population (Tanzanians) compared to refugees and trends in utilization before and after a large influx of Burundian refugees in 2015. Results: A total of 10,489 operations were performed in Nyarugusu refugee camp between 2000 and 2020. Refugees underwent the majority of procedures in this dataset (n = 7,767, 74.0%) versus Tanzanians (n = 2,722, 26.0%). The number of surgeries increased over time for both groups. The top five procedures for both groups included caesarean section, bilateral tubal ligation, herniorrhaphy, exploratory laparotomy and hysterectomy. In our time series model, refugees had 3.21 times the number of surgeries per quarter at baseline when compared to Tanzanians. The large influx of Burundian refugees in 2015 impacted surgical output significantly with a 38% decrease (IRR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.84) in surgeries in the Tanzanian group and a non-significant 20% increase in the refugee group (IRR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.99-1.46). The IRR for the difference-in-difference (ratio of ratios of post versus pre-intervention slopes between refugees and Tanzanians) was 1.04 (95% CI 1.00-1.07), and this result was significant (p=0.028). Conclusions: Surgical care in conflict and post-conflict settings is not limited to war or violence related trauma but instead includes a large burden of obstetrical and general surgical pathology. Host population utilization of surgical services in Nyarugusu camp accounted for over 25% of all surgeries performed, suggesting some host population benefit of the protracted refugee situation in western Tanzania. Host population utilization of surgical services was apparently different after a large influx of refugees from Burundi in 2015.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2273783-2
ISSN	1752-1505
ISSN	1752-1505
DOI	10.1186/s13031-021-00423-z
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Article ; Online: Exploring data sources for road traffic injury in Cameroon: Collection and completeness of police records, newspaper reports, and a hospital trauma registry.

Juillard, Catherine / Kouo Ngamby, Marquise / Ekeke Monono, Martin / Etoundi Mballa, Georges Alain / Dicker, Rochelle A / Stevens, Kent A / Hyder, Adnan A

Surgery

2017 Volume 162, Issue 6S, Page(s) S24–S31

Abstract: Background: Road traffic injury surveillance systems are a cornerstone of organized efforts at injury control. Although high-income countries rely on established trauma registries and police databases, in low- and middle-income countries, the data ... ...

Abstract	Background: Road traffic injury surveillance systems are a cornerstone of organized efforts at injury control. Although high-income countries rely on established trauma registries and police databases, in low- and middle-income countries, the data source that provides the best collection of road traffic injury events in specific low- and middle-income country contexts without mature surveillance systems is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the information available on road traffic injuries in 3 data sources used for surveillance in the sub-Saharan African country of Cameroon, providing potential insight on data sources for road traffic injury surveillance in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the number of events captured and the information available in Yaoundé, Cameroon, from 3 separate sources of data on road traffic injuries: trauma registry, police records, and newspapers. Methods: Data were collected from a single-hospital trauma registry, police records, and the 6 most widely circulated newspapers in Yaoundé during a 6-month period in 2009. The number of road traffic injury events, mortality, and other variables included commonly in injury surveillance systems were recorded. We compared these sources using descriptive analysis. Results: Hospital, police, and newspaper sources recorded 1,686, 273, and 480 road traffic injuries, respectively. The trauma registry provided the most complete data for the majority of variables explored; however, the newspaper data source captured 2, mass casualty, train crash events unrecorded in the other sources. Police data provided the most complete information on first responders to the scene, missing in only 7%. Conclusion: Investing in the hospital-based trauma registry may yield the best surveillance for road traffic injuries in some low- and middle-income countries, such as Yaoundé, Cameroon; however, police and newspaper reports may serve as alternative data sources when specific information is needed.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Cameroon/epidemiology ; Humans ; Newspapers as Topic ; Police ; Records ; Registries ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	202467-6
ISSN	1532-7361 ; 0039-6060
ISSN (online)	1532-7361
ISSN	0039-6060
DOI	10.1016/j.surg.2017.01.025
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Article ; Online: A modified Kampala trauma score (KTS) effectively predicts mortality in trauma patients.

Weeks, Sharon R / Stevens, Kent A / Haider, Adil H / Efron, David T / Haut, Elliot R / MacKenzie, Ellen J / Schneider, Eric B

Injury

2016 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 125–129

Abstract: Background: Mortality prediction in trauma patients has relied upon injury severity scoring tools focused on anatomical injury. This study sought to examine whether an injury severity scoring system which includes physiologic data performs as well as ... ...

Abstract	Background: Mortality prediction in trauma patients has relied upon injury severity scoring tools focused on anatomical injury. This study sought to examine whether an injury severity scoring system which includes physiologic data performs as well as anatomic injury scores in mortality prediction. Methods: Using data collected from 18 Level I trauma centers and 51 non-trauma center hospitals in the US, anatomy based injury severity scores (ISS), new injury severity scores (NISS) were calculated as were scores based on a modified version of the physiology-based Kampala trauma score (KTS). Because pre-hospital intubation, when required, is standard of care in the US, a modified KTS was calculated excluding respiratory rate. The predictive ability of the modified KTS for mortality was compared with the ISS and NISS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: A total of 4716 individuals were eligible for study. Each of the three scores was a statistically significant predictor of mortality. In this sample, the modified KTS significantly outperformed the ISS (AUC=0.83, 95% CI 0.81-0.84 vs. 0.77, 95% CI 0.76-0.79, respectively) and demonstrated similar predictive ability compared to the NISS (AUC=0.83, 95% CI 0.81-0.84 vs. 0.82, 95% CI 0.80-0.83, respectively). Conclusions: The modified KTS may represent a useful tool for assessing trauma mortality risk in real time, as well as in administrative data where physiologic measures are available. Further research is warranted and these findings suggest that the collection of physiologic measures in large databases may improve outcome prediction.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Area Under Curve ; Databases, Factual ; Developing Countries ; Female ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Quality Improvement ; Trauma Centers/statistics & numerical data ; Wounds and Injuries/classification ; Wounds and Injuries/mortality
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	218778-4
ISSN	1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
ISSN (online)	1879-0267
ISSN	0020-1383
DOI	10.1016/j.injury.2015.07.004
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Article ; Online: Characteristics associated with alcohol consumption among emergency department patients presenting with road traffic injuries in Hyderabad, India.

Esser, Marissa B / Wadhwaniya, Shirin / Gupta, Shivam / Tetali, Shailaja / Gururaj, Gopalkrishna / Stevens, Kent A / Hyder, Adnan A

Injury

2016 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 160–165

Abstract: Introduction: Each year in India, road traffic crashes lead to more than 200,000 deaths and the country has seen an unprecedented rate of roadway fatalities in recent years. At the same time, alcohol consumption per capita among Indians is rising. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Each year in India, road traffic crashes lead to more than 200,000 deaths and the country has seen an unprecedented rate of roadway fatalities in recent years. At the same time, alcohol consumption per capita among Indians is rising. Despite these increasing trends of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and alcohol use, alcohol is not routinely assessed as a risk factor for RTIs. This study aims to examine the involvement of alcohol among emergency department patients presenting with RTIs in the Indian city of Hyderabad. Patients and methods: As part of a prospective study, data were collected from 3366 patients (88.0% male) presenting with RTIs at an emergency department in Hyderabad, India, from September 2013 to February 2014. Logistic regression models were used to assess individual-level and road traffic crash characteristics associated with suspected or reported alcohol consumption six hours prior to the RTI. Results: Alcohol was suspected or reported among 17.9% of the patients with RTIs. Adjusting for confounders, males experienced 9.8 times greater odds of alcohol-related RTIs than females. Compared to 15-24 year-olds, the odds of alcohol consumption was 1.4 times greater among 25-34 year-olds and 1.7 times greater among 35-44 year-olds, adjusting for confounding factors. Patients who were passengers in vehicles other than motorized two-wheelers had 90% reduced odds of an alcohol-related RTI than motorized two-wheeler drivers. Drivers of non-two-wheelers, passengers on two-wheelers, and pedestrians did not have significantly different odds of an alcohol-related RTI compared to two-wheeler drivers. Nighttime crashes were associated with nearly a threefold increase in the odds of alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Given that alcohol was suspected or reported in more than one in six injured ED patients with RTIs, it is clear that alcohol is a serious risk factor for RTIs; this evidence can guide prevention efforts. These findings suggest that evidence-based interventions to reduce drink-driving, such as random breath testing (where law enforcement officials stop drivers on the road to test them for alcohol use), could be more widespread in India. Future studies should assess the effectiveness of greater implementation and enforcement of policies to decrease alcohol's availability to reduce RTIs.
MeSH term(s)	Accident Prevention/legislation & jurisprudence ; Accident Prevention/methods ; Accidents, Traffic/mortality ; Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking/legislation & jurisprudence ; Alcohol Drinking/mortality ; Automobile Driving/legislation & jurisprudence ; Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data ; Evidence-Based Practice ; Female ; Head Protective Devices/utilization ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance ; Prospective Studies ; Public Health Informatics ; Risk Factors ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology ; Wounds and Injuries/etiology ; Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218778-4
ISSN	1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
ISSN (online)	1879-0267
ISSN	0020-1383
DOI	10.1016/j.injury.2015.07.022
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