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  1. Article ; Online: Variation in fruit and seed dimensions is better explained by dispersal system than by leaf size in a tropical rainforest

    Stevenson, Pablo R. / Acosta‐Rojas, Diana C. / Cárdenas, Sasha / Francisco Henao‐Díaz, L.

    American Journal of Botany. 2023 Aug., v. 110, no. 8 p.e16211-

    2023  

    Abstract: PREMISE: Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by‐product hypotheses) or chance. METHODS: We evaluated fruit and ... ...

    Abstract PREMISE: Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by‐product hypotheses) or chance. METHODS: We evaluated fruit and leaf traits for nearly 850 plant species from a rainforest in Tinigua Park, Colombia. Through a series of linear regressions controlling for the phylogenetic signal of the traits (minimum N = 542), we tested (1) whether the allometry between seed width and length depends on seed dispersal system (Mazer and Wheelwright's adaptive hypothesis of allometry for species dispersed in the guts of animals = endozoochory) and (2) whether fruit length is associated with leaf length (i.e., Herrera's by‐product hypothesis derived from the assumption that both organs develop from homologous structures). RESULTS: We found a strong negative allometric association between seed width and length for seeds of endozoochorous species, as expected; but also, for anemochorous species. We found a positive relationship between fruit and leaf length, but this relationship was not evident for zoochorous species. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed size. CONCLUSIONS: The allometry between seed length and width varied among dispersal systems, supporting that fruit and seed morphology has been modified by interactions with frugivores and by the possibility to rotate for some wind dispersed species. We found some support for the hypothesis on developmental constraints because fruit and leaf size were positively correlated, but the predictive power of the relationship was low (10–15%).
    Keywords allometry ; anemochory ; byproducts ; endozoochory ; frugivores ; fruit size ; fruits ; leaf area ; leaf length ; leaves ; phylogeny ; seed morphology ; seed size ; tropical rain forests ; wind ; Colombia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-08
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2935-x
    ISSN 1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
    ISSN (online) 1537-2197
    ISSN 0002-9122
    DOI 10.1002/ajb2.16211
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  2. Article ; Online: Implications of the scale of detection for inferring co-occurrence patterns from paired camera traps and acoustic recorders.

    Vélez, Juliana / McShea, William / Pukazhenthi, Budhan / Stevenson, Pablo / Fieberg, John

    Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

    2023  , Page(s) e14218

    Abstract: Multifunctional landscapes that support economic activities and conservation of biological diversity (e.g., cattle ranches with native forest) are becoming increasingly important because small remnants of native forest may comprise the only habitat left ... ...

    Abstract Multifunctional landscapes that support economic activities and conservation of biological diversity (e.g., cattle ranches with native forest) are becoming increasingly important because small remnants of native forest may comprise the only habitat left for some wildlife species. Understanding the co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors, such as poaching activity and domesticated ungulates, is key to successful management of multifunctional landscapes. Tools to measure co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors include camera traps and autonomous acoustic recording units. We paired 52 camera-trap stations with acoustic recorders to investigate the association between 2 measures of disturbance (poaching and cattle) and wild ungulates present in multifunctional landscapes of the Colombian Orinoquía. We used joint species distribution models to investigate species-habitat associations and species-disturbance correlations. One model was fitted using camera-trap data to detect wild ungulates and disturbance factors, and a second model was fitted after replacing camera-trap detections of disturbance factors with their corresponding acoustic detections. The direction, significance, and precision of the effect of covariates depended on the sampling method used for disturbance factors. Acoustic monitoring typically resulted in more precise estimates of the effects of covariates and of species-disturbance correlations. Association patterns between wildlife and disturbance factors were found only when disturbance was detected by acoustic recorders. Camera traps allowed us to detect nonvocalizing species, whereas audio recording devices increased detection of disturbance factors leading to more precise estimates of co-occurrence patterns. The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) co-occurred with disturbance factors and are conservation priorities due to the greater risk of poaching or disease transmission from cattle.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 58735-7
    ISSN 1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
    ISSN (online) 1523-1739
    ISSN 0888-8892
    DOI 10.1111/cobi.14218
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  3. Article ; Online: Neotropical primate communities: Effects of disturbance, resource production and forest type heterogeneity.

    Stevenson, Pablo R

    American journal of primatology

    2015  

    Abstract: Undisturbed primate communities in the Neotropics are bottom-up structured as their biomass and species richness can be predicted from fruit production. However, the effects of fruit scarcity and the availability of forest types have not been fully ... ...

    Abstract Undisturbed primate communities in the Neotropics are bottom-up structured as their biomass and species richness can be predicted from fruit production. However, the effects of fruit scarcity and the availability of forest types have not been fully analyzed, and seasonality is expected to differently affect small and large monkeys. The first aim of this study was to examine the effect of contrasting forest types within a location on the temporal variation in fruit production. The second was to assess the relative roles of disturbance, climate, patterns of fruit and leaf production, and plant composition on determining Neotropical primate communities. I compiled population density data for diurnal primate species from 154 sites to calculate species richness and assemblage biomass. Fruit abundance in the study sites was estimated from fruit trap data and phenology transects, and fruit variability was calculated as the monthly coefficient of variation (CV) and the length of the fruit scarcity period (LFSP). The results indicate that fruit production in floodplain forests is generally more variable than in terra firme forests, and this variation decreases in habitats with mixed forest types. Endozoochorous fruit production (based on fruit traps) and litter productivity were good predictors of the biomass of Neotropical primates (R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-12-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1495834-x
    ISSN 1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
    ISSN (online) 1098-2345
    ISSN 0275-2565
    DOI 10.1002/ajp.22518
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  4. Article ; Online: Variation in fruit and seed dimensions is better explained by dispersal system than by leaf size in a tropical rainforest.

    Stevenson, Pablo R / Acosta-Rojas, Diana C / Cárdenas, Sasha / Francisco Henao-Díaz, L

    American journal of botany

    2023  Volume 110, Issue 8, Page(s) e16211

    Abstract: Premise: Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by-product hypotheses) or chance.: Methods: We evaluated fruit ...

    Abstract Premise: Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by-product hypotheses) or chance.
    Methods: We evaluated fruit and leaf traits for nearly 850 plant species from a rainforest in Tinigua Park, Colombia. Through a series of linear regressions controlling for the phylogenetic signal of the traits (minimum N = 542), we tested (1) whether the allometry between seed width and length depends on seed dispersal system (Mazer and Wheelwright's adaptive hypothesis of allometry for species dispersed in the guts of animals = endozoochory) and (2) whether fruit length is associated with leaf length (i.e., Herrera's by-product hypothesis derived from the assumption that both organs develop from homologous structures).
    Results: We found a strong negative allometric association between seed width and length for seeds of endozoochorous species, as expected; but also, for anemochorous species. We found a positive relationship between fruit and leaf length, but this relationship was not evident for zoochorous species. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed size.
    Conclusions: The allometry between seed length and width varied among dispersal systems, supporting that fruit and seed morphology has been modified by interactions with frugivores and by the possibility to rotate for some wind dispersed species. We found some support for the hypothesis on developmental constraints because fruit and leaf size were positively correlated, but the predictive power of the relationship was low (10-15%).
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Fruit/anatomy & histology ; Rainforest ; Phylogeny ; Seeds/anatomy & histology ; Seed Dispersal ; Plant Leaves
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2935-x
    ISSN 1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
    ISSN (online) 1537-2197
    ISSN 0002-9122
    DOI 10.1002/ajb2.16211
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Cultivable fungal community associated with the tropical orchid Dichaea andina

    Alomía, Yasmin A. / Otero, J. Tupac / Jersáková, Jana / Stevenson, Pablo R.

    Fungal ecology. 2022 June, Aug., v. 57-58

    2022  

    Abstract: The orchid–fungus relationship has been studied since the discovery that the minute seeds of orchids depend on fungi to support the germination process. With the aim of describing the biodiversity of cultivable endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi from the ... ...

    Abstract The orchid–fungus relationship has been studied since the discovery that the minute seeds of orchids depend on fungi to support the germination process. With the aim of describing the biodiversity of cultivable endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi from the orchid Dichaea andina, we isolated pure fungal cultures from its roots and identified them by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer. We recorded 22 fungal operational taxonomic units belonging to eight orders of Ascomycota: Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Xylariales, Helotiales, Boliniales, Chaetothyriales, Chaetosphaeriales and Pleosporales. The only Basidiomycota isolated belonged to the genus Ceratobasidium from the order Cantharellales, whose members are known as orchid mycorrhizal fungi. At the genus level, we identified 16 genera, the most common of which were Byssochlamys, Camarops, Trichoderma, Cladophialophora, Fusarium and Xylaria; some of them had been reported previously as orchid endophytes. The relevance of endophytic fungi to their hosts is still unclear, but this widely distributed interaction deserves further investigation.
    Keywords Byssochlamys ; Camarops ; Ceratobasidium ; Chaetosphaeriales ; Chaetothyriales ; Fusarium ; Helotiales ; Orchidaceae ; Pleosporales ; Trichoderma ; Xylaria ; biodiversity ; endophytes ; fungal communities ; germination ; internal transcribed spacers
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-06
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 1754-5048
    DOI 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101158
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  6. Article ; Online: Fruit production needed to maintain populations of woolly monkeys: Recommendations for reintroduction projects

    Ramírez, Mónica A. / Stevenson, Pablo R.

    Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020 Mar., v. 21 p.e00817-

    2020  

    Abstract: Woolly monkeys are threatened and reintroduction projects are an alternative for their conservation. However, there is little quantitative information suggesting the habitat traits needed to sustain populations. In this study, we first analyze the ... ...

    Abstract Woolly monkeys are threatened and reintroduction projects are an alternative for their conservation. However, there is little quantitative information suggesting the habitat traits needed to sustain populations. In this study, we first analyze the factors determining the abundance of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix spp.) and second, we suggest the minimum amount of fruit production able to maintain a population. Data was obtained from a literature review including 50 Neotropical sites, and we added new information from three more sites recently gathered in Colombian forests. We used simple and logistic regression models on two scales: large (i.e. all Neotropical sites), and medium (i.e. sites within their geographic range). On the large spatial scale, the abundance of woolly monkeys was positively related with annual rainfall, and plant species richness; and negatively associated with the number of dry months. On medium scales, we found that the most important variables explaining the abundance of woolly monkeys across scales was fruit production. The regression models suggest that at least 200–300 kg/ha.yr are necessary to support a population of woolly monkeys, and according to a logistic regression 400 kg/ha.yr are needed so surpass the 0.5 chance to have a population. In reintroduction projects, since it is difficult for new occupants to efficiently use the natural resources, we suggest that this amount of fruit should be aimed. As fruit production seems to be associated with high soil fertility (e.g. close to the Andean mountains), this region should be priority for conservation projects on this species.
    Keywords Lagothrix ; Neotropics ; fruits ; geographical distribution ; habitats ; rain ; regression analysis ; soil fertility ; species richness ; Andes region ; Ecological factors ; Fruit abundance ; Lagothrix lagothricha ; Primate abundance ; Reintroduction programs
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-03
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 2814786-8
    ISSN 2351-9894
    ISSN 2351-9894
    DOI 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00817
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  7. Article ; Online: Ecological strategies of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia.

    Stevenson, Pablo R / Quinones, Marcela J / Ahumada, Jorge A

    American journal of primatology

    2020  Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 123–140

    Abstract: Information on the use of space, activity patterns, diet, and social interactions were recorded for a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) during 13 months at Tinigua National Park, Macarena, Colombia. In this region, fruit abundance changes ... ...

    Abstract Information on the use of space, activity patterns, diet, and social interactions were recorded for a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) during 13 months at Tinigua National Park, Macarena, Colombia. In this region, fruit abundance changes throughout the year with a peak during March-April (beginning of the rainy season) and less fruit during September-November (end of rainy season). Woolly monkeys spent most of their time in mature forest where fruit abundance is higher than in opendegraded or flooded forests. Changes in habitat used by monkeys were coupled with changes in fruit supply across vegetation types. On an annual basis, woolly monkeys spent 24% of point samples locomoting, 36% resting, 36% feeding, and 4% on other activities. However, these proportions varied across the year depending on fruit availability. Based on instantaneous samples, the diet consisted mostly of fruits (60%), arthropods (23%), vegetative parts and flowers (17%), and other items (1%). Non-lactating females and juveniles spent more time eating insects than adult males and lactating females; however, significant differences between classes were detected only during the period of fruit scarcity. These differences are probably due to the high extent to which non-lactating females and juveniles were excluded from fruiting trees by males. The high proportion of arthropods in their diet is unusual for primates with large body size and is a possible factor influencing group cohesiveness in woolly monkeys. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1495834-X
    ISSN 1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
    ISSN (online) 1098-2345
    ISSN 0275-2565
    DOI 10.1002/ajp.1350320205
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  8. Article ; Online: Oilbirds disperse large seeds at longer distance than extinct megafauna.

    Stevenson, Pablo R / Cardona, Laura / Cárdenas, Sasha / Link, Andrés

    Scientific reports

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 420

    Abstract: The extinction of megafauna in the Neotropics is thought to have reduced the potential of large seeds to be dispersed over long distances by endozoochory (ingestion by animals), but some seed dispersal systems have not been considered. We describe the ... ...

    Abstract The extinction of megafauna in the Neotropics is thought to have reduced the potential of large seeds to be dispersed over long distances by endozoochory (ingestion by animals), but some seed dispersal systems have not been considered. We describe the role of oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) as seed dispersers, in terms of seed width and dispersal distance (using GPS tracking devices), and we compare with data reported for other animals. Oilbirds dispersed seeds up to 29 mm wide, with a mean dispersal distance of 10.1 km (range 0-47.6 km). Some components of seed dispersal by oilbirds are outliers compared to that of other frugivores, such as the relationship between maximum seed width and body weight (however, few other extant specialized frugivores are also outliers). Estimates of mean dispersal distance by oilbirds are the largest reported, and we confirm that some living frugivores currently fulfil roles of seed dispersers and ecosystem services previously assumed to be only performed by extinct species.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification ; Birds/physiology ; Body Weight/physiology ; Chiroptera ; Ecosystem ; Elephants ; Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fishes ; Fruit ; Haplorhini ; Seed Dispersal/physiology ; Strigiformes/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-79280-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Pulp-seed attachment is a dominant variable explaining legitimate seed dispersal: a case study on woolly monkeys.

    Stevenson, Pablo R

    Oecologia

    2011  Volume 166, Issue 3, Page(s) 693–701

    Abstract: Seed dispersal is a mutualistic interaction in which frugivores gain nutrients and plants gain when seeds are transported to adequate places for establishment. However, this relationship is prone to deceit, for example, when frugivores spit-out seeds in ... ...

    Abstract Seed dispersal is a mutualistic interaction in which frugivores gain nutrients and plants gain when seeds are transported to adequate places for establishment. However, this relationship is prone to deceit, for example, when frugivores spit-out seeds in the proximity of parental trees. Still, few hypotheses have offered explanations on why deceiving strategies are not widespread. In this study, I explore the importance of how difficult it is to mechanically separate the nutritious pulp from the seeds, as a factor that can explain the chance a seed has of being dispersed by woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha). I completed 1,440 h of focal animal follows during 2 years in order to quantify the chances plant species have of being dispersed. To do so, I evaluated the residuals from the relationship between the number of seeds manipulated and seeds dispersed by a population of woolly monkeys in Tinigua Park (Colombia). For 74 fruit species, I estimated how difficult it is to separate pulp from seeds as the time needed to separate the parts. An exponential model showed that this variable was able to predict 38% of the variation on dispersal probability, demonstrating that, when it is difficult to separate the pulp from the seeds, the probability of legitimate dispersal increases. However, when fruit parts were easy to separate, there was more variation in the outcome. My results suggest that many plants have evolved mechanisms (e.g., small seeds embedded in pulp, strong attachment, irregular seed surface, and thin pulp layer) that preclude deceit by frugivores.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Atelinae/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Colombia ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Fruit/anatomy & histology ; Fruit/growth & development ; Magnoliopsida/anatomy & histology ; Magnoliopsida/growth & development ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/anatomy & histology ; Seeds/growth & development
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-02-05
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 123369-5
    ISSN 1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
    ISSN (online) 1432-1939
    ISSN 0029-8549
    DOI 10.1007/s00442-011-1926-z
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  10. Article: Forest Structure, Diversity and Dynamics in Terra Firme and Igapó Gallery Forests in the Colombian Orinoco Basin

    González-Abella, Juan S. / Aldana, Ana M. / Correa, Diego F. / Casas, Luisa Fernanda / Stevenson, Pablo R.

    Forests. 2021 Nov. 15, v. 12, no. 11

    2021  

    Abstract: Studies of dynamics and biomass accumulation are essential for understanding forest functioning and productivity. They are also valuable when planning strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This study was conducted in ... ...

    Abstract Studies of dynamics and biomass accumulation are essential for understanding forest functioning and productivity. They are also valuable when planning strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This study was conducted in five one-hectare plots of gallery forest in the Orinoco basin (three in terra firme and two in igapó floodplains), located in the Tomogrande Reserve, Santa Rosalía municipality, Vichada, Colombia. The differences between these forest types were determined and quantified considering diversity, floristic composition, aboveground biomass, forest dynamics and the influence of soils’ physicochemical composition. Terra firme forests were more diverse (Fisher’s α = 30.4) and had higher mortality and recruitment rates than igapó forests but there were no significant differences in stem turnover rates between forest types. Relative tree growth rate was also higher in terra firme than in igapó, but the opposite was found for biomass change (1.47 t/ha/year in igapó), resulting in an average carbon accumulation rate of 0.33 t/ha/year in terra firme and 0.66 t/ha/year in igapó. Igapó forest has high carbon accumulation potential given the high wood density of certain dominant species. Igapó soils contained a higher concentration of sand, silt, phosphorus and potassium ions, while terra firme soils had a higher clay content with lower pH. In general, the demographic and growth rates were consistent with those described for Amazonian forests. This study highlights the potential of igapó forest in the Orinoco basin as important carbon sinks, which should be included in the management and conservation strategies for this region.
    Keywords aboveground biomass ; basins ; biomass production ; botanical composition ; carbon ; clay fraction ; dominant species ; forest dynamics ; mortality ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sand ; silt ; tree growth ; wood density ; Colombia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1115
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2527081-3
    ISSN 1999-4907
    ISSN 1999-4907
    DOI 10.3390/f12111568
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