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Article: COVID-19 Vaccine: A Survey of Hesitancy in Patients with Celiac Disease.

Costantino, Andrea / Topa, Matilde / Roncoroni, Leda / Doneda, Luisa / Lombardo, Vincenza / Stocco, Davide / Gramegna, Andrea / Costantino, Claudio / Vecchi, Maurizio / Elli, Luca

Vaccines

2021 Volume 9, Issue 5

Abstract: 1) Background: COVID-19 vaccination campaigns offer the best hope of controlling the pandemic. However, the fast production of COVID-19 vaccines has caused concern among the general public regarding their safety and efficacy. In particular, patients ... ...

Abstract	(1) Background: COVID-19 vaccination campaigns offer the best hope of controlling the pandemic. However, the fast production of COVID-19 vaccines has caused concern among the general public regarding their safety and efficacy. In particular, patients with chronic illnesses, such as celiac disease (CD), may be more fearful. Information on vaccine hesitancy plays a pivotal role in the development of an efficient vaccination campaign. In our study, we aimed to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Italian CD patients. (2) Methods: an anonymous questionnaire was sent to CD patients followed at our tertiary referral center for CD in Milan, Italy. Patients were defined as willing, hesitant and refusing. We evaluated the reasons for hesitancy/refusal and the possible determinants, calculating crude and adjusted odds ratios [AdjORs] with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]. (3) Results: the questionnaire was sent to 346 patients with a response rate of 29.8%. Twenty-six (25.2%) of the 103 respondents were hesitant, with a total refusal rate of 4.8%. The main reason was fear of adverse events related to vaccination (68.2%). Among hesitant patients, 23% declared that their opinion was influenced by their CD. The determinants positively influencing willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 were adherence to a GFD, perception of good knowledge about COVID-19 and its vaccines, and a positive attitude to previous vaccines (AdjOR 12.71, 95% CI 1.82-88.58, AdjOR 6.50, 95% CI 1.44-29.22, AdjOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.11-4.34, respectively). (4) Conclusions: CD patients should be vaccinated against COVID-19 and a specific campaign to address the determinants of hesitancy should be developed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines9050511
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Article: Tracking the role of a star in the sky of the new millennium.

Stocco, D M

Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)

2001 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) 1245–1254

Abstract: The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein is indispensable for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mediates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial ... ...

Abstract	The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein is indispensable for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mediates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone. Its essential role in steroidogenesis was shown when it was discovered that mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene in humans cause the lipoid form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a potentially lethal disease resulting from an inability to synthesize steroids. Also, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein null mouse has a phenotype that is essentially the same as that observed with human mutations. Studies on the regulation of the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene has enjoyed considerable progress, yet the complexity of this regulation indicates that much work remains. The mechanism whereby steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mediates the transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane remains a mystery, but the recent solving of the structure of the cholesterol transferring domain of a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein homolog coupled with structure-function studies of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in natural and synthetic membranes has allowed for at least two models to be proposed. This review will briefly attempt to summarize what is currently known about the regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene and its mechanism of action, fully understanding that in both areas considerable gaps in our knowledge remain.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/physiology ; Steroids/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Phosphoproteins ; Steroids ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2001-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	639167-9
ISSN	1944-9917 ; 0888-8809
ISSN (online)	1944-9917
ISSN	0888-8809
DOI	10.1210/mend.15.8.0697
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Article: StAR protein and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Stocco, D M

Annual review of physiology

2001 Volume 63, Page(s) 193–213

Abstract: Steroid hormone biosynthesis is acutely regulated by pituitary trophic hormones and other steroidogenic stimuli. This regulation requires the synthesis of a protein whose function is to translocate cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial ... ...

Abstract	Steroid hormone biosynthesis is acutely regulated by pituitary trophic hormones and other steroidogenic stimuli. This regulation requires the synthesis of a protein whose function is to translocate cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells, the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone formation. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an indispensable component in this process and is the best candidate to fill the role of the putative regulator. StAR is expressed in steroidogenic tissues in response to agents that stimulate steroid production, and mutations in the StAR gene result in the disease congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, in which steroid hormone biosynthesis is severely compromised. The StAR null mouse has a phenotype that is essentially identical to the human disease. The positive and negative expression of StAR is sensitive to agents that increase and inhibit steroid biosynthesis respectively. The mechanism by which StAR mediates cholesterol transfer in the mitochondria has not been fully characterized. However, the tertiary structure of the START domain of a StAR homolog has been solved, and identification of a cholesterol-binding hydrophobic tunnel within this domain raises the possibility that StAR acts as a cholesterol-shuttling protein.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Steroids/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Phosphoproteins ; Steroids ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2001
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	207933-1
ISSN	0066-4278
ISSN	0066-4278
DOI	10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.193
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Article: StARTing to understand cholesterol transfer.

Stocco, D M

Nature structural biology

2000 Volume 7, Issue 6, Page(s) 445–447

MeSH term(s)	Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship
Chemical Substances	Carrier Proteins ; Membrane Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; STARD3 protein, human ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; News
ZDB-ID	1192623-5
ISSN	1072-8368
ISSN	1072-8368
DOI	10.1038/75834
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Article: The role of the StAR protein in steroidogenesis: challenges for the future.

Stocco, D M

The Journal of endocrinology

2000 Volume 164, Issue 3, Page(s) 247–253

Abstract: The steroidogenic acute regulatory or StAR protein has been shown to be instrumental in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis through its action in mediating cholesterol transfer to the inner mitochondrial membrane and the cholesterol side ...

Abstract	The steroidogenic acute regulatory or StAR protein has been shown to be instrumental in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis through its action in mediating cholesterol transfer to the inner mitochondrial membrane and the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme system. Since the time of its cloning in 1994, a number of studies have been performed which underscore the important role that this protein plays in steroidogenesis. While it is now quite apparent that StAR fulfills the criteria for the acute regulator as proposed by early studies, several crucial areas remain poorly understood. This list is topped by the so far intractable nature of the mechanism of action of StAR in transferring cholesterol to the P450scc enzyme. A second area which should prove to be of great interest is that of further understanding the regulation of the StAR gene which, like many genes, is quite complex. Lastly, with the recent demonstration of StAR being present in the brain, determining if StAR has a role in the synthesis of neurosteroids should prove to be of great importance.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenal Glands/metabolism ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport ; Brain/metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Gonads/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins ; Hormones/biosynthesis ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/physiology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Sequence Alignment ; Steroidogenic Factor 1 ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	DNA-Binding Proteins ; Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors ; Homeodomain Proteins ; Hormones ; Phosphoproteins ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Steroidogenic Factor 1 ; Transcription Factors ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	3028-4
ISSN	1479-6805 ; 0022-0795
ISSN (online)	1479-6805
ISSN	0022-0795
DOI	10.1677/joe.0.1640247
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Article: StAR-A tissue specific acute mediator of steroidogenesis.

Clark, B J / Stocco, D M

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM

2008 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) 227–233

Abstract: The rate-limiting and acutely regulated step in steroid hormone biosynthesis is the translocation of cholesterol, the precursor of all steroid hormones, from the mitochondrial outer membrane to the inner membrane, where it is converted to pregnenolone by ...

Abstract	The rate-limiting and acutely regulated step in steroid hormone biosynthesis is the translocation of cholesterol, the precursor of all steroid hormones, from the mitochondrial outer membrane to the inner membrane, where it is converted to pregnenolone by the cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc). This step has long been known to be dependent upon the de novo synthesis of a labile protein factor, which is required for the intramitochondrial translocation of cholesterol. Recently, the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein has been shown to have an indispensable role in acute steroid production and is proposed to be this labile protein factor. Given the fundamental importance of StAR as a key regulator of steroid hormone biosynthesis, the next frontier for researchers is elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control StAR expression and function.
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1042384-9
ISSN	1879-3061 ; 1043-2760
ISSN (online)	1879-3061
ISSN	1043-2760
DOI	10.1016/s1043-2760(96)00114-2
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Article: An update on the mechanism of action of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein.

Stocco, D M

Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association

1999 Volume 107, Issue 4, Page(s) 229–235

Abstract: The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein has been demonstrated to be an indispensable component in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The StAR protein, which is rapidly synthesized in response to tropic hormone stimulation, ... ...

Abstract	The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein has been demonstrated to be an indispensable component in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The StAR protein, which is rapidly synthesized in response to tropic hormone stimulation, apparently functions by mediating the transfer of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone, the first steroid formed. This transfer is the regulated and rate limiting step in steroidogenesis. Mutations in the StAR gene have been shown to be the only cause of the potentially fatal disease, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in which the affected individual can synthesize virtually no steroids. One of the most interesting and important areas of studies on this protein encompasses the mechanism whereby the StAR protein mediates the transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. While this mechanism remains unknown at this time, this review will attempt to bring this aspect of StAR function up to date.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/etiology ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cholesterol/physiology ; Hormones/biosynthesis ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/physiology ; Mitochondria/physiology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/physiology ; Pregnenolone/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Hormones ; Membrane Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Pregnenolone (73R90F7MQ8) ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	1999
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1225416-2
ISSN	1439-3646 ; 0947-7349
ISSN (online)	1439-3646
ISSN	0947-7349
DOI	10.1055/s-0029-1212105
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Article: The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein.

Stocco, D M

Medicina

1999 Volume 59, Issue 5 Pt 2, Page(s) 538–539

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/physiology
Chemical Substances	Phosphoproteins ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
Language	English
Publishing date	1999
Publishing country	Argentina
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	411586-7
ISSN	1669-9106 ; 0025-7680 ; 0325-951X
ISSN (online)	1669-9106
ISSN	0025-7680 ; 0325-951X
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Article: Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein: what's new?

Stocco, D M

BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology

1999 Volume 21, Issue 9, Page(s) 768–775

Abstract: In response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic adrenal and gonadal cells, the acute biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the order of minutes to tens of minutes and can be contrasted to chronic regulation, which occurs on the order of ... ...

Abstract	In response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic adrenal and gonadal cells, the acute biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the order of minutes to tens of minutes and can be contrasted to chronic regulation, which occurs on the order of hours. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an indispensable component in the acute regulatory phase and functions by rapidly mediating the transfer of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone, the first steroid formed. This transfer of cholesterol constitutes the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. To underscore its importance, mutations in the StAR gene have been shown to be the only cause of the potentially fatal disease lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in which affected individuals synthesize virtually no steroids. Since the cloning of the murine cDNA in 1994, many observations have substantiated the critical role of StAR in regulated steroidogenesis. The purpose of this review will be to summarize briefly some background material on StAR and then attempt to update several recent and interesting findings on the StAR protein.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cholesterol/physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/physiology ; Mitochondria/physiology ; Phosphoproteins/physiology ; Steroids/physiology
Chemical Substances	Membrane Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; Steroids ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	50140-2
ISSN	1521-1878 ; 0265-9247
ISSN (online)	1521-1878
ISSN	0265-9247
DOI	10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199909)21:9<768::AID-BIES8>3.0.CO;2-2
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Article: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein.

Stocco, D M

Vitamins and hormones

1999 Volume 55, Page(s) 399–441

MeSH term(s)	Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Consensus Sequence ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics ; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Steroids/biosynthesis
Chemical Substances	Membrane Proteins ; Neoplasm Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; Steroids ; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	1999
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	201161-x
ISSN	2162-2620 ; 0083-6729
ISSN (online)	2162-2620
ISSN	0083-6729
DOI	10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60940-1
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