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  1. Article: Enhanced endocytosis elevated virulence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 due to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

    Subbaram, Kannan / Ali, P Shaik Syed / Ali, Sheeza

    Gene reports

    2022  Volume 26, Page(s) 101495

    Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes hyperglycemia. In COVID-19 patients the severity of the disease depends on myriad factors but diabetes mellitus is the most important comorbidity. The current review was conducted to investigate the ... ...

    Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes hyperglycemia. In COVID-19 patients the severity of the disease depends on myriad factors but diabetes mellitus is the most important comorbidity. The current review was conducted to investigate the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and disease severity of COVID-19 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and relevant treatment. The literature published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was reviewed up to September 2021. The keywords including SARS-CoV-2, type 2 diabetes mellitus in COVID-19, hyperglycemia in COVID-19, opportunistic infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 were used in different combinations. Hyperglycemic individuals over-express ACE-2 receptors in the lungs thus increasing the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and replication. Although dipeptidyl peptidase-4 plays an important role in glucose homeostasis, additionally it also stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α creating a cytokine storm. Cytokine storm might be responsible for respiratory insufficiency in severe COVID-19 patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with immunosuppression and the patients are prone to get many opportunistic infections. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with severe COVID-19 have lymphopenia. Moreover, in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients the neutrophils exhibit decreased chemotaxis, hydrogen peroxide production, and phagocytosis. Reduction in lymphocyte count and defective neutrophil capacity renders them with COVID-19 susceptible to opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections increasing the mortality rate. The opportunistic bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients were due to
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2452-0144
    ISSN 2452-0144
    DOI 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101495
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Molecular characterization and amino acid homology of nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and bat coronavirus

    Kannan, Shantani / Subbaram, Kannan / Ali, Sheeza / Kannan, Hemalatha

    J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome – coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome - coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #609003
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article: The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques: Race for COVID-19 vaccine

    Kannan, Shantani / Subbaram, Kannan / Ali, Sheeza / Kannan, Hemalatha

    Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis.

    Abstract: Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool. There are instances where AI has done marvels in the diagnosis of various health conditions and the interpretation of complex medical disorders. Although AI ...

    Abstract Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool. There are instances where AI has done marvels in the diagnosis of various health conditions and the interpretation of complex medical disorders. Although AI is far from human intelligence, it can be used as an effective tool to study the SARS-CoV-2 and its capabilities, virulence, and genome. The progress of the pandemic can be tracked, and the patients can be monitored, thereby speeding up the research for the treatment of COVID-19. In this review article, we highlighted the importance of AI and Machine learning (ML) techniques that can speed up the path to the discovery of a possible cure for COVID-19. We also deal with the interactions between viromics and AI, which can hopefully find a solution to this pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: A review of different articles was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for recent studies regarding the use of AI, seeking the spread of different infectious diseases using relevant MeSH subheadings. Results: After a thorough screening of different articles, 30 articles were considered, and key information was obtained from them. Finally, the scope was broadened to obtain more information. Our findings indicated that AI/ML is a promising approach to drug development. Conclusions: The field of AI has enormous potential to predict the changes that may take place in the environment. If this technology is applied to situations of a pandemic such as COVID-19, breakthroughs could potentially pave the way for new vaccines and antiviral drugs.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #627793
    Database COVID19

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  4. Article ; Online: Molecular identification of diarrheal

    Subbaram, Kannan / Gatasheh, Mansour K / Al Azzam, Khaldun M / Kannan, Hemalatha

    African health sciences

    2019  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 2036–2042

    Abstract: Background: Aeromonas: Objectives: To develop a molecular and immunological based method for detection of : Methods: Diarrheal : Results: There was high detection of : Conclusion: High sensitivity and specificity of IM-PCR are due to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Aeromonas
    Objectives: To develop a molecular and immunological based method for detection of
    Methods: Diarrheal
    Results: There was high detection of
    Conclusion: High sensitivity and specificity of IM-PCR are due to preparation of aerolysin antibodies and immuno magnetic binding, prior to PCR. Since diseases due to
    MeSH term(s) Aeromonas/genetics ; Aeromonas/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/genetics ; Diarrhea/microbiology ; Ethiopia ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Magnetic Phenomena ; Mice ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics ; Rabbits ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Toxins ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; aerolysin (53126-24-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-01
    Publishing country Uganda
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2240308-5
    ISSN 1729-0503 ; 1680-6905
    ISSN (online) 1729-0503
    ISSN 1680-6905
    DOI 10.4314/ahs.v19i2.27
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3851: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article: Emerging Developments on Pathogenicity, Molecular Virulence, Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms of Current Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

    Subbaram, Kannan / Kannan, Hemalatha / Khalil Gatasheh, Mansour

    Institut Pertanian Bogor Hayati: Journal of Biosciences. 2017 Apr., v. 24, no. 2

    2017  

    Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the Middle East respiratory syndrome. MERS-CoV possesses a ... ...

    Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the Middle East respiratory syndrome. MERS-CoV possesses a unique positive-sense single-stranded RNA and can undergo rapid mutation in the viral genome. This results in antigenic switching and genetic variation, finally leading to the emergence of novel and new MERS-CoV subtypes which are uncontrollable by vaccines. Researchers are also finding difficulties to sort out therapeutic intervention strategies for MERS-CoV. This virus can spread from human to human, but transmission from dromedary camels to humans plays a crucial epidemiological significance. Dromedary camel acts as “gene mixing vessels” for MERS-CoV and these virus particles undergo rapid change in them. Viral receptors called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 are important receptors for attachment and spread of MERS-CoV in humans. The current method of laboratory confirmation is through real-time polymerase chain reaction on bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and tracheal aspirates. Unfortunately, till today there are no definite anti-viral drugs available for MERS-CoV.
    Keywords Camelus dromedarius ; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ; RNA ; antigenic variation ; antiviral agents ; genes ; humans ; mixing ; mutation ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; receptors ; respiratory tract diseases ; signs and symptoms (animals and humans) ; therapeutics ; vaccines ; virion ; virulence ; viruses ; covid19
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-04
    Size p. 53-56.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2621600-0
    ISSN 2086-4094 ; 1978-3019
    ISSN (online) 2086-4094
    ISSN 1978-3019
    DOI 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.08.001
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: Emerging Developments on Pathogenicity, Molecular Virulence, Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms of Current Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

    Subbaram, Kannan / Kannan, Hemalatha / Khalil Gatasheh, Mansour

    Hayati : journal of biosciences

    2017  Volume 24, Issue 2, Page(s) 53–56

    Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the Middle East respiratory syndrome. MERS-CoV possesses a ... ...

    Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the Middle East respiratory syndrome. MERS-CoV possesses a unique positive-sense single-stranded RNA and can undergo rapid mutation in the viral genome. This results in antigenic switching and genetic variation, finally leading to the emergence of novel and new MERS-CoV subtypes which are uncontrollable by vaccines. Researchers are also finding difficulties to sort out therapeutic intervention strategies for MERS-CoV. This virus can spread from human to human, but transmission from dromedary camels to humans plays a crucial epidemiological significance. Dromedary camel acts as "gene mixing vessels" for MERS-CoV and these virus particles undergo rapid change in them. Viral receptors called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 are important receptors for attachment and spread of MERS-CoV in humans. The current method of laboratory confirmation is through real-time polymerase chain reaction on bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and tracheal aspirates. Unfortunately, till today there are no definite anti-viral drugs available for MERS-CoV.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-14
    Publishing country Indonesia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2621600-0
    ISSN 2086-4094 ; 1978-3019
    ISSN (online) 2086-4094
    ISSN 1978-3019
    DOI 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.08.001
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  7. Article ; Online: Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms.

    Mohanto, Sourav / Faiyazuddin, Md / Dilip Gholap, Amol / Jc, Darshan / Bhunia, Adrija / Subbaram, Kannan / Gulzar Ahmed, Mohammed / Nag, Sagnik / Shabib Akhtar, Mohammad / Bonilla-Aldana, D Katterine / Sah, Sanjit / Malik, Sumira / Haleem Al-Qaim, Zahraa / Barboza, Joshuan J / Sah, Ranjit

    Travel medicine and infectious disease

    2023  Volume 56, Page(s) 102636

    Abstract: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a transmissible infection induced by the Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus), recognised under the family orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox, like endemic diseases, is a substantial concern worldwide; thus, comprehending the ... ...

    Abstract Monkeypox (Mpox) is a transmissible infection induced by the Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus), recognised under the family orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox, like endemic diseases, is a substantial concern worldwide; thus, comprehending the pathogenesis and mutagenesis of amino acids is indispensable to combat the infection. According to the World Health Organization's report, about 89 thousand cases with 160 mortalities have been reported from 114 countries worldwide. The conventional orthopoxvirus vaccines developed on live attenuated viruses exempted any clinical validation from combating monkeypox due to inadequate immunogenicity, toxicity, instability, and multiple doses. Therefore, novel drug delivery systems come into the conception with high biological and mechanical characteristics to address the resurgence of Global Monkeypox. The edges of metallic biomaterials, novel molecules, and vaccine development in targeted therapy increase the modulation of the immune response and blockage of host-virus interaction, with enhanced stability for the antigens. Thus, this review strives to comprehend the viral cell pathogenesis concerning amino acid mutagenesis and current epidemiological standards of the Monkeypox disease across the globe. Furthermore, the review also recapitulates the various clinical challenges, current therapies, and progressive nanomedicine utilisation in the Monkeypox outbreak reinforced by various clinical trial reports. The contemporary challenges of novel drug delivery systems in Monkeypox treatment cannot be overlooked, and thus, authors have outlined the future strategies to develop successful nanomedicine to combat monkeypox. Future pandemics are inevitable but can be satisfactorily handled if we comprehend the crises, innovate, and develop cutting-edge technologies, especially by delving into frontiers like nanotechnology.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mpox (monkeypox)/drug therapy ; Mpox (monkeypox)/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Endemic Diseases ; Monkeypox virus/genetics ; Orthopoxvirus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-24
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2170891-5
    ISSN 1873-0442 ; 1477-8939
    ISSN (online) 1873-0442
    ISSN 1477-8939
    DOI 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102636
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 6236: Show issues Location:
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    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  8. Article ; Online: Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts.

    Ophinni, Youdiil / Frediansyah, Andri / Sirinam, Salin / Megawati, Dewi / Stoian, Ana M / Enitan, Seyi S / Akele, Richard Y / Sah, Ranjit / Pongpirul, Krit / Abdeen, Ziad / Aghayeva, Sevda / Ikram, Aamer / Kebede, Yohannes / Wollina, Uwe / Subbaram, Kannan / Koyanagi, Ai / Al Serouri, Abdulwahed / Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi, H / Edwards, Jeffrey /
    Sallam, Dina E / Khader, Yousef / Viveiros-Rosa, Sandro G / Memish, Ziad A / Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad / Vento, Sandro / Rademaker, Marius / Sallam, Malik

    Narra J

    2022  Volume 2, Issue 3, Page(s) e90

    Abstract: Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is ... ...

    Abstract Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-22
    Publishing country Indonesia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2807-2618
    ISSN (online) 2807-2618
    DOI 10.52225/narra.v2i3.90
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.

    Tazerji, Sina Salajegheh / Shahabinejad, Fatemeh / Tokasi, Mahya / Rad, Mohammad Ali / Khan, Muhammad Sajjad / Safdar, Muhammad / Filipiak, Krzysztof J / Szarpak, Lukasz / Dzieciatkowski, Tomasz / Jurgiel, Jan / Duarte, Phelipe Magalhães / Rahman, Md Tanvir / Sobur, Md Abdus / Islam, Md Saiful / Ahmed, Adnan / Shaheen, Mohamed N F / Shehata, Awad A / Gharieb, Rasha / Fawzy, Mohamed /
    Malik, Yashpal Singh / Jaganathasamy, Nagaraj / Rajendran, Vinodhkumar Obli / Subbaram, Kannan / Ali, P Shaik Syed / Ali, Sheeza / Rehman, Saif Ur / Ozaslan, Mehmet / Khan, Gulfaraz / Saeed, Muhammad / Younas, Umair / Imran, Safdar / Junejo, Yasmeen / Arabkarami, Parmida / Hogan, Unarose / Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J

    Gene reports

    2022  Volume 26, Page(s) 101505

    Abstract: This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and ... ...

    Abstract This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia, Africa, Turkey and UAE. Male showed higher confirmed and death cases compared to females in most of the countries. In addition, the case fatality ratio (CFR) for males was higher than for females. This gender variation in COVID-19 cases may be due to males' cultural activities, but similar variations in the number of COVID-19 affected males and females globally. Variations in the immune system can illustrate this divergent risk comparatively higher in males than females. The female immune system may have an edge to detect pathogens slightly earlier. In addition, women show comparatively higher innate and adaptive immune responses than men, which might be explained by the high density of immune-related genes in the X chromosome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell, and men contain higher ACE2 than females. Therefore, males may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 than females. In addition, smoking habit also makes men susceptible to COVID-19. Considering the age-wise distribution, children and older adults were less infected than other age groups and the death rate. On the contrary, more death in the older group may be associated with less immune system function. In addition, most of these group have comorbidities like diabetes, high pressure, low lungs and kidney function, and other chronic diseases. Due to the substantial economic losses and the numerous infected people and deaths, research examining the features of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to gain insight into mitigating its impact in the future and preparedness for any future epidemics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2452-0144
    ISSN 2452-0144
    DOI 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101505
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review.

    Salajegheh Tazerji, Sina / Magalhães Duarte, Phelipe / Rahimi, Parastoo / Shahabinejad, Fatemeh / Dhakal, Santosh / Singh Malik, Yashpal / Shehata, Awad A / Lama, Juan / Klein, Jörn / Safdar, Muhammad / Rahman, Md Tanvir / Filipiak, Krzysztof J / Rodríguez-Morales, Alfonso J / Sobur, Md Abdus / Kabir, Farrokhreza / Vazir, Bita / Mboera, Leonard / Caporale, Marco / Islam, Md Saiful /
    Amuasi, John H / Gharieb, Rasha / Roncada, Paola / Musaad, Sahar / Tilocca, Bruno / Koohi, Mohammad Kazem / Taghipour, Ali / Sait, Ahmet / Subbaram, Kannan / Jahandideh, Alireza / Mortazavi, Pejman / Abedini, Mohammad Amin / Hokey, David A / Hogan, Unarose / Shaheen, Mohamed N F / Elaswad, Ahmed / Elhaig, Mahmoud M / Fawzy, Mohamed

    Journal of translational medicine

    2020  Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 358

    Abstract: COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and ...

    Abstract COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal-human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Betacoronavirus/classification ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; Cats ; Coronavirus/classification ; Coronavirus/genetics ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Dogs ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Mink/virology ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Pandemics/veterinary ; Pets/virology ; Phylogeny ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/veterinary ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Translational Medical Research ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/transmission
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1479-5876
    ISSN (online) 1479-5876
    DOI 10.1186/s12967-020-02534-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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