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Article: Acclimation and Compensating Metabolite Responses to UV-B Radiation in Natural and Transgenic

Wong, Tiffany M / Sullivan, Joe H / Eisenstein, Edward

2022 Volume 12, Issue 8

Abstract: Plants have evolved to protect leaf mesophyll tissue from damage caused by UV-B radiation by producing an array of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites. Flavonoids (phenolic glycosides) and sinapate esters (hydroxycinnamates) have been implicated as UV-B ... ...

Abstract	Plants have evolved to protect leaf mesophyll tissue from damage caused by UV-B radiation by producing an array of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites. Flavonoids (phenolic glycosides) and sinapate esters (hydroxycinnamates) have been implicated as UV-B protective compounds because of the accumulation in the leaf epidermis and the strong absorption in the wavelengths corresponding to UV. Environmental adaptations by plants also generate a suite of responses for protection against damage caused by UV-B radiation, with plants from high elevations or low latitudes generally displaying greater adaptation or tolerance to UV-B radiation. In an effort to explore the relationships between plant lignin levels and composition, the origin of growth elevation, and the hierarchical synthesis of UV-screening compounds, a collection of natural variants as well as transgenic
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662251-8
ISSN	2218-1989
ISSN	2218-1989
DOI	10.3390/metabo12080767
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Article ; Online: Photosynthesis, fluorescence, and biomass responses of white oak seedlings to urban soil and air temperature effects.

Sonti, Nancy Falxa / Griffin, Kevin L / Hallett, Richard A / Sullivan, Joe H

Physiologia plantarum

2021 Volume 172, Issue 3, Page(s) 1535–1549

Abstract: Urban forest patches can provide critical ecosystem services and their ability to regenerate native tree species is critical to their sustainability. Little is known about native tree seedling establishment and physiological function in urban ecosystems. ...

Abstract	Urban forest patches can provide critical ecosystem services and their ability to regenerate native tree species is critical to their sustainability. Little is known about native tree seedling establishment and physiological function in urban ecosystems. This growth chamber study examined the effects of urban soil and air temperatures on white oak (Quercus alba L.) germination, seedling growth, and leaf-level physiology. A split-plot design tested effects of field collected soils from urban and reference forest sites in Baltimore, Maryland, and warm (urban) versus cool (rural) growth chamber temperature regimes. Seedlings were harvested at the end of the 23-week experiment to assess foliar chemistry and biomass allocation. Seed germination was unaffected by treatments and was high in both soil types and temperature regimes. Urban soils supported significantly higher total seedling biomass and had a significant effect on leaf-level physiological parameters, with seedlings grown in urban soils having greater A
MeSH term(s)	Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Quercus ; Seedlings ; Soil ; Temperature ; Trees
Chemical Substances	Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-14
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020837-6
ISSN	1399-3054 ; 0031-9317
ISSN (online)	1399-3054
ISSN	0031-9317
DOI	10.1111/ppl.13344
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Article: Photosynthesis, fluorescence, and biomass responses of white oak seedlings to urban soil and air temperature effects

Sonti, Nancy Falxa / Griffin, Kevin L. / Hallett, Richard A. / Sullivan, Joe H.

Physiologia plantarum. 2021 July, v. 172, no. 3

2021

Abstract	Urban forest patches can provide critical ecosystem services and their ability to regenerate native tree species is critical to their sustainability. Little is known about native tree seedling establishment and physiological function in urban ecosystems. This growth chamber study examined the effects of urban soil and air temperatures on white oak (Quercus alba L.) germination, seedling growth, and leaf‐level physiology. A split‐plot design tested effects of field collected soils from urban and reference forest sites in Baltimore, Maryland, and warm (urban) versus cool (rural) growth chamber temperature regimes. Seedlings were harvested at the end of the 23‐week experiment to assess foliar chemistry and biomass allocation. Seed germination was unaffected by treatments and was high in both soil types and temperature regimes. Urban soils supported significantly higher total seedling biomass and had a significant effect on leaf‐level physiological parameters, with seedlings grown in urban soils having greater Aₙₑₜ, Vcₘₐₓ, ETRₘₐₓ, Jₘₐₓ, PNUE, gₛ, Aₙₑₜ/Rd, and PIₐbₛ (an integrated chlorophyll fluorescence parameter). PIₐbₛ measurements taken throughout the experiment revealed a significant time × temperature interaction effect. Baltimore urban forest patch soils were higher in nutrients than reference soils, but also higher in heavy metals. Despite higher levels of heavy metals, these results demonstrate that urban forest patch soils are able to support robust white oak seedling growth and enhanced seedling physiological parameters. However, interactions with temperature suggest that warming air temperatures may cause seedling stress and reduced growth.
Keywords	Quercus alba ; air ; air temperature ; biomass ; chlorophyll ; dry matter partitioning ; ecosystems ; experimental design ; fluorescence ; growth chambers ; photosynthesis ; plant establishment ; seed germination ; seedling growth ; seedlings ; trees ; urban forests ; urban soils ; Maryland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Size	p. 1535-1549.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020837-6
ISSN	1399-3054 ; 0031-9317
ISSN (online)	1399-3054
ISSN	0031-9317
DOI	10.1111/ppl.13344
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Article ; Online: Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf traits and foliar chemistry of white oak and red maple trees in urban forest patches.

Sonti, Nancy F / Hallett, Richard A / Griffin, Kevin L / Trammell, Tara L E / Sullivan, Joe H

Tree physiology

2020 Volume 41, Issue 2, Page(s) 269–279

Abstract: The provisioning of critical ecosystem services to cities of the eastern USA depends on the health and physiological function of trees in urban areas. Although we know that the urban environment may be stressful for trees planted in highly developed ... ...

Abstract	The provisioning of critical ecosystem services to cities of the eastern USA depends on the health and physiological function of trees in urban areas. Although we know that the urban environment may be stressful for trees planted in highly developed areas, it is not clear that trees in urban forest patches experience the same stressful environmental impacts. In this study, we examine chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf traits, foliar nutrients and stable isotope signatures of urban forest patch trees compared with trees growing at reference forest sites, in order to characterize physiological response of these native tree species to the urban environment of three major cities arranged along a latitudinal gradient (New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Baltimore, MD). Overall, white oaks (Quercus alba L.) show more differences in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and leaf traits by city and site type (urban vs reference) than red maples (Acer rubrum L.). The exceptions were δ13C and δ15N, which did not vary in white oak foliage but were significantly depleted (δ13C) and enriched (δ15N) in urban red maple foliage. Across all sites, red maples had higher thermal tolerance of photosynthesis (Tcrit) than white oaks, suggesting a greater ability to withstand temperature stress from the urban heat island effect and climate change. However, the highest average values of Tcrit were found in the Baltimore urban white oaks, suggesting that species suitability and response to the urban environment varies across a latitudinal gradient. Stomatal pore index (SPI) showed inter-specific differences, with red maple SPI being higher in urban trees, whereas white oak SPI was lower in urban trees. These results demonstrate that differences in native tree physiology occur between urban and reference forest patches, but they are site- and species-specific. Data on local site characteristics and tree species performance over time remain necessary to gain insight about urban woodland ecosystem function.
MeSH term(s)	Acer ; Chlorophyll ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Fluorescence ; Forests ; Hot Temperature ; New York ; Plant Leaves ; Quercus ; Trees
Chemical Substances	Chlorophyll (1406-65-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-27
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	743341-4
ISSN	1758-4469 ; 0829-318X
ISSN (online)	1758-4469
ISSN	0829-318X
DOI	10.1093/treephys/tpaa121
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Article: White oak and red maple tree ring analysis reveals enhanced productivity in urban forest patches

Sonti, Nancy F / Griffin, Kevin L / Hallett, Richard A / Sullivan, Joe H

Forest ecology and management. 2019 Dec. 01, v. 453

2019

Abstract: Many aspects of the urban environment have the potential to affect tree growth and physiology in forest patches, including higher temperatures, elevated CO2 concentrations, and modified soil biogeochemistry from increased nutrient and heavy metal inputs. ...

Abstract	Many aspects of the urban environment have the potential to affect tree growth and physiology in forest patches, including higher temperatures, elevated CO2 concentrations, and modified soil biogeochemistry from increased nutrient and heavy metal inputs. However, these changes in tree growth are likely to vary by species and across urban areas, reflecting the local environmental conditions associated with the idiosyncratic trajectory of development in a city. Here, we examine growth rates of two dominant native tree species (white oak (Quercus alba L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.)) across urban and reference forest sites of three major cities in the eastern United States (New York, NY (NYC); Philadelphia, PA; and Baltimore, MD). We also characterized soil physical and chemical properties around each tree and monitored air temperature over three growing seasons at each site. Throughout the growing season, the urban sites had consistently warmer daytime and nighttime temperatures than reference sites. Urban forest patch soils also had elevated calcium, magnesium, and heavy metal concentrations compared to reference forest soils. Urban vs. reference tree growth rates varied by species, by city, and over time. Despite differences in the two native species’ ecophysiology, both grew more rapidly in the urban environment than at nearby reference sites, particularly in recent decades. Over the entire 145-year tree ring record analyzed, white oak basal area increment was significantly higher in urban trees compared to reference trees. Changes in the relative production of white oak earlywood and latewood between site types in each city and over time may relate to precipitation patterns. Perhaps due to their ability to persist in a wide variety of environmental conditions, mature trees of both species appear to be acclimating to urban forest patch conditions of the eastern U.S. and in some cases are experiencing enhanced growth rates compared to trees in nearby reference forests. An understanding of past and present growth rates of trees in urban forest patches can provide insight into future ecosystem functioning of these urban green spaces as well as that of more rural ecosystems experiencing environmental change factors similar to those associated with urbanization.
Keywords	Acer rubrum ; air temperature ; biogeochemistry ; calcium ; carbon dioxide ; carbon dioxide enrichment ; cities ; dendrochronology ; earlywood ; ecological footprint ; ecophysiology ; ecosystems ; environmental factors ; forest soils ; green infrastructure ; growing season ; heavy metals ; indigenous species ; latewood ; magnesium ; night temperature ; physicochemical properties ; Quercus alba ; tree growth ; trees ; urban areas ; urban forests ; urbanization ; Maryland ; New York ; Pennsylvania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-1201
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117626
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Possible impacts of changes in UV-B radiation on North American trees and forests.

Sullivan, Joe H

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

2005 Volume 137, Issue 3, Page(s) 380–389

Abstract: Approximately 35 species representing 14 tree genera have been evaluated for responses to UV-B radiation in North America. The best representation has been in the conifers where some 20 species representing three genera have been studied. Overall, about ... ...

Abstract	Approximately 35 species representing 14 tree genera have been evaluated for responses to UV-B radiation in North America. The best representation has been in the conifers where some 20 species representing three genera have been studied. Overall, about 1/3 of these have demonstrated some deleterious response to UV-B. However, most negative impacts have been observed under controlled environment conditions where sensitivity may be enhanced. Therefore, it seems unlikely that expected levels of ozone depletion will result in direct losses in productivity. However, the role that ambient or enhanced levels of UV-B may play in forest ecosystem processes is more difficult to access. One possible indirect response of forests to changes in UV-B radiation levels could be via alterations in plant secondary metabolites. Increases in phenolics and flavonoids that enhance epidermal UV-screening effectiveness may also influence leaf development, water relations or ecosystem processes such as plant-herbivore interactions or decomposition.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization ; Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; North America ; Trees/physiology ; Trees/radiation effects ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0269-7491 ; 0013-9327
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0269-7491 ; 0013-9327
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.029
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Article: Changes in vegetation structure and composition of urban and rural forest patches in Baltimore from 1998 to 2015

Templeton, Laura K / Cadenasso, Mary L / Groffman, Peter M / Neel, Maile C / Sullivan, Joe H

Forest ecology and management. 2019 Dec. 15, v. 454

2019

Abstract: Urban forests often occur as highly fragmented patches with many non-native plant species, altered disturbance regimes, environmental pollutants, and uncertain trajectories of plant community composition. In 1998, the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a U.S. ... ...

Abstract	Urban forests often occur as highly fragmented patches with many non-native plant species, altered disturbance regimes, environmental pollutants, and uncertain trajectories of plant community composition. In 1998, the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a U.S. National Science Foundation-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, established eight forested plots to investigate long-term impacts of urbanization on natural ecosystems. All plots were located in the Baltimore metropolitan area with four in urban forest patches and four in a rural forest. In 1998, these forest patches had closed canopies with well-developed tree, shrub and vine layers, and extensive herbaceous cover. The 1998 alpha diversity (species richness) was higher in urban plots than in rural plots, whereas both plot types had similar forest structure and a relatively small number of non-native species. In 2015, we resampled these plots to investigate changes in plant structure, composition, and diversity based on the abundance, cover, and size of plant species. Trees and vines experienced minimal structural changes in all the plots. Sapling, shrub, and herbaceous abundances all declined over time in the rural plots. In the urban plots, however, only the sapling and herbaceous layers experienced declines. Despite having fewer structural changes, urban plots showed a greater shift in species composition than did rural plots. As in 1998, alpha diversity was lower in the rural plots. Beta diversity (community dissimilarity) decreased among rural plots but remained nearly unchanged in the urban plots, whereas beta turnover (species turnover) was much higher in the urban plots. These data suggest that the urban plots may have divergent compositional trajectories from the rural plots, which may help urban forests retain structural similarities through functional redundancy.
Keywords	botanical composition ; canopy ; ecosystems ; ground vegetation ; herbaceous plants ; introduced plants ; metropolitan areas ; pollutants ; shrubs ; species richness ; trees ; urban forests ; urbanization ; vines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-1215
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117665
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Phenylalanine is required to promote specific developmental responses and prevents cellular damage in response to ultraviolet light in soybean (Glycine max) during the seed-to-seedling transition.

Sullivan, Joe H / Muhammad, DurreShahwar / Warpeha, Katherine M

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 12, Page(s) e112301

Abstract: UV-radiation elicits a suite of developmental (photomorphogenic) and protective responses in plants, but responses early post-germination have received little attention, particularly in intensively bred plants of economic importance. We examined ... ...

Abstract	UV-radiation elicits a suite of developmental (photomorphogenic) and protective responses in plants, but responses early post-germination have received little attention, particularly in intensively bred plants of economic importance. We examined germination, hypocotyl elongation, leaf pubescence and subcellular responses of germinating and/or etiolated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings in response to treatment with discrete wavelengths of UV-A or UV-B radiation. We demonstrate differential responses of germinating/young soybean seedlings to a range of UV wavelengths that indicate unique signal transduction mechanisms regulate UV-initiated responses. We have investigated how phenylalanine, a key substrate in the phenylpropanoid pathway, may be involved in these responses. Pubescence may be a key location for phenylalanine-derived protective compounds, as UV-B irradiation increased pubescence and accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds within primary leaf pubescence, visualized by microscopy and absorbance spectra. Mass spectrometry analysis of pubescence indicated that sinapic esters accumulate in the UV-irradiated hairs compared to unirradiated primary leaf tissue. Deleterious effects of some UV-B wavelengths on germination and seedling responses were reduced or entirely prevented by inclusion of phenylalanine in the growth media. Key effects of phenylalanine were not duplicated by tyrosine or tryptophan or sucrose, nor is the specificity of response due to the absorbance of phenylalanine itself. These results suggest that in the seed-to-seedling transition, phenylalanine may be a limiting factor in the development of initial mechanisms of UV protection in the developing leaf.
MeSH term(s)	Phenylalanine/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Seedlings/growth & development ; Seeds/growth & development ; Glycine max/growth & development ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Phenylalanine (47E5O17Y3R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0112301
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Article ; Online: Reviewing the technical designs for experiments with ultraviolet-B radiation and impact on photosynthesis, DNA and secondary metabolism.

Xu, Chenping / Sullivan, Joe H

Journal of integrative plant biology

2010 Volume 52, Issue 4, Page(s) 377–387

Abstract: The ultraviolet-B (UV-B) portion of sunlight has received much attention in the last three decades, because radiation from this spectral region increases due to the stratospheric ozone depletion, which results from increases of chlorofluorocarbons in the ...

Abstract	The ultraviolet-B (UV-B) portion of sunlight has received much attention in the last three decades, because radiation from this spectral region increases due to the stratospheric ozone depletion, which results from increases of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Plant responses to UV-B exposure vary greatly and the interpretation of and comparison between studies is hindered, mainly by the contrasting experimental conditions used and interactive factors such as low light levels and possible artifacts due to the artificial experimental conditions. It seems likely that increases in solar UV-B radiation of the magnitude anticipated under current stratospheric ozone projections will not significantly inhibit photosynthesis and cause DNA damage in plants. This is in part due to the well-evolved protection mechanisms present in most plant species. One of the significant plant responses to UV-B is changes in foliar secondary chemistry, which could be translated into significant effects at higher trophic levels through plant-herbivore interactions and decomposition. Enhanced UV-B radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion could also cause morphological changes that would affect competitive interactions, especially if contrasting UV-B sensitivity exists among the competitors.
MeSH term(s)	DNA Damage/radiation effects ; Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Plants/genetics ; Plants/metabolism ; Plants/radiation effects ; Ultraviolet Rays
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-04
Publishing country	China (Republic : 1949- )
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2130095-1
ISSN	1744-7909 ; 1672-9072
ISSN (online)	1744-7909
ISSN	1672-9072
DOI	10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00939.x
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Article: Reviewing the Technical Designs for Experiments with Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Impact on Photosynthesis, DNA and Secondary Metabolism

Xu, Chenping / Sullivan, Joe H

Journal of integrative plant biology. 2010 Apr., v. 52, no. 4

2010

Abstract	The ultraviolet-B (UV-B) portion of sunlight has received much attention in the last three decades, because radiation from this spectral region increases due to the stratospheric ozone depletion, which results from increases of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Plant responses to UV-B exposure vary greatly and the interpretation of and comparison between studies is hindered, mainly by the contrasting experimental conditions used and interactive factors such as low light levels and possible artifacts due to the artificial experimental conditions. It seems likely that increases in solar UV-B radiation of the magnitude anticipated under current stratospheric ozone projections will not significantly inhibit photosynthesis and cause DNA damage in plants. This is in part due to the well-evolved protection mechanisms present in most plant species. One of the significant plant responses to UV-B is changes in foliar secondary chemistry, which could be translated into significant effects at higher trophic levels through plant-herbivore interactions and decomposition. Enhanced UV-B radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion could also cause morphological changes that would affect competitive interactions, especially if contrasting UV-B sensitivity exists among the competitors.
Keywords	DNA ; DNA damage ; chemistry ; experimental design ; ozone ; ozone depletion ; photosynthesis ; plant damage ; solar radiation ; trophic relationships ; ultraviolet radiation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-04
Size	p. 377-387.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Asia
Publishing place	Melbourne, Australia
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2130095-1
ISSN	1744-7909 ; 1672-9072
ISSN (online)	1744-7909
ISSN	1672-9072
DOI	10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00939.x
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