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Article ; Online: Formulation of silymarin binary and ternary solid dispersions

Fai A. Alkathiri / Sarah I. Bukhari / Syed Sarim Imam / Sultan Alshehri / Wael A. Mahdi

Heliyon, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp e23221- (2024)

Characterization, simulation study and cell viability assessment against lung cancer cell line

1481

Abstract: Silymarin (SL) is a water-insoluble flavonoid used in the treatment of different diseases, but its therapeutic activity is limited due to its low solubility. So, in the present study, SL solid dispersions (SDs) were developed using different carriers ... ...

Abstract	Silymarin (SL) is a water-insoluble flavonoid used in the treatment of different diseases, but its therapeutic activity is limited due to its low solubility. So, in the present study, SL solid dispersions (SDs) were developed using different carriers like Kollidone VA64 (KL), Soluplus (SP), and Poloxamer 188 (PL) by solvent evaporation (SE), microwave irradiation (MI), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The phase solubility and saturation solubility studies were assessed to estimate the stability constant as well as the carrier effect. The dissolution studies were performed for prepared SL-SDs (binary and ternary) to select the optimum SL-SDs. The selected SL-SDs (F5, F9) were further characterized for infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the comparative cell viability assay (lung cancer cell line) was performed to evaluate the change in activity after the formulation of SDs. The phase solubility and solubility study results displayed marked enhancements in solubility. The dissolution study findings showed significant enhancement in drug release from ternary solid dispersions (F7–F9) > ternary physical mixture (PM3) > binary solid dispersions (F1–F6) > binary physical mixture (PM1, PM2) in comparison to free SL. A greater release was observed from ternary SDs due to the addition of PL in the formulation, which had a synergistic effect on increasing the solubility. IR and NMR spectra revealed no chemical interaction between SL, KL, and PL. DSC, XRD, and SEM all confirmed the transformation of crystalline SL into amorphous SL. The cell viability assay demonstrated significantly enhanced results from ternary solid dispersion (F9) compared to free SL. Based on the study results, it can be said that SL-SDs are an alternative way to deliver drugs orally that can improve solubility and have anti-cancer activity.
Keywords	Silymarin ; Solid dispersion ; Solubility study ; Lung cancer ; Cell viability ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A greener RP-HPTLC-densitometry method for the quantification of apremilast in nanoformulations and commercial tablets

Faiyaz Shakeel / Prawez Alam / Mohammed H. Alqarni / Muzaffar Iqbal / Md. Khalid Anwer / Sultan Alshehri

Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol 17, Iss 2, Pp 105571- (2024)

Greenness assessment by analytical eco-scale, ChlorTox, and AGREE methods

2024

Abstract: The greener “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” methods for apremilast (APM) analysis in pharmaceutical products and biological fluids are not currently available in the literature. Accordingly, this study involves the development and ... ...

Abstract	The greener “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” methods for apremilast (APM) analysis in pharmaceutical products and biological fluids are not currently available in the literature. Accordingly, this study involves the development and validation of a rapid, simple, economical, and greener reversed-phase HPTLC methodology for the estimation of APM in prepared nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets. The estimation of APM was conducted using “RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates” as the stationary phase. The combination of ethanol/water (65:35, v/v) was used as the greener mobile phase for APM analysis. The greenness of the method was predicted using three different approaches, namely Analytical Eco-Score (AES), ChlorTox, and the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approaches. The λmax = 238 nm was used for the APM detection. By contrasting its single band at Rf = 0.61 ± 0.01 with those of pure APM, the HPTLC peaks for APM in an prepared NP formulation, nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets were identified. In the concentration range of 100–700 ng/band, the proposed analytical methodology was linear. The values of AES, ChlorTox, and AGREE were determined to be 93, 0.66 g, and 0.89, respectively, demonstrated an outstanding greener profile for the existing method. The amount of APM in the tablet, NP formulation, and nanoemulsion was found to be 98.40, 101.60, and 99.37 %, respectively. According to the findings of validation tests and pharmaceutical analysis, the suggested analytical technique could be successfully applied for the routine examination of APM in marketed tablets and laboratory generated nanoformulations.
Keywords	Apremilast ; Greenness tools ; RP-HPTLC ; Nanoformulations ; Validation ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Solubility and Thermodynamics Data of Cabozantinib Malate in Various Aqueous Solutions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide at Different Temperatures

Faiyaz Shakeel / Nazrul Haq / Sultan Alshehri / Ibrahim A. Alsarra

Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 23, p

2023 Volume 7805

Abstract: Cabozantinib malate (CBZM), a new anticancer medication, has been studied for its solubility and thermodynamic properties in a variety of {dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + water (H 2 O)} mixtures at 298.2–318.2 K and 101.1 kPa. Using the shake flask technique, ...

Abstract	Cabozantinib malate (CBZM), a new anticancer medication, has been studied for its solubility and thermodynamic properties in a variety of {dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + water (H 2 O)} mixtures at 298.2–318.2 K and 101.1 kPa. Using the shake flask technique, the solubility of CBZM was assessed and the results were correlated to the van’t Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski–Ksiazczak λh , Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree-van’t Hoff models. There was a significant correlation between the experimental CBZM solubility data and all computational models, as evidenced by the error values for all computational models being less than 5.0%. Temperature and DMSO mass percentage improved the CBZM mole fraction solubility in the cosolvent solutions of {DMSO + H 2 O}. At 318.2 K, pure DMSO had the highest mole fraction solubility of CBZM (4.38 × 10 −2 ), whereas pure H 2 O had the lowest mole fraction solubility (2.24 × 10 −7 at 298.2 K). The positive values of computed thermodynamic parameters indicated that the dissolution of CBZM was endothermic and entropy-driven in all of the {DMSO + H 2 O} solutions investigated. It was found that the CBZM solvation in {DMSO + H 2 O} solutions is governed by enthalpy. When compared to CBZM-H 2 O, CBZM-DMSO showed the highest molecular interactions. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that DMSO has a great deal of potential for CBZM solubilization in H 2 O.
Keywords	antitumor drug ; cabozantinib malate ; DMSO ; computational analysis ; molecular interactions ; cosolvent mixtures ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Solubilization, Hansen Solubility Parameters, Solution Thermodynamics and Solvation Behavior of Flufenamic Acid in (Carbitol + Water) Mixtures

Faiyaz Shakeel / Sultan Alshehri

Processes, Vol 8, Iss 1204, p

2020 Volume 1204

Abstract: The solubilization, solution thermodynamics, solvation behavior and Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of an anti-inflammatory medicine flufenamic acid (FFA) in various Carbitol + water mixtures were evaluated in this study. The experimental solubility ... ...

Abstract	The solubilization, solution thermodynamics, solvation behavior and Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of an anti-inflammatory medicine flufenamic acid (FFA) in various Carbitol + water mixtures were evaluated in this study. The experimental solubility of FFA in mole fraction ( x e ) was measured at T = 298.2–318.2 K and p = 0.1 MPa using a static equilibrium method. The x e values of FFA in various Carbitol + water mixtures were correlated with van’t Hoff, Apelblat, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree and Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff models. All the studied models showed good correlation with mean error values of less than 2%. The x e value of FFA was found to increase significantly with the increase in temperature and Carbitol mass fraction in all Carbitol + water mixtures evaluated. The maximum and minimum x e values of FFA were recorded in pure Carbitol (2.81 × 10 −1 ) at T = 318.2 K and pure water (5.80 × 10 −7 ) at T = 298.2 K, respectively. Moreover, the HSP of FFA was found to be more closed with that of pure Carbitol, indicating the maximum solubility of FFA in pure Carbitol. The estimated values of activity coefficients showed higher molecular interactions in FFA–Carbitol combinations compared with FFA–water combinations. Thermodynamic studies indicated an endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution of FFA in all Carbitol + water mixtures. The solvation behavior of FFA was observed as enthalpy driven in all Carbitol + water combinations evaluated.
Keywords	carbitol ; cosolvent mixtures ; flufenamic acid ; solubility ; solution thermodynamics ; Chemical technology ; TP1-1185 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	541
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Societal knowledge of stuttering in Saudi population

Abdulaziz Almudhi / Mansour Aldokhi / Ibrahim Reshwan / Sultan Alshehri

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol 28, Iss 1, Pp 664-

2021 Volume 668

Abstract: Stuttering is a common disease that exists in all societies and ethnic groups of differing incidence rates. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the social awareness of stuttering in the Saudi community on the basis of a questionnaire. We ... ...

Abstract	Stuttering is a common disease that exists in all societies and ethnic groups of differing incidence rates. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the social awareness of stuttering in the Saudi community on the basis of a questionnaire. We will try to examine the incidence, triggers and duration of stuttering in the Saudi community. This study is descriptive, a questionnaire-based analysis involving the active participation of the Saudi community. The questionnaire, exposure to Stuttering, was addressed and balanced in terms of ethnicity, age and schooling. A total of 1,000 Saudi people was invited to participate in this questionnaire-based survey, with only 878 participants between 18 and 65 years of age participating in the study; most of them were males. In this survey, 79.5% of the Saudi population studies, most of them male (60.5% vs. 25.0% female) claimed that more than 6% of the population had stutters. There was also a substantial correlation between the degree of schooling, sex, and person experience and attitudes towards stuttering. It was often assumed that younger ages were prone to higher instances of stuttering relative to older ages (≤18 years vs 18 years of age). In comparison, handiness and IQ scores did not indicate any correlation with the occurrence of stuttering among the Saudi community. In conclusion, this questionnaire-based analysis, participants of both sexes claimed that more than 6% of the Saudi population were impaired by stuttering, which increased dramatically in males relative to females. They also claimed that both handiness and IQ ratings had little impact on the rate of stuttering. However, scant research on the effects of stuttering has scarcely been reported. Future experiments of effective public education preparation and health actions for stuttering are also welcome.
Keywords	Stuttering ; Consequences ; Prevalence ; Saudi population ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Solubility Data, Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Behavior of an Antiviral Drug Emtricitabine in Different Pure Solvents

Faiyaz Shakeel / Nazrul Haq / Ibrahim Alsarra / Sultan Alshehri

Molecules, Vol 26, Iss 3, p

Molecular Understanding of Solubility and Dissolution

2021 Volume 746

Abstract: The solubility values, various Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and thermodynamic behavior of emtricitabine (ECT) in twelve different pure solvents (PS) were estimated using various experimental as well as computational methods. Experimental ... ...

Abstract	The solubility values, various Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and thermodynamic behavior of emtricitabine (ECT) in twelve different pure solvents (PS) were estimated using various experimental as well as computational methods. Experimental solubility values ( x e ) of ECT in twelve different PS were obtained at T = 298.2 K to 318.2 K and p = 0.1 MPa. The x e values of ECT were correlated by “van’t Hoff, Apelblat and Buchowski-Ksiazaczak λh models”. Various HSPs for ECT and twelve different PS were also calculated using “HSPiP software”. The x e values of ECT were estimated maximum in polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400; 1.41 × 10 −1 ), followed by ethylene glycol, Transcutol-HP, propylene glycol, methanol, water, isopropanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, 2-butanol and EA (1.28 × 10 −3 ) at T = 318.2 K. “Apparent thermodynamic analysis” showed an “endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution” of ECT. Overall, PEG-400 was found as the best/ideal solvent for solubility/miscibility of ECT compared to other solvents studied.
Keywords	dissolution ; emtricitabine ; molecular understanding ; solubility ; solubility parameter ; thermodynamics ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Solubility and Thermodynamic Data of Febuxostat in Various Mono Solvents at Different Temperatures

Nazrul Haq / Adel F. Alghaith / Sultan Alshehri / Faiyaz Shakeel

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 13, p

2022 Volume 4043

Abstract: This study examines the solubility and thermodynamics of febuxostat (FBX) in a variety of mono solvents, including “water, methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), 1-butanol (1-BuOH), 2-butanol (2-BuOH), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol ( ...

Abstract	This study examines the solubility and thermodynamics of febuxostat (FBX) in a variety of mono solvents, including “water, methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), 1-butanol (1-BuOH), 2-butanol (2-BuOH), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), ethyl acetate (EA), Transcutol-HP (THP), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)” at 298.2–318.2 K and 101.1 kPa. The solubility of FBX was determined using a shake flask method and correlated with “van’t Hoff, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh , and Apelblat models”. The overall error values for van’t Hoff, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh , and Apelblat models was recorded to be 1.60, 2.86, and 1.14%, respectively. The maximum mole fraction solubility of FBX was 3.06 × 10 −2 in PEG-400 at 318.2 K, however the least one was 1.97 × 10 −7 in water at 298.2 K. The FBX solubility increased with temperature and the order followed in different mono solvents was PEG-400 (3.06 × 10 −2 ) > THP (1.70 × 10 −2 ) > 2-BuOH (1.38 × 10 −2 ) > 1-BuOH (1.37 × 10 −2 ) > IPA (1.10 × 10 −2 ) > EtOH (8.37 × 10 −3 ) > EA (8.31 × 10 −3 ) > DMSO (7.35 × 10 −3 ) > MeOH (3.26 × 10 −3 ) > PG (1.88 × 10 −3 ) > EG (1.31 × 10 −3 ) > water (1.14 × 10 −6 ) at 318.2 K. Compared to the other combinations of FBX and mono solvents, FBX-PEG-400 had the strongest solute-solvent interactions. The apparent thermodynamic analysis revealed that FBX dissolution was “endothermic and entropy-driven” in all mono solvents investigated. Based on these findings, PEG-400 appears to be the optimal co-solvent for FBX solubility.
Keywords	dissolution thermodynamics ; febuxostat ; solubility ; hansen solubility parameter ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Solubility Data of the Bioactive Compound Piperine in (Transcutol + Water) Mixtures

Faiyaz Shakeel / Nazrul Haq / Sultan Alshehri

Molecules, Vol 25, Iss 2743, p

Computational Modeling, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Mixing Thermodynamic Parameters

2020 Volume 2743

Abstract: The solubility values and thermodynamic parameters of a natural phytomedicine/nutrient piperine (PPN) in Transcutol-HP (THP) + water combinations were determined. The mole fraction solubilities ( x e ) of PPN in THP + water combinations were recorded at ... ...

Abstract	The solubility values and thermodynamic parameters of a natural phytomedicine/nutrient piperine (PPN) in Transcutol-HP (THP) + water combinations were determined. The mole fraction solubilities ( x e ) of PPN in THP + water combinations were recorded at T = 298.2–318.2 K and p = 0.1 MPa by the shake flask method. Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of PPN, pure THP, pure water and THP + water mixtures free of PPN were also computed. The x e values of PPN were correlated well with “Apelblat, Van’t Hoff, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree and Jouyban–Acree–Van’t Hoff” models with root mean square deviations of < 2.0%. The maximum and minimum x e value of PPN was found in pure THP (9.10 × 10 −2 at T = 318.2 K) and pure water (1.03 × 10 −5 at T = 298.2 K), respectively. In addition, HSP of PPN was observed more closed with that of pure THP. The thermodynamic parameters of PPN were obtained using the activity coefficient model. The results showed an endothermic dissolution of PPN at m = 0.6–1.0 in comparison to other THP + water combinations studied. In addition, PPN dissolution was recorded as entropy-driven at m = 0.8–1.0 compared with other THP + water mixtures evaluated.
Keywords	activity coefficient model ; bioactive compound ; piperine ; solubility ; solution thermodynamics ; Transcutol ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel

Syed Sarim Imam / Afzal Hussain / Mohammad A. Altamimi / Sultan Alshehri

Polymers, Vol 13, Iss 3858, p

Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives

2021 Volume 3858

Abstract: The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional ... ...

Abstract	The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional printing technology overcomes the static nature of 3D, improves substantial mechanical strength, and instills versatility and clinical and nonclinical functionality under set environmental conditions (physiological and artificial). Four-dimensional printing of hydrogel-forming materials possesses remarkable properties compared to other printing techniques and has emerged as the most established technique for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, and biomedical application using shape-morphing materials (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, and functionalized) in response to single or multiple stimuli. In this article, we addressed a fundamental concept of 4D-printing evolution, 4D printing of hydrogel, shape-morphing way, classification, and future challenges. Moreover, the study compiled a comparative analysis of 4D techniques, 4D products, and mechanical perspectives for their functionality and shape-morphing dynamics. Eventually, despite several advantages of 4D technology over 3D technique in hydrogel fabrication, there are still various challenges to address with using current advanced and sophisticated technology for rapid, safe, biocompatible, and clinical transformation from small-scale laboratory (lab-to-bed translation) to commercial scale.
Keywords	4D-printing technique ; 4D-printed hydrogel ; 4D shape morphing ; comparative analysis ; challenges and future perspective ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	670
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nanoemulsification Improves the Pharmaceutical Properties and Bioactivities of Niaouli Essential Oil ( Melaleuca quinquenervia L.)

Faiyaz Shakeel / Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit / Nazrul Haq / Sultan Alshehri

Molecules, Vol 26, Iss 4750, p

2021 Volume 4750

Abstract: We develop a suitable delivery system for niaouli essential oil (NEO) using a nanoemulsification method for acne vulgaris. Prepared nanoemulsions (NEs) were characterized for droplet dimension, rheology, surface charge, and stability. The ability of NEO ... ...

Abstract	We develop a suitable delivery system for niaouli essential oil (NEO) using a nanoemulsification method for acne vulgaris. Prepared nanoemulsions (NEs) were characterized for droplet dimension, rheology, surface charge, and stability. The ability of NEO formulations against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated and all formulations showed antiacne potential in vitro. Ex vivo permeation studies indicated significant improvement in drug permeations and steady state flux of all NEO-NEs compared to the neat NEO ( p < 0.05). On the basis of the studied pharmaceutical parameters, enhanced ex vivo skin permeation, and marked effect on acne pathogens, formulation NEO-NE 4 was found to be the best (oil (NEO; 10% v/v ); Kolliphor EL (9.25% v/v ), Carbitol (27.75% v/v ), and water (53% v/v )). Concisely, the in vitro and ex vivo results revealed that nanoemulsification improved the delivery as well as bioactivities of NEO significantly.
Keywords	antiacne activity ; Melaleuca quinquenervia ; niaouli essential oil ; nanoemulsification ; phase diagrams ; stability ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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