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  1. Book ; Online: Do Neural Networks Generalize from Self-Averaging Sub-classifiers in the Same Way As Adaptive Boosting?

    Sun, Michael / Chatain, Peter

    2023  

    Abstract: In recent years, neural networks (NNs) have made giant leaps in a wide variety of domains. NNs are often referred to as black box algorithms due to how little we can explain their empirical success. Our foundational research seeks to explain why neural ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, neural networks (NNs) have made giant leaps in a wide variety of domains. NNs are often referred to as black box algorithms due to how little we can explain their empirical success. Our foundational research seeks to explain why neural networks generalize. A recent advancement derived a mutual information measure for explaining the performance of deep NNs through a sequence of increasingly complex functions. We show deep NNs learn a series of boosted classifiers whose generalization is popularly attributed to self-averaging over an increasing number of interpolating sub-classifiers. To our knowledge, we are the first authors to establish the connection between generalization in boosted classifiers and generalization in deep NNs. Our experimental evidence and theoretical analysis suggest NNs trained with dropout exhibit similar self-averaging behavior over interpolating sub-classifiers as cited in popular explanations for the post-interpolation generalization phenomenon in boosting.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-02-14
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: Discrepancy between Radiographic and Arthroscopic Findings of Thumb Basilar Joint Arthritis: A Preliminary Clinical Report.

    Sun, Michael / Yoshida, Ryu / Tsai, Eugene / Kulber, David

    Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) e4877

    Abstract: The radiographic staging of arthritic changes in the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is known to have poor correlation with pain level. This may be due to the limited ability of radiographs to evaluate degenerative changes. The purpose of this study ... ...

    Abstract The radiographic staging of arthritic changes in the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is known to have poor correlation with pain level. This may be due to the limited ability of radiographs to evaluate degenerative changes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between radiographic versus arthroscopic findings of thumb CMC and scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal (STT) joint arthritis.
    Methods: Twenty patients with symptomatic thumb CMC arthritis underwent arthroscopy of thumb CMC and STT joints with concomitant synovectomy or arthroplasty depending on the degree of articular degeneration found. All patients had preoperative radiographs of the thumb CMC and STT joints. Radiographic degeneration was graded based on the Eaton-Glickel classification. Intraoperative arthroscopic images were reviewed and graded based on the Brown grading system.
    Results: At the thumb CMC joint, five patients had discordant radiographic and arthroscopic findings of arthritis. At the STT joint, one patient had discordant radiographic and arthroscopic findings of arthritis.
    Conclusions: In comparing the two staging systems, we found a small subset of patients that demonstrated significant discrepancies. Clinical evaluation remains essential, and patients should be informed that radiographs may underestimate the actual severity of arthritis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2851682-5
    ISSN 2169-7574 ; 2169-7574
    ISSN (online) 2169-7574
    ISSN 2169-7574
    DOI 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004877
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The Influence of Second Matrix Layer on Microbial Whole-Cell Target Spots Unclassified by MALDI-TOFMS.

    Sun, Michael

    Current microbiology

    2016  Volume 73, Issue 3, Page(s) 452–454

    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/chemistry ; Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Microbiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 134238-1
    ISSN 1432-0991 ; 0343-8651
    ISSN (online) 1432-0991
    ISSN 0343-8651
    DOI 10.1007/s00284-016-1063-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: A Pilot Study to Evaluate a New Hep-GRP Care Pathway to Improve Outcomes Among Canadian Older Adults with Liver Cirrhosis.

    Zhu, Julie / Carr, Frances / Sun, Michael / Tian, Peter / McLeod, Magnus / De Coutere, Sarah

    Canadian geriatrics journal : CGJ

    2024  Volume 27, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–19

    Abstract: Background: Older adults with cirrhosis have complex medical needs that are not satisfied by organ specific management. Interdisciplinary approach may mitigate comorbidity and improve patient satisfaction.: Methods: A pilot study consisted of dual ... ...

    Abstract Background: Older adults with cirrhosis have complex medical needs that are not satisfied by organ specific management. Interdisciplinary approach may mitigate comorbidity and improve patient satisfaction.
    Methods: A pilot study consisted of dual specialist interdisciplinary referral pathway and mixed virtual care delivery model are prospectively evaluated in older adults (65 years and older) with cirrhosis during the COVID-19 pandemic between September and December 2022. Participant attitudes towards telemedicine were surveyed.
    Results: 68 participants with cirrhosis were consecutively assessed by hepatology. The mean age was 73 years. 39 (57%) screened positive for one or more geriatric syndrome(s). Comprehensive geriatric assessments were conducted via telemedicine in 18 participants, with additional referrals to physiotherapy and nutritional education. Compared to a historic cohort matched for age, sex, and Child-Pugh class, acute health service utilization measured by ER visits among those received dual specialist interdisciplinary consultation were lowered by 1.11 per patient at three-month follow up period (
    Conclusion: An interdisciplinary approach to older adults with cirrhosis will likely be beneficial, and routine screening for geriatric syndrome may lead to reduced acute health-care utilization in the short term. Telemedicine and virtual screening tools in seniors should be fully explored to improve access to care.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-01
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1925-8348
    ISSN 1925-8348
    DOI 10.5770/cgj.27.725
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A systems identification approach using Bayes factors to deconstruct the brain bases of emotion regulation.

    Bo, Ke / Kraynak, Thomas E / Kwon, Mijin / Sun, Michael / Gianaros, Peter J / Wager, Tor D

    Nature neuroscience

    2024  Volume 27, Issue 5, Page(s) 975–987

    Abstract: Cognitive reappraisal is fundamental to cognitive therapies and everyday emotion regulation. Analyses using Bayes factors and an axiomatic systems identification approach identified four reappraisal-related components encompassing distributed neural ... ...

    Abstract Cognitive reappraisal is fundamental to cognitive therapies and everyday emotion regulation. Analyses using Bayes factors and an axiomatic systems identification approach identified four reappraisal-related components encompassing distributed neural activity patterns across two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (n = 182 and n = 176): (1) an anterior prefrontal system selectively involved in cognitive reappraisal; (2) a fronto-parietal-insular system engaged by both reappraisal and emotion generation, demonstrating a general role in appraisal; (3) a largely subcortical system activated during negative emotion generation but unaffected by reappraisal, including amygdala, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray; and (4) a posterior cortical system of negative emotion-related regions downregulated by reappraisal. These systems covaried with individual differences in reappraisal success and were differentially related to neurotransmitter binding maps, implicating cannabinoid and serotonin systems in reappraisal. These findings challenge 'limbic'-centric models of reappraisal and provide new systems-level targets for assessing and enhancing emotion regulation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; Emotional Regulation/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Brain/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Emotions/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1420596-8
    ISSN 1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
    ISSN (online) 1546-1726
    ISSN 1097-6256
    DOI 10.1038/s41593-024-01605-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The combined importance of finite dimensions, anisotropy, and pre-stress in acoustoelastography.

    Crutison, Joseph / Sun, Michael / Royston, Thomas J

    The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

    2022  Volume 151, Issue 4, Page(s) 2403

    Abstract: Dynamic elastography, whether based on magnetic resonance, ultrasound, or optical modalities, attempts to reconstruct quantitative maps of the viscoelastic properties of biological tissue, properties that are altered by disease and injury, by ... ...

    Abstract Dynamic elastography, whether based on magnetic resonance, ultrasound, or optical modalities, attempts to reconstruct quantitative maps of the viscoelastic properties of biological tissue, properties that are altered by disease and injury, by noninvasively measuring mechanical wave motion in the tissue. Most reconstruction strategies that have been developed neglect boundary conditions, including quasistatic tensile or compressive loading resulting in a nonzero prestress. Significant prestress is inherent to the functional role of some biological tissues currently being studied using elastography, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, arterial walls, and the cornea. In the present article, we review how prestress alters both bulk mechanical wave motion and wave motion in one- and two-dimensional waveguides. Key findings are linked to studies on skeletal muscle and the human cornea, as one- and two-dimensional waveguide examples. This study highlights the underappreciated combined acoustoelastic and waveguide challenge to elastography. Can elastography truly determine viscoelastic properties of a material when what it is measuring is affected by both these material properties and unknown prestress and other boundary conditions?
    MeSH term(s) Anisotropy ; Elasticity ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/methods ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Motion ; Ultrasonography
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 219231-7
    ISSN 1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
    ISSN (online) 1520-8524
    ISSN 0001-4966
    DOI 10.1121/10.0010110
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Treatment of Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Hyperextension by Volar Plate Advancement and Capsulodesis With Suture Tape Augmentation.

    An, Tonya W / Sun, Michael / Shin, Steven S

    Techniques in hand & upper extremity surgery

    2022  Volume 26, Issue 4, Page(s) 263–266

    Abstract: Basal joint arthritis is commonly associated with attenuation of the volar structures at the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, leading to an initially dynamic, and eventually passive hyperextension deformity. In surgical treatment of basilar thumb ... ...

    Abstract Basal joint arthritis is commonly associated with attenuation of the volar structures at the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, leading to an initially dynamic, and eventually passive hyperextension deformity. In surgical treatment of basilar thumb disease, intervention at the MCP joint should also be considered to correct deformity and prevent persistent dysfunction. We present a novel technique using suture tape augmentation of the thumb MCP joint volar plate advancement and capsulodesis, with the goal of preventing recurrent instability as a result of tissue attenuation and enabling early functional recovery. We also report a representative case of a 66-year-old woman with symptomatic thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis and 50 degrees of MCP passive hyperextension. She underwent trapeziectomy and MCP joint volar plate advancement and capsulodesis with suture tape augmentation. Postoperatively, the patient underwent early mobilization of the affected thumb and at final follow-up of 2 years postsurgery had a painless thumb with full opposition and without hyperextension at the MCP joint during pinch maneuvers.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Thumb/surgery ; Metacarpophalangeal Joint/surgery ; Palmar Plate/surgery ; Osteoarthritis/surgery ; Sutures
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2075789-X
    ISSN 1531-6572 ; 1089-3393
    ISSN (online) 1531-6572
    ISSN 1089-3393
    DOI 10.1097/BTH.0000000000000396
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Management of Sleep and Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Patients.

    Salwen-Deremer, Jessica K / Sun, Michael

    Gastroenterology clinics of North America

    2022  Volume 51, Issue 4, Page(s) 829–847

    Abstract: Sleep is an essential physiologic process, and unfortunately, people with gastrointestinal (GI) conditions are more likely than people in the general population to experience poor sleep quality, sleep disorders, and fatigue. Herein, we present ... ...

    Abstract Sleep is an essential physiologic process, and unfortunately, people with gastrointestinal (GI) conditions are more likely than people in the general population to experience poor sleep quality, sleep disorders, and fatigue. Herein, we present information on common sleep disorders, fatigue, and data on these problems in various GI populations. We also discuss several treatments for sleep concerns and emerging research on the use of these treatments in GI populations. Cases that illustrate the GI/sleep relationship are presented, in addition to guidance for your own practice and cultural considerations.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Fatigue/etiology ; Fatigue/therapy ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders/etiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 92114-2
    ISSN 1558-1942 ; 0889-8553
    ISSN (online) 1558-1942
    ISSN 0889-8553
    DOI 10.1016/j.gtc.2022.07.007
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Book ; Online: Improving Representational Continuity via Continued Pretraining

    Sun, Michael / Kumar, Ananya / Madaan, Divyam / Liang, Percy

    2023  

    Abstract: We consider the continual representation learning setting: sequentially pretrain a model $M'$ on tasks $T_1, \ldots, T_T$, and then adapt $M'$ on a small amount of data from each task $T_i$ to check if it has forgotten information from old tasks. Under a ...

    Abstract We consider the continual representation learning setting: sequentially pretrain a model $M'$ on tasks $T_1, \ldots, T_T$, and then adapt $M'$ on a small amount of data from each task $T_i$ to check if it has forgotten information from old tasks. Under a kNN adaptation protocol, prior work shows that continual learning methods improve forgetting over naive training (SGD). In reality, practitioners do not use kNN classifiers -- they use the adaptation method that works best (e.g., fine-tuning) -- here, we find that strong continual learning baselines do worse than naive training. Interestingly, we find that a method from the transfer learning community (LP-FT) outperforms naive training and the other continual learning methods. Even with standard kNN evaluation protocols, LP-FT performs comparably with strong continual learning methods (while being simpler and requiring less memory) on three standard benchmarks: sequential CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and TinyImageNet. LP-FT also reduces forgetting in a real world satellite remote sensing dataset (FMoW), and a variant of LP-FT gets state-of-the-art accuracies on an NLP continual learning benchmark.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-02-26
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Book ; Online: Almost-Nash Sequential Bargaining

    Dharan, Gokul / Guru, Hunter / Sun, Michael

    2023  

    Abstract: In a 2017 paper, later presented at the Web and Internet Economics conference, titled ``Sequential Deliberation for Social Choice", the authors propose a mechanism in which a series of agents, are tasked to negotiate over a set of decisions S. Building ... ...

    Abstract In a 2017 paper, later presented at the Web and Internet Economics conference, titled ``Sequential Deliberation for Social Choice", the authors propose a mechanism in which a series of agents, are tasked to negotiate over a set of decisions S. Building on assumptions of Nash Bargaining and assuming the decision space follows the median graph, the authors constructed a robust algorithm which approximates the decision which minimizes the social cost to the entire population. In this paper, we give a brief overview of the background theory which this paper builds upon from foundational work from Nash, and social choice results which hold true in Condorcet mechanisms. Following this analysis, we consider the stability of the results in the paper with different deviations from Nash equilibrium. These deviations could be pessimal, in the context of unequal bargaining power (say in a labor market) or constructive, as in the context of opinion dynamics. Our analysis is observatory, in the context of simulations, and we hope to formalize the results of these simulations to get an understanding of more general properties in spaces beyond our simulation.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
    Publishing date 2023-02-09
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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